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Joy J, Tizzile J Selvarani J, Sukumaran A, Chenan A. Superhydrophobic Polyaniline-Siloxane Coatings with Excellent Barrier and Active Corrosion Protection Properties for Mild Steel. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:8205-8224. [PMID: 38566488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Although superhydrophobic surfaces have attracted much attention in research, their high cost, poor durability, and challenging manufacturing processes have prevented their widespread application. Here, we describe a simple method of preparing superhydrophobic polyaniline (PANI) pigments and their application in protective coatings. Doping polyaniline pigments with low surface energy perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) allowed them to overcome their intrinsic high surface energy, and the resultant PANI-PFDA pigments showed superhydrophobicity. The superhydrophobic PANI-PFDA pigments with different weight percentages were incorporated into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coating to prepare the superhydrophobic coating. We endeavored to examine the role that hydrophobicity played in enhancing corrosion resistance and looked into the highest concentration of pigment that the coating could withstand. Additionally, studies were carried out on the coating's adherence to the metal and the stability of hydrophobicity at various pH levels. The results showed that PANI-PFDA pigments improved the hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance in the PDMS coating without compromising its robustness and durability. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies revealed that 40 wt % PANI-PFDA content in the PDMS coating provided the best corrosion protection, and this coating could offer active corrosion protection when an artificial defect was made in the coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothymol Joy
- Smart Coating Research Laboratory, Corrosion and Materials Protection Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - John Tizzile J Selvarani
- Smart Coating Research Laboratory, Corrosion and Materials Protection Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630003, India
| | - Abirami Sukumaran
- Smart Coating Research Laboratory, Corrosion and Materials Protection Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Arunchandran Chenan
- Smart Coating Research Laboratory, Corrosion and Materials Protection Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Closser RG, Lillethorup M, Bergsman DS, Bent SF. Growth of a Surface-Tethered, All-Carbon Backboned Fluoropolymer by Photoactivated Molecular Layer Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21988-21997. [PMID: 31180195 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of an all-carbon backboned fluoropolymer using photoactivated molecular layer deposition (pMLD) is developed. pMLD is a vapor-phase, layer-by-layer, organic thin film synthesis method utilizing UV light, allowing for the creation of materials previously unavailable via thermal MLD. The carbon backbone is achieved by reacting an iodine-containing fluorocarbon monomer (1,4-diiodooctafluorobutane) and a diene monomer (1,5-hexadiene) under UV irradiation in a step-growth polymerization sequence. The polymerization occurs with a growth rate of 1.3 Å/cycle, forming a copolymer containing hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon segments. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to confirm the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds and quantify the final film composition. In situ XPS thermal annealing experiments confirm the film stability up to 400 °C. The ability to pattern the fluoropolymer on a surface is demonstrated using a photomask, suggesting that these films could be incorporated into photolithographic processes. Together, these results demonstrate that pMLD can be used to synthesize carbon backboned films with photopatterning ability, expanding the available chemistries and potential applications of MLD polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David S Bergsman
- Research Laboratory of Electronics , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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Schröder S, Strunskus T, Rehders S, Gleason KK, Faupel F. Tunable polytetrafluoroethylene electret films with extraordinary charge stability synthesized by initiated chemical vapor deposition for organic electronics applications. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2237. [PMID: 30783115 PMCID: PMC6381081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38390-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bulk polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) possesses excellent chemical stability and dielectric properties. Indeed, thin films with these same characteristics would be ideal for electret applications. Previously, the electret properties of PTFE-like thin films produced by rf sputtering or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition were found to deteriorate due to structural changes and surface oxidation. In this article, the technique of initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) is evaluated for electret applications for the first time. The iCVD method is known for its solvent-free deposition of conformal, pinhole-free polymer thin films in mild process conditions. It is shown that PTFE thin films prepared in this way, show excellent agreement to commercial bulk PTFE with regard to chemical properties and dielectric dissipation factors. After ion irradiation in a corona discharge the iCVD PTFE thin films exhibit stable electret properties, which can be tailored by the process parameters. Due to the mild deposition conditions, the iCVD technique is suitable for deposition on flexible organic substrates for the next-generation electret devices. It is also compatible with state-of-the-art microelectronic processing lines due to the characteristics of conformal growth and easy scaling up to larger size substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schröder
- Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rehders
- Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karen K Gleason
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Franz Faupel
- Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany.
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Coclite AM, Howden RM, Borrelli DC, Petruczok CD, Yang R, Yagüe JL, Ugur A, Chen N, Lee S, Jo WJ, Liu A, Wang X, Gleason KK. 25th anniversary article: CVD polymers: a new paradigm for surface modification and device fabrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5392-423. [PMID: 24115244 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Well-adhered, conformal, thin (<100 nm) coatings can easily be obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for a variety of technological applications. Room temperature modification with functional polymers can be achieved on virtually any substrate: organic, inorganic, rigid, flexible, planar, three-dimensional, dense, or porous. In CVD polymerization, the monomer(s) are delivered to the surface through the vapor phase and then undergo simultaneous polymerization and thin film formation. By eliminating the need to dissolve macromolecules, CVD enables insoluble polymers to be coated and prevents solvent damage to the substrate. CVD film growth proceeds from the substrate up, allowing for interfacial engineering, real-time monitoring, and thickness control. Initiated-CVD shows successful results in terms of rationally designed micro- and nanoengineered materials to control molecular interactions at material surfaces. The success of oxidative-CVD is mainly demonstrated for the deposition of organic conducting and semiconducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010 , Austria
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Laird ED, Bose RK, Wang W, Lau KKS, Li CY. Carbon nanotube-directed polytetrafluoroethylene crystal growth via initiated chemical vapor deposition. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 34:251-6. [PMID: 23225149 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) has been shown to be suitable for blanketing surfaces with thin polymer coatings of ≈1-2 nm and greater. In this work, iCVD coatings of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) deposited on carbon nanotube (CNT)-based surfaces show CNT-templated PTFE single crystal growth. While the coating forms disoriented agglomerates when deposited on an amorphous carbon background, "shish-kebab" structures are observed when grown on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) as well as CNT buckypaper. It is shown that the shish-kebab structure is composed of PTFE lamellae arranged with the chain backbones running parallel to the SWCNT axis. This result allows one to control not only the surface chemistry using PTFE but also the coating surface topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Laird
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Guo Z, Qiao Y, Liu H, Ding C, Zhu Y, Wan M, Jiang L. Self-assembled hierarchical micro/nano-structured PEDOT as an efficient oxygen reduction catalyst over a wide pH range. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32106h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lo Presti L, Ellern A, Destro R, Soave R, Lunelli B. Rationalizing the effect of halogenation on the molecular structure of simple cyclobutene derivatives by topological real-space analysis of their electron density. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:12695-707. [PMID: 21790170 DOI: 10.1021/jp203615x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The accurate gas-phase equilibrium structures on the ground-state potential energy surface of the complete series of fluorinated and chlorinated cyclobutene derivatives with C(2v) symmetry have been evaluated at DFT PBE0/6-311++G(d,p) theory level. The optimized geometries have been compared with all the available experimental data reported in the literature, as obtained by microwave spectroscopy (MW) and gas-phase electron diffraction (GED) techniques. For hexafluorocyclobutene and 1,2-dichloro-3,3',4,4'-tetrafluorocyclobut-1-ene, the results of accurate low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments have also been considered. Structural changes within the cyclobutene ring, as induced by fluorination and chlorination at allylic and vinylic positions, have been correlated with changes in the corresponding theoretical charge densities. To this aim, several local and nonlocal topological descriptors provided by the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, QTAIM, have been employed, with particular emphasis on the delocalization indices and integrated source function decomposition schemes. Key factors for the resulting molecular structures are the chemical nature and the steric hindrance of the substituents, as well as quantum-mechanical effects, such as delocalization and partial conjugation. When fluorine atoms replace hydrogens at allylic or vinylic positions, the corresponding Csp(3)-Csp(3) or Csp(2)═Csp(2) bonds between the substituted carbons undergo a significant strengthening, while chlorination has just the opposite effect. In the latter case the steric hindrance between bulky chlorine atoms occupying vicinal positions is crucial in determining the single Csp(3)-Csp(3) bond length. These findings are discussed in the context of the reactivity of chemically related chlorofluorocarbon compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Lo Presti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Elettrochimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Alf ME, Asatekin A, Barr MC, Baxamusa SH, Chelawat H, Ozaydin-Ince G, Petruczok CD, Sreenivasan R, Tenhaeff WE, Trujillo NJ, Vaddiraju S, Xu J, Gleason KK. Chemical vapor deposition of conformal, functional, and responsive polymer films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:1993-2027. [PMID: 20544886 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200902765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization utilizes the delivery of vapor-phase monomers to form chemically well-defined polymeric films directly on the surface of a substrate. CVD polymers are desirable as conformal surface modification layers exhibiting strong retention of organic functional groups, and, in some cases, are responsive to external stimuli. Traditional wet-chemical chain- and step-growth mechanisms guide the development of new heterogeneous CVD polymerization techniques. Commonality with inorganic CVD methods facilitates the fabrication of hybrid devices. CVD polymers bridge microfabrication technology with chemical, biological, and nanoparticle systems and assembly. Robust interfaces can be achieved through covalent grafting enabling high-resolution (60 nm) patterning, even on flexible substrates. Utilizing only low-energy input to drive selective chemistry, modest vacuum, and room-temperature substrates, CVD polymerization is compatible with thermally sensitive substrates, such as paper, textiles, and plastics. CVD methods are particularly valuable for insoluble and infusible films, including fluoropolymers, electrically conductive polymers, and controllably crosslinked networks and for the potential to reduce environmental, health, and safety impacts associated with solvents. Quantitative models aid the development of large-area and roll-to-roll CVD polymer reactors. Relevant background, fundamental principles, and selected applications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahriah E Alf
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Zhu Y, Li J, Wan M, Jiang L. 3D-boxlike polyaniline microstructures with super-hydrophobic and high-crystalline properties. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chen X, Anthamatten M. Multicomponent vapor deposition polymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) in an axisymmetric vacuum reactor. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhu Y, Li J, Wan M, Jiang L. Superhydrophobic 3D Microstructures Assembled From 1D Nanofibers of Polyaniline. Macromol Rapid Commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200700667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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CF2 surface reactivity during hot filament and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of fluorocarbon films. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.08.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mao Y, Felix N, Nguyen P, Ober C, Gleason K. Positive- and Negative-Tone CVD Polyacrylic Electron-Beam Resists Developable by Supercritical CO2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cvde.200506416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mao Y, Gleason KK. Vapor-Deposited Fluorinated Glycidyl Copolymer Thin Films with Low Surface Energy and Improved Mechanical Properties. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma052591p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mao
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Karen K. Gleason
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Towards all-dry lithography: Electron-beam patternable poly(glycidyl methacrylate) thin films from hot filament chemical vapor deposition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1116/1.1800351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mocella MT. Fluorinated compounds for advanced IC interconnect applications: a survey of chemistries and processes. J Fluor Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(03)00098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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