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Pourabed A, Chakkumpulakkal Puthan Veettil T, Devendran C, Nair P, Wood BR, Alan T. A star shaped acoustofluidic mixer enhances rapid malaria diagnostics via cell lysis and whole blood homogenisation in 2 seconds. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1829-1840. [PMID: 35380576 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00195k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by a parasite, which can be transmitted to humans through bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. This disease plagues a significant population of the world, necessitating the need for better diagnostic platforms to enhance the detection sensitivity, whilst reducing processing times, sample volumes and cost. A critical step in achieving improved detection is the effective lysis of blood samples. Here, we propose the use of an acoustically actuated microfluidic mixer for enhanced blood cell lysis. Guided by numerical simulations, we experimentally demonstrate that the device is capable of lysing a 20× dilution of isolated red blood cells (RBCs) with an efficiency of ∼95% within 350 ms (0.1 mL). Further, experimental results show that the device can effectively lyse whole blood irrespective of its dilution factor. Compared to the conventional method of using water, this platform is capable of releasing a larger quantity of haemoglobin into plasma, increasing the efficiency without the need for lysis reagents. The lysis efficiency was validated with malaria infected whole blood samples, resulting in an improved sensitivity as compared to the unlysed infected samples. Partial least squares-regression (PLS-R) analysis exhibits cross-validated R2 values of 0.959 and 0.98 from unlysed and device lysed spectral datasets, respectively. Critically, as expected, the root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) value was significantly reduced in the acoustically lysed datasets (RMSECV of 0.97), indicating the improved quantification of parasitic infections compared to unlysed datasets (RMSECV of 1.48). High lysis efficiency and ultrafast processing of very small sample volumes makes the combined acoustofluidic/spectroscopic approach extremely attractive for point-of-care blood diagnosis, especially for detection of neonatal and congenital malaria in babies, for whom a heel prick is often the only option for blood collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Pourabed
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | | | - Citsabehsan Devendran
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Prasanna Nair
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Bayden R Wood
- Monash Centre for Biospectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Tuncay Alan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Plank K, Dorn C, Krause SW. The effect of erythrocyte lysing reagents on enumeration of leukocyte subpopulations compared with a no-lyse-no-wash protocol. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 43:939-947. [PMID: 33580753 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Standard protocols in flow cytometry (FCM) require lysis of erythrocytes, which may induce an unwanted loss of leukocytes as bystander effect. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the influence of 6 laboratory protocols using 4 different lysing reagents, FACS® Lysing Solution (FacsL), QUICKLYSIS® (QuickL), IOTest® 3 Lysing Solution (NH4Cl), VersaLyse® (VersaL), and VersaLyse® with added fixative (VersaFix) on the relative quantity of leukocyte subsets identified by CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD14, CD16, CD56, and CD45, applying a no-lyse-no-wash (NoL) protocol as reference. In addition, we compared the efficiency of red blood cell (RBC) lysis. RESULTS Peripheral blood samples from 52 individuals were analyzed. NoL was suitable as reference method, but led to less clear-cut gating of lymphocyte and monocyte populations due to a wider distribution of light scatter. Best completeness of RBC lysis with remaining erythrocytes below 10% was achieved using NH4Cl and VersaL. We observed a loss of 11% of monocytes after QuickL. Lymphocyte counts were 19% lower after FacsL. Cell subsets within the lymphocyte compartment were rather similar between the different methods with the exception of lower B-cell counts (-8%) and higher NK-cell counts (+11%) after FacsL. NH4Cl and VersaL were in good accordance with the NoL method and also with the mean values of all methods. CONCLUSION Our data show that the lysing reagents tested lead to specific deviations in the quantitation of leukocyte subsets and show different efficiency of erythrocyte lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Plank
- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carla Dorn
- Medizinische Klinik 5, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan W Krause
- Medizinische Klinik 5, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Detection of circulating tumour cells in the breast cancer using CytoTrack system. HERBA POLONICA 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/hepo-2019-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Introduction: Plants are a rich source of healing substances. Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide while breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are potential founder cells for metastasis. Therefore, their assessment may be used for monitoring of treatment as well as detecting cancer metastatis. Hence, it is suggested that the number of CTCs may be a valuable tumour biomarker during therapy.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to detect CTCs in breast cancer and to validate the method of assessment of CTC count using CytoTrack CT11 technology.
Methods: MCF-7 cells were sorted by a FACSARIA flow cytometer from blood samples derived from patients who have not been diagnosed with cancer. Identification and quantitative assessment of MCF-7 cells in blood samples were determined by flow sorting. Then, blood samples containing MCF-7 cells or without MCF-7 were scanned with the use of an automated fluorescence scanning microscope.
Results: In in vitro model analysing the glass CytoDisc™ with stained MCF-7 cells, we noted the correlation between the amount of observed tumour cells and expected number of tumour cells. Moreover, coefficient of variation in case of the recovery rate of the assumed number of MCF-7 cells was 30%, 17%, 18% and 15%, respectively.
Conclusion: Our study suggest that CTCs could be predictive factor in patients with metastatic cancer especially in breast cancer.
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Lopresti A, Malergue F, Bertucci F, Liberatoscioli ML, Garnier S, DaCosta Q, Finetti P, Gilabert M, Raoul JL, Birnbaum D, Acquaviva C, Mamessier E. Sensitive and easy screening for circulating tumor cells by flow cytometry. JCI Insight 2019; 5:128180. [PMID: 31194699 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) represent an easy, repeatable and representative access to information regarding solid tumors. However, their detection remains difficult because of their paucity, their short half-life, and the lack of reliable surface biomarkers. Flow cytometry (FC) is a fast, sensitive and affordable technique, ideal for rare cells detection. Adapted to CTCs detection (i.e. extremely rare cells), most FC-based techniques require a time-consuming pre-enrichment step, followed by a 2-hours staining procedure, impeding on the efficiency of CTCs detection. We overcame these caveats and reduced the procedure to less than one hour, with minimal manipulation. First, cells were simultaneously fixed, permeabilized, then stained. Second, using low-speed FC acquisition conditions and two discriminators (cell size and pan-cytokeratin expression), we suppressed the pre-enrichment step. Applied to blood from donors with or without known malignant diseases, this protocol ensures a high recovery of the cells of interest independently of their epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity and can predict which samples are derived from cancer donors. This proof-of-concept study lays the bases of a sensitive tool to detect CTCs from a small amount of blood upstream of in-depth analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Lopresti
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Malergue
- Research, Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - François Bertucci
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Maria Lucia Liberatoscioli
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Severine Garnier
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Quentin DaCosta
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Finetti
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Marine Gilabert
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Luc Raoul
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Birnbaum
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Acquaviva
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Mamessier
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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5
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Lopez-Millan B, Diaz de la Guardia R, Roca-Ho H, Anguita E, Islam ABMMK, Romero-Moya D, Prieto C, Gutierrez-Agüera F, Bejarano-Garcia JA, Perez-Simon JA, Costales P, Rovira M, Marín P, Menendez S, Iglesias M, Fuster JL, Urbano-Ispizua A, Anjos-Afonso F, Bueno C, Menendez P. IMiDs mobilize acute myeloid leukemia blasts to peripheral blood through downregulation of CXCR4 but fail to potentiate AraC/Idarubicin activity in preclinical models of non del5q/5q- AML. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1477460. [PMID: 30228947 PMCID: PMC6140592 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1477460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains suboptimal and many patients remain refractory or relapse upon standard chemotherapy based on nucleoside analogs plus anthracyclines. The crosstalk between AML cells and the BM stroma is a major mechanism underlying therapy resistance in AML. Lenalidomide and pomalidomide, a new generation immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), possess pleiotropic anti-leukemic properties including potent immune-modulating effects and are commonly used in hematological malignances associated with intrinsic dysfunctional BM such as myelodysplastic syndromes and multiple myeloma. Whether IMiDs may improve the efficacy of current standard treatment in AML remains understudied. Here, we have exploited in vitro and in vivo preclinical AML models to analyze whether IMiDs potentiate the efficacy of AraC/Idarubicin-based standard AML chemotherapy by interfering with the BM stroma-mediated chemoresistance. We report that IMiDs do not exert cytotoxic effects on either non-del5q/5q- AML cells nor BM-MSCs, but they enhance the immunomodulatory properties of BM-MSCs. When combined with AraC/Idarubicin, IMiDs fail to circumvent BM stroma-mediated resistance of non-del5q/5q- AML cells in vitro and in vivo but induce robust extramedullary mobilization of AML cells. When administered as a single agent, lenalidomide specifically mobilizes non-del5q/5q- AML cells, but not healthy CD34+ cells, to peripheral blood (PB) through specific downregulation of CXCR4 in AML blasts. Global gene expression profiling supports a migratory/mobilization gene signature in lenalidomide-treated non-del5q/5q- AML blasts but not in CD34+ cells. Collectively, IMiDs mobilize non-del5q/5q- AML blasts to PB through CXCR4 downregulation, but fail to potentiate AraC/Idarubicin activity in preclinical models of non-del5q/5q- AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Lopez-Millan
- Department of Biomedicine, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute-Campus Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Diaz de la Guardia
- Department of Biomedicine, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute-Campus Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Heleia Roca-Ho
- Department of Biomedicine, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute-Campus Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anguita
- Hematology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abul B M M K Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Damia Romero-Moya
- Department of Biomedicine, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute-Campus Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Prieto
- Department of Biomedicine, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute-Campus Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Gutierrez-Agüera
- Department of Biomedicine, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute-Campus Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Bejarano-Garcia
- Hematology department, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Seville, Spain.,Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Perez-Simon
- Hematology department, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS) Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Montse Rovira
- Hematology Department, Hospital Clínico de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Marín
- Hematology Department, Hospital Clínico de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mar Iglesias
- Pathology Service, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Fuster
- Oncohematology department, Sección de Oncohematología Pediátrica, Hospital Clínico Virgen de Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alvaro Urbano-Ispizua
- Department of Biomedicine, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute-Campus Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Hematology Department, Hospital Clínico de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,ISCIII, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Anjos-Afonso
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff, UK
| | - Clara Bueno
- Department of Biomedicine, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute-Campus Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Department of Biomedicine, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute-Campus Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,ISCIII, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain.,Instituciò Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Petriz J, Bradford JA, Ward MD. No lyse no wash flow cytometry for maximizing minimal sample preparation. Methods 2018; 134-135:149-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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7
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Kovina MV, Krasheninnikov ME, Dyuzheva TG, Danilevsky MI, Klabukov ID, Balyasin MV, Chivilgina OK, Lyundup AV. Human endometrial stem cells: High-yield isolation and characterization. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:361-374. [PMID: 29397307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menstrual blood is only recently and still poorly studied, but it is an abundant and noninvasive source of highly proliferative mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). However, no appropriate isolation method has been reported due to its high viscosity and high content of clots and desquamated epithelium. METHODS We studied three different isolation approaches and their combinations: ammonium-containing lysing buffer, distilled water and gradient-density centrifugation. We tested the proliferative capacity, morphology, surface markers and pluripotency of the resulting cells. RESULTS Our isolation method yields up to four million nucleated cells per milliliter of initial blood, of which about 0.2-0.3% are colony-forming cells expressing standard mesenchymal markers CD90, CD105 and CD73, but not expressing CD45, CD34, CD117, CD133 or HLA-G. The cells have high proliferative potential (doubling in 26 h) and the ability to differentiate into adipocytes and osteocytes. Early endometrial MSCs (eMSCs) express epithelial marker cytokeratin 7 (CK7). CK7 is easily induced in later passages in a prohepatic environment. We show for the first time that a satisfactory and stable yield of eMSCs is observed throughout the whole menstrual period (5 consecutive days) of a healthy woman. DISCUSSION The new cost/yield adequate method allows isolation from menstrual blood a relatively homogenous pool of highly proliferative MSCs, which seem to be the best candidates for internal organ therapy due to their proepithelial background (early expression of CK7 and its easy induction in later passages) and for mass cryobanking due to their high yield and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Kovina
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Michael E Krasheninnikov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana G Dyuzheva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael I Danilevsky
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Department of Biological Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya D Klabukov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim V Balyasin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga K Chivilgina
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Lyundup
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Masuda T, Song W, Nakanishi H, Lei W, Noor AM, Arai F. Rare cell isolation and recovery on open-channel microfluidic chip. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174937. [PMID: 28426707 PMCID: PMC5398523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to accurately detect and analyze rare cells in a cell population is critical not only for the study of disease progression but also for next flow cytometry systems in clinical application. Here, we report the development of a prototype device, the 'Rare cell sorter', for isolating and recovering single rare cells from whole blood samples. On this device, we utilized an open-channel microfluidic chip for rare cell isolation. And the advantage of open-channel allows us to recover the isolated rare cell directly from the chip. We set the circulating tumor cell (CTC) as a target cell. For the clinical experiment, CTCs were isolated from blood samples collected from patients with metastatic breast cancer and healthy volunteers. There was a significant difference in the number of CTCs between the patients with metastatic breast cancer and healthy volunteers. To evaluate the damage to cells during isolation and recovery, we performed an RNA integrity assay using RNA extracted from CTCs recovered from the chip and found that our process for single CTC isolation and recovery is mild enough for gene analysis of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Masuda
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Woneui Song
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hayao Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Clinical Research, Aichi Cancer Center Aichi Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wu Lei
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Anas Mohd Noor
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumihito Arai
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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9
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Andreozzi E, Antonelli A, Cangiotti M, Canonico B, Sfara C, Pianetti A, Bruscolini F, Sahre K, Appelhans D, Papa S, Ottaviani MF. Interactions of Nitroxide-Conjugated and Non-Conjugated Glycodendrimers with Normal and Cancer Cells and Biocompatibility Studies. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:524-538. [PMID: 28068077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly(propyleneimine) glycodendrimers fully modified with maltose units were administered to different cancer cell lines and their effect on cell viability was evaluated by using MTS assay and flow cytometry. The mechanism of dendrimer-cell interactions was investigated by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique by using a new nitroxide-conjugated glycodendrimer. The nitroxide groups did not modify both the biological properties (cell viability and apoptosis degree) of the dendrimers in the presence of the cells and the dendrimer-cell interactions. Since this class of dendrimers is already known to be biocompatible for human healthy cells, noncancer cells such as human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and macrophages were also treated with the glycodendrimer, and EPR spectra of the nitroxide-conjugated glycodendrimer were compared for cancer and noncancer cells. It was found that this dendrimer selectively affects the cell viability of tumor cells, while, surprisingly, PBMC proliferation is induced. Moreover, H-bond-active glycodendrimer-cell interactions were different for the different cancer cell lines and noncancer cells. The nitroxide-conjugated glycodendrimer was able to interact with the cell membrane and eventually cross it, getting in contact with cytosol antioxidants. This study helps to clarify the potential anticancer effect of this class of dendrimers opening to future applications of these macromolecules as new antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Andreozzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Antonella Antonelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Michela Cangiotti
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Via Ca' Le Suore 2/4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Barbara Canonico
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Carla Sfara
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Anna Pianetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesca Bruscolini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Karin Sahre
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Department Bioactive and Responsive Polymers, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Department Bioactive and Responsive Polymers, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefano Papa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Ottaviani
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo , Via Ca' Le Suore 2/4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
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10
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Civin CI, Ward T, Skelley AM, Gandhi K, Peilun Lee Z, Dosier CR, D'Silva JL, Chen Y, Kim M, Moynihan J, Chen X, Aurich L, Gulnik S, Brittain GC, Recktenwald DJ, Austin RH, Sturm JC. Automated leukocyte processing by microfluidic deterministic lateral displacement. Cytometry A 2016; 89:1073-1083. [PMID: 27875619 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously developed a Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD) microfluidic method in silicon to separate cells of various sizes from blood (Davis et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci 2006;103:14779-14784; Huang et al., Science 2004;304:987-990). Here, we present the reduction-to-practice of this technology with a commercially produced, high precision plastic microfluidic chip-based device designed for automated preparation of human leukocytes (white blood cells; WBCs) for flow cytometry, without centrifugation or manual handling of samples. After a human blood sample was incubated with fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), the mixture was input to a DLD microfluidic chip (microchip) where it was driven through a micropost array designed to deflect WBCs via DLD on the basis of cell size from the Input flow stream into a buffer stream, thus separating WBCs and any larger cells from smaller cells and particles and washing them simultaneously. We developed a microfluidic cell processing protocol that recovered 88% (average) of input WBCs and removed 99.985% (average) of Input erythrocytes (red blood cells) and >99% of unbound mAb in 18 min (average). Flow cytometric evaluation of the microchip Product, with no further processing, lysis or centrifugation, revealed excellent forward and side light scattering and fluorescence characteristics of immunolabeled WBCs. These results indicate that cost-effective plastic DLD microchips can speed and automate leukocyte processing for high quality flow cytometry analysis, and suggest their utility for multiple other research and clinical applications involving enrichment or depletion of common or rare cell types from blood or tissue samples. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt I Civin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Tony Ward
- GPB Scientific LLC, Richmond, Virginia, 23219
| | | | | | | | | | - Joseph L D'Silva
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544
| | - MinJung Kim
- Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - James Moynihan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Lee Aurich
- GPB Scientific LLC, Richmond, Virginia, 23219
| | - Sergei Gulnik
- Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Miami, Florida, 33196
| | | | | | - Robert H Austin
- Department of Physics, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544
| | - James C Sturm
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544
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11
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Canonico B, Campana R, Luchetti F, Arcangeletti M, Betti M, Cesarini E, Ciacci C, Vittoria E, Galli L, Papa S, Baffone W. Campylobacter jejuni cell lysates differently target mitochondria and lysosomes on HeLa cells. Apoptosis 2014; 19:1225-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Hillig T, Nygaard AB, Nekiunaite L, Klingelhöfer J, Sölétormos G. In vitro validation of an ultra-sensitive scanning fluorescence microscope for analysis of circulating tumor cells. APMIS 2013; 122:545-51. [PMID: 24164622 PMCID: PMC4153957 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTC) holds promise of providing liquid biopsies from patients with cancer. However, current methods include enrichment procedures. We present a method (CytoTrack®), where CTC from 7.5 mL of blood is stained, analyzed and counted by a scanning fluorescence microscope. The method was validated by breast cancer cells (MCF-7) spiked in blood from healthy donors. The number of cells spiked in each blood sample was exactly determined by cell sorter and performed in three series of three samples spiked with 10, 33 or 100 cells in addition with three control samples for each series. The recovery rate of 10, 33 and 100 tumor cells in a blood sample was 55%, 70% and 78%, percent coefficient of variation (CV%) for samples was 59%, 32% and 18%, respectively. None of the control samples contained CTC. In conclusion, the method has been validated to highly sensitively detect breast cancer cells in spiking experiments and should be tested on blood samples from breast cancer patients. The method could benefit from automation that could reduce the CV%, and further optimization of the procedure to increase the recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thore Hillig
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hilleroed Hospital, Hilleroed
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13
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Veneri D, Franchini M, Vella A, Tridente G, Semenzato G, Pizzolo G, Ortolani R. Changes of human B and B-1a peripheral blood lymphocytes with age. Hematology 2013; 12:337-41. [PMID: 17654062 DOI: 10.1080/10245330701255270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2057 consecutive subjects admitted to the Department of Pathology, Section of Immunology of the Verona University Hospital, CD19+ and CD5/CD19 double positive cells were determined to assess the behaviour of total peripheral B-lymphocytes and B-1a (CD5+) compartments in humans during aging. We show that the absolute number of total B lymphocytes increases about three-fold from the baseline conditions in the first year of life and progressively decreases until adult age. A slower decrease was detected from the adult age onwards. A similar behaviour has been observed within the B-1a subset of B-lymphocytes, although the decrease after the adult age seems more pronounced. Possible physiological explanations and/or implications for the disease states are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Veneri
- Section of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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14
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Einwallner E, Subasic A, Strasser A, Augustin D, Thalhammer R, Steiner I, Schwarzinger I. Lysis matters: Red cell lysis with FACS Lyse affects the flow cytometric enumeration of circulating leukemic blasts. J Immunol Methods 2013; 390:127-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Peroni DG, Chirumbolo S, Veneri D, Piacentini GL, Tenero L, Vella A, Ortolani R, Raffaelli R, Boner AL. Colostrum-derived B and T cells as an extra-lymphoid compartment of effector cell populations in humans. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 26:137-42. [PMID: 23013166 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.733744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Colostrum contains cellular components that convey immunological protection to offspring. In the present study the main subsets of lymphocytes present in colostrum and in peripheral blood of healthy screened mothers were compared through the evaluation of >15 different flow cytometry markers. Colostrum and peripheral blood samples were collected within 3 days after full-term delivery. Flow cytometry assays and laboratory tests were performed soon after collection. Among B cells, percentages of CD19(+)CD5(+) cells, pertaining to natural immunity system, were significantly higher in colostrum than in peripheral blood (33 vs. 5%, p = 0.047). CD4(+) T cells, effector cells (CD45RA(+)/CD27(-)) and effector memory cells (CD45RA(-)/CD27(-)) were significantly higher in colostrum (p < 0.001) than in peripheral blood, as well as activated CD4(+) T cells (HLA(-)DR(+)) (36% vs. 6% p = 0.0022) and CD4(+) terminally differentiated effector T cells (CD57(+)) (p < 0.001). With regards to CD8(+) T cells, a comparable significant increase in effector (p < 0.02) and effector memory cells (p < 0.001) was also observed. Moreover, an increased surface expression of HLA-DR and CD57 (p < 0.001) on CD8(+) T cells in colostrum was detected. Colostrum contains a different distribution of lymphocyte subsets with respect to peripheral blood from mothers, confirming the observation that lymphocytes probably migrate in milk in a selective way. Colostrum T and B lymphocytes appear to be enriched with subsets possessing effector functions or belonging to the innate immune system, what could transfer a prompt line of defence to offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Peroni
- Department of Mothers and Children Biology and Genetics, Section of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
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16
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Sánchez L, Gutierrez-Aranda I, Ligero G, Martín M, Ayllón V, Real PJ, Ramos-Mejía V, Bueno C, Menendez P. Maintenance of human embryonic stem cells in media conditioned by human mesenchymal stem cells obviates the requirement of exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor supplementation. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 18:387-96. [PMID: 22136131 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the improvements in the human embryonic stem cell (hESC) culture systems, very similar conditions to those used to maintain hESCs on mouse feeders are broadly applied to culture methods based on human feeders. Indeed, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a master hESC-sustaining factor, is still added in nearly all medium formulations for hESC propagation. Human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) used as feeders have recently been reported to support hESC growth without exogenous bFGF. However, whether hESCs may be maintained undifferentiated without exogenous bFGF using media conditioned (CM) by human feeders remains elusive. We hypothesize that HFFs and hMSCs are likely to be functionally different and therefore the mechanisms by which HFF-CM and MSC-CM support undifferentiated growth of hESCs may differ. We have thus determined whether HFF-CM and/or MSC-CM sustain feeder-free undifferentiated growth of hESC without exogenous supplementation of bFGF. We report that hMSCs synthesize higher levels of endogenous bFGF than HFFs. Accordingly and in contrast to HFF-CM, MSC-CM produced without the addition of exogenous bFGF supports hESC pluripotency and culture homeostasis beyond 20 passages without the need of bFGF supplementation. hESCs maintained without exogenous bFGF in MSC-CM retained hESC morphology and expression of pluripotency surface markers and transcription factors, formed teratomas, and showed spontaneous and lineage-directed in vitro differentiation capacity. Our data indicate that MSC-CM, but not HFF-CM, provides microenvironment cues supporting feeder-free long-term maintenance of pluripotent hESCs and obviates the requirement of exogenous bFGF at any time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez
- GENYO-Centre Pfizer-University of Granada-Government of Andalucía for Genomic and Oncological Research, Avda de la Ilustración, Granada, Spain
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17
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Cui YX, Johnson T, Baumbach A, Reeves BC, Rogers CA, Angelini GD, Marsden D, Madeddu P. Stepwise optimization of the procedure for assessment of circulating progenitor cells in patients with myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30389. [PMID: 22272341 PMCID: PMC3260290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number and functional activity of circulating progenitor cells (CPCs) is altered in diabetic patients. Furthermore, reduced CPC count has been shown to independently predict cardiovascular events. Validation of CPCs as a biomarker for cardiovascular risk stratification requires rigorous methodology. Before a standard operation protocol (SOP) can be designed for such a trial, a variety of technical issues have to be addressed fundamentally, which include the appropriate type of red blood cell lysis buffer, FMO or isotype controls to identify rare cell populations from background noise, optimal antibody dilutions and conditions of sample storage. We herein propose improvements in critical steps of CPC isolation, antigenic characterization and determination of functional competence for final application in a prospective investigation of CPCs as a biomarker of outcome following acute myocardial infarction. METHODS AND FINDINGS In this validation study, we refined the standard operating procedure (SOP) for flow cytometry characterisation and functional analysis of CPCs from the first 18 patients of the Progenitor Cell Response after Myocardial Infarction Study (ProMIS). ProMIS aims to verify the prognostic value of CPCs in patients with either ST elevation or non-ST elevation myocardial infarction with or without diabetes mellitus, using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessment of ventricular function as a primary endpoint. Results indicate crucial steps for SOP implementation, namely timely cell isolation after sampling, use of appropriate lysis buffer to separate blood cell types and minimize the acquisition events during flow cytometry, adoption of proper fluorophore combination and antibody titration for multiple antigenic detection and introduction of counting beads for precise quantification of functional CPC activity in migration assay. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE With systematic specification of factors influencing the enumeration of CPC by flow cytometry, the abundance and migration capacity of CPCs can be correctly assessed. Adoption of validated SOP is essential for refined comparison of patients with different comorbidities in the analysis of risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Cui
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (YXC); (PM)
| | - Tom Johnson
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Baumbach
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Barnaby C. Reeves
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chris A. Rogers
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gianni D. Angelini
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie Marsden
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (YXC); (PM)
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18
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Enforced expression of MLL-AF4 fusion in cord blood CD34+ cells enhances the hematopoietic repopulating cell function and clonogenic potential but is not sufficient to initiate leukemia. Blood 2011; 117:4746-58. [PMID: 21389315 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-322230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia harboring the fusion mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL)-AF4 is associated with a dismal prognosis and very brief latency. Our limited understanding of transformation by MLL-AF4 is reflected in murine models, which do not accurately recapitulate the human disease. Human models for MLL-AF4 disease do not exist. Hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells (HSPCs) represent probable targets for transformation. Here, we explored in vitro and in vivo the impact of the enforced expression of MLL-AF4 in human cord blood-derived CD34(+) HSPCs. Intrabone marrow transplantation into NOD/SCID-IL2Rγ(-/-) mice revealed an enhanced multilineage hematopoietic engraftment, efficiency, and homing to other hematopoietic sites on enforced expression of MLL-AF4. Lentiviral transduction of MLL-AF4 into CD34(+) HSPCs increased the in vitro clonogenic potential of CD34(+) progenitors and promoted their proliferation. Consequently, cell cycle and apoptosis analyses suggest that MLL-AF4 conveys a selective proliferation coupled to a survival advantage, which correlates with changes in the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, sensing DNA damage and DNA repair. However, MLL-AF4 expression was insufficient to initiate leukemogenesis on its own, indicating that either additional hits (or reciprocal AF4-MLL product) may be required to initiate ALL or that cord blood-derived CD34(+) HSPCs are not the appropriate cellular target for MLL-AF4-mediated ALL.
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19
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Barroso-delJesus A, Lucena-Aguilar G, Sanchez L, Ligero G, Gutierrez-Aranda I, Menendez P. The Nodal inhibitor Lefty is negatively modulated by the microRNA miR-302 in human embryonic stem cells. FASEB J 2011; 25:1497-508. [PMID: 21266536 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-172221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be important in early development and maintenance of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). The miRNA miR-302-367 is specifically expressed in hESCs, and its expression decays on differentiation. We previously identified the structure of the gene coding for the human miR-302-367 cluster and characterized its promoter. The promoter activity was functionally validated in hESCs, opening up new avenues to further investigate how these miRNA molecules fit in the complex molecular network conferring "stemness" properties to hESCs. The physiological roles of specific miRNA-mRNA interactions remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated putative miR-302-367 mRNA targets in hESCs, potentially relevant for ESC biology. We found that the Nodal inhibitors Lefty1 and Lefty2 are post-transcriptionally targeted by miR-302s in hESCs. Functional analyses indicate that miR-302s negatively modulate the level of lefties, and become upstream regulators of the TGFβ/Nodal pathway, functioning via Smad-2/3 signaling. Overexpression of the miR-302-367 cluster in hESCs causes a delay in early hESC differentiation, as measured by enhanced levels of ESC-specific transcription factors, coupled to a faster teratoma formation in mice transplanted with miR-302-367-expressing hESCs and a concomitant impairment of germ layer specification, displaying robust decreased levels of early mesodermal, endodermal, and ectodermal specific markers. These findings suggest that Lefty is negatively modulated by miR-302s in hESCs, which plays an important role in maintaining the balance between pluripotency and germ layer specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Barroso-delJesus
- Andalusian Stem Cell Bank, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Consejería de Salud–Universidad de Granada, Armilla, Spain.
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20
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Kleine TO, Nebe CT, Löwer C, Lehmitz R, Geilenkeuser WJ, Kruse R, Dorn-Beineke A. Evaluation of cell counting and leukocyte differentiation in cerebrospinal fluid controls using hematology analyzers by the German Society for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48:839-48. [PMID: 20441472 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2010.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manual cell counting in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is technique-dependent, time-consuming, and thus costly and prone to inter-operator variability and low precision. Flow cytometry (FCM) with fast hematology analyzers (HAs) appears to improve accuracy and precision of CSF cell analysis; rapid CSF cell analysis is especially needed in emergency laboratories. Ten external trials of the German Society for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine evaluated FCM with Coulter (LH750, 755), Abbott CD3200, CD3500, CD3700, CD4000, Sapphire, ADVIA120 CSF assay, and Sysmex XE-2100 single platform analyzers. METHODS CSF controls were produced using native blood leukocytes and erythrocytes, resembling CSF and thus rendering the trials feasible and allowing comparison with native manual counting in a Fuchs-Rosenthal chamber and FACScan-CD45-CD14 dual platform analysis, which was used as the reference method. Statistical evaluation was performed using Passing/Bablok regression analysis. RESULTS Our evaluation revealed significant differences with respect to target values in leukocyte and erythrocyte counts, as well as leukocyte differentiation. These differences were attributed to inaccuracies produced by the HAs, due to blank correction in connection with impedance analysis, leukocyte loss, especially through monocyte injury due to the erythrocyte lysing agent, incomplete erythrocyte lysis, ADVIA cell sphering, cell differentiation using algorithms and peroxidase activity. Erythrocyte counting in the CSF controls was inaccurate with the Coulter and ADVIA analyzers. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of HAs by means of the CSF controls revealed inaccuracies in cell counting and leukocyte differentiation. Analyzer techniques, used for CSF cell assays, therefore need to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann O Kleine
- Abteilung für Klinische Chemie und Molekulare Diagnostik mit Referenzlabor für Liquordiagnostik, Universitätsklinikum Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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21
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Kleine TO, Nebe CT, Löwer C, Lehmitz R, Kruse R, Geilenkeuser WJ, Dorn-Beineke A. Modifications of haematology analyzers to improve cell counting and leukocyte differentiating in cerebrospinal fluid controls of the Joint German Society for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Cytometry A 2009; 75:688-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Expression of CD27 and CD23 on peripheral blood B lymphocytes in humans of different ages. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2009; 7:29-34. [PMID: 19290077 DOI: 10.2450/2008.0007-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the fact that the coexpression of CD23 and CD27 has been reported to occur in B lymphocytic leukaemic clones and that there is debate about CD23 expression on memory B cells, we evaluated the behaviour of naive B cells (CD23-/CD27-) and memory B cells (CD27+) in the peripheral blood of a large number of humans of all ages. B cells were also distinguished into B2 (CD5-) and B1-a cells (CD5+). METHODS The cell surface expression of CD19, CD5, CD23 and CD27 was assessed on peripheral blood lymphocytes from 1,427 subjects of all ages undergoing peripheral blood immunophenotyping for a variety of reasons. RESULTS The absolute number of B lymphocytes and the percentage of naive cells (CD23-/CD27-) decreased with age whereas there was an increase in memory cells (CD27+). A small subset of B cells co-expressing CD23 and CD27 was present in humans of all ages, although the majority of CD27+ cells were CD23-. The percentages and rate of increase with age of B1-a CD23+/CD27+ were slightly higher than those of B2 cell counterparts. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of our data, age-associated changes in surface markers of B cells seem to be finely balanced and probably related to functional changes after antigen encounters, while the whole peripheral blood B-cell compartment undergoes a quantitative regression.
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23
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Flores AI, McKenna DH, Montalbán MA, De la Cruz J, Wagner JE, Bornstein R. Consistency of the initial cell acquisition procedure is critical to the standardization of CD34+ cell enumeration by flow cytometry: results of a pairwise analysis of umbilical cord blood units and cryopreserved aliquots. Transfusion 2009; 49:636-47. [PMID: 19055702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.02035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CD34+ cell content is a predictive factor for engraftment and survival after umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation. The high variability in the CD34 assay results in different recommended cell doses for infusion across transplant centers and also limits the clinical utility of the CD34+ cell counts provided by cord blood banks (CBBs). This bi-institutional study was intended to understand the sources of this variability. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The level of CD34 agreement between the University of Minnesota (UM) and the Madrid CBB (MCBB) was evaluated on 50 UCB units before and after cryopreservation. Two cryopreserved vials per unit were thawed and processed at both laboratories. Dual-platform ISHAGE-based flow cytometry was used for CD34 enumeration. RESULTS Postthaw nucleated cell recoveries were similar. However, whereas CD34+ cell enumeration before freezing was 0.35 +/- 0.22 percent, the results after thawing were 0.98 +/- 0.65 and 0.57 +/- 0.39 percent at UM and MCBB, respectively. Bland-Altman plots analysis ruled out the interchangeability of MCBB and UM CD34 values. Differences in the initial cell acquisition settings accounted for most of the CD34 discrepancy, which was no longer present after normalization of the forward scatter threshold for cell acquisition. CONCLUSIONS The standardization of CD34+ cell enumeration by flow cytometry is strongly reliant on a consistent initial cell acquisition procedure. The interlaboratory variation can be minimized by using frozen cell aliquots as reference samples. Both requisites should be considered for CD34 testing and UCB unit selection by regulatory institutions involved with cord blood banking and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Flores
- Madrid Cord Blood Bank and the Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Abstract
Multicolor flow cytometry offers the unique ability to simultaneously assess and correlate multiple cellular properties at the single-cell level in a timely and efficient manner. Principles necessary for the development and evaluation of 10-color flow cytometry panels are discussed. The Basic Protocol outlines a simple and efficient method for the labeling of white blood cells with monoclonal antibodies directed against cell surface antigens. Alternate Protocol 1 incorporates the removal of plasma to allow the simultaneous assessment of surface light-chain expression on B cell populations. Alternate Protocol 2 describes a general method for the simultaneous assessment of surface and cytoplasmic antigens using a combination of fixation followed by membrane permeabilization. The methods were developed in a clinical laboratory setting for the description of normal pathways of hematopoietic maturation and the efficient identification of neoplastic hematopoietic cell populations, but the general principles should also be suitable for other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent L Wood
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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25
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Rustemeyer P, Wittkowski W, Greve B, Stehling M. Flow-cytometric identification, enumeration, purification, and expansion of CD133+ and VEGF-R2+ endothelial progenitor cells from peripheral blood. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2007; 28:13-23. [PMID: 17236393 DOI: 10.1080/15321810601025549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A flow cytometric method for identifying, purifying, and expanding endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) derived from peripheral blood is reported. During our experiments, we found that isolation of viable EPC is not possible by using the standard flow cytometric protocols, since erythrocyte lysing influences cell survival. Furthermore, erythrocyte lysing has a high impact on quantative analysis of EPC with 20% lower numbers compared to no-lyse data. The viability of EPCs was tested with a colony forming test after both lysis based FACS of EPCs and without lysing. CD133 and VEGF-R2 revealed as positive markers for EPC selection and 7-amino actinomycin D (7-AAD) to eliminate dead cells. The few purified CD133+ and VEGF-R2+ cells showed strong colony-forming capacity in a human stem cell methylcellulose based medium (colony assay) when isolated by the no-lyse protocol. The colonies showed the typical shape of early EPC-colonies with round immature cells in the centre and dendritic or spindelcell-shaped peripheral cells, which were also immunologically identified as EPC-derived. Compared to this, erythrocyte lysing reagents destroyed even all sorted EPCs. Summarizing the presented data suggest that the use of erythrocyte lysing reagents is neither suitable for cloning nor for counting of endothelial progenitor cells, and no-lyse protocols should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rustemeyer
- Department of Anatomie, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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26
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Greve B, Beller C, Cassens U, Sibrowski W, Göhde W. The Impact of Erythrocyte Lysing Procedures on the Recovery of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells in Flow Cytometric Analysis. Stem Cells 2006; 24:793-9. [PMID: 16210405 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since preanalytic lysing of erythrocytes remains critical in flow cytometry, we investigated the influence of four lysing procedures on the quantification of leukocyte and CD34+ cells in hematopoietic cell transplants (HCTs). Samples were derived from stem cell-enriched mobilized whole blood collected by apheresis (unselected) and immunologically purified stem cell products (selected) and were measured using the dual-platform (2-PF) method with two flow cytometric systems. Additionally, cells were measured by a volume-based technique (single platform [1-PF]). Results were identical in the 2-PF mode (unselected HCTs, r = 0.998; selected HCTs, r = 0.999). In comparison with the 2-PF results, the single-platform (1-PF) measurements revealed a mean decrease of 59.5% for CD34+ cells (50.8% for CD45+ cells) in unselected HCTs and a mean decrease of 52% for CD34+ cells (49.8% for CD45+ cells) in selected HCTs. In order to check the accuracy of cell quantification using the 1-PF method, leukocyte reference values from hematology counter results were compared with flow cytometric (1-PF)-counted nucleated cells. That analysis revealed good congruency, with r = 0.998 for unselected HCTs and r = 0.999 for selected HCTs. In conclusion, all lysing procedures that we used induced substantial loss of leukocytes and CD34+ cells. As demonstrated by the high accuracy of the 1-PF technique, all erythrocyte lysing procedures caused significant cell loss, which led to inconsistent counting of CD34+ cells in nonvolumetric flow cytometric (2-PF) protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiobiology, University Hospital Münster, Robert Koch Strasse 43, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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27
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Sanchez-Guijo FM, Sanchez-Abarca LI, Villaron E, Lopez-Holgado N, Alberca M, Vazquez L, Perez-Simon JA, Lopez-Fidalgo J, Orfao A, Caballero MD, Del Cañizo MC, San Miguel JF. Posttransplant hematopoiesis in patients undergoing sibling allogeneic stem cell transplantation reflects that of their respective donors although with a lower functional capability. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:935-43. [PMID: 16038787 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2004] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We tested the principle of whether patient long-term hematopoiesis following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) reflects the characteristics of the hematopoiesis of their respective donor. For this purpose, we analyzed bone marrow (BM) hematopoiesis using long-term cultures (LTC), delta assays, and clonogeneic assays as well as CD34+ cells and their subsets by flow cytometry in a series of 37 patients undergoing allo-SCT, and we compared it to that of their respective human leukocyte antigen-matched sibling donors in a paired study performed more than 1 year after the transplant procedure. Interestingly, the main factor that influenced post-allo-SCT BM hematopoiesis in the long term was donor hematopoiesis. Nevertheless, compared to their respective donors, patients exhibited a significantly lower number of colony-forming units granulomonocytic, burst-forming units erythroid, and immature progenitors (CD34++/CD38dim/CD90+/CD133+ cells, LTC-initiating cells, and colonies generated in the delta assay). Moreover, BM stromal function was diminished in patients undergoing allo-SCT compared to their donors. In addition, the presence of chronic graft-versus-host disease under immunosuppressive treatment also conditioned an impaired hematopoietic function. In summary, our study shows that BM hematopoiesis evaluated more than 1 year after an allo-SCT mainly reproduces that of their respective donors, although with a significantly decreased in vitro activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fermin M Sanchez-Guijo
- Servicio de Hematologia, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
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28
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Canonico B, Zamai L, Burattini S, Granger V, Mannello F, Gobbi P, Felici C, Falcieri E, Reilly JT, Barnett D, Papa S. Evaluation of leukocyte stabilisation in TransFix®-treated blood samples by flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. J Immunol Methods 2004; 295:67-78. [PMID: 15627612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2004] [Revised: 07/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we have evaluated the effects of a TransFix-based stabilisation technique on leukocyte scatter characteristics, immunophenotyping, membrane permeability, absolute cell counting and morphology to extend previously reported flow cytometric data focused on the lymphocyte population. We show that scatter characteristics, immunophenotyping and absolute cell counting are well preserved, particularly in the lymphocyte population. Nevertheless, a general increase in membrane permeability, evaluated by propidium iodide (PI) uptake, was observed in TransFix-treated leukocyte subsets. Ultrastructural observations show selective morphological preservation (up to 10 days of storage) of lymphocytes and, to a lesser extent, of monocytes. In contrast, granulocytes have necrosis-like features, although the plasma membrane seems well preserved. Therefore, electron microscopy observations reflect modifications induced in different cell populations as evidenced by flow cytometry (FC). The data indicate that this short-term stabilisation method is particularly suitable for the analysis of human lymphocytes and it is a good procedure for quality control programmes for inter- and intra-laboratory performance evaluation; good results are obtained with respect to antigen definition and absolute cell counting procedures. Any apoptotic pathways in leukocyte subsets are blocked for at least 10 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Canonico
- Centro di Citometria e Citomorfologia, Università di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy.
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29
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Perruche S, Kleinclauss F, Lienard A, Robinet E, Tiberghien P, Saas P. A single-platform approach using flow cytometry and microbeads to evaluate immune reconstitution in mice after bone marrow transplantation. J Immunol Methods 2004; 294:53-66. [PMID: 15604016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Revised: 07/23/2004] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of immune reconstitution in murine models of HC transplantation, using accurate and automated methods, is necessary in view of the recent developments of hematopoietic cell (HC) transplantation (including reduced intensity conditioning regimens) as well as emerging immunological concepts (such as the involvement of dendritic cells or regulatory T cells). Here, we describe the use of a single-platform approach based on flow cytometry and tubes that contain a defined number of microbeads to evaluate absolute blood cell counts in mice. This method, previously used in humans to quantify CD34+ stem cells or CD4+ T cells in HIV infected patients, was adapted for mouse blood samples. A CD45 gating strategy in this "lyse no wash" protocol makes it possible to discriminate erythroblasts or red blood cell debris from CD45+ leukocytes, thus avoiding cell loss. Tubes contain a lyophilized brightly fluorescent microbead pellet permitting the acquisition of absolute counts of leukocytes after flow cytometric analysis. We compared this method to determine absolute counts of circulating cells with another method combining Unopette reservoir diluted blood samples, hemocytometer, microscopic examination and flow cytometry. The sensitivity of this single-platform approach was evaluated in different situations encountered in allogeneic HC transplantation, including immune cell depletion after different conditioning regimens, activation status of circulating cells after transplantation, evaluation of in vivo cell depletion and hematopoietic progenitor mobilization in the periphery. This single-platform flow cytometric assay can also be proposed to standardize murine (or other mammalian species) leukocyte count determination for physiological, pharmacological/toxicological and diagnostic applications in veterinary practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Perruche
- Unité Mixte EFS/Université EA2284/Inserm U645, IFR133, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM U645, 1 Boulevard A. Fleming, BP1937, F-25020 Besançon, France
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30
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Ma L, Scheers W, Vandenberghe P. A flow cytometric method for determination of absolute counts of myeloid precursor dendritic cells in peripheral blood. J Immunol Methods 2004; 285:215-21. [PMID: 14980435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2003] [Revised: 11/18/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Circulating precursor dendritic cells (pDCs) constitute a rare population in peripheral blood. They have a typical immunophenotypic profile, yet, they cannot be identified by pDC-specific immunophenotypic markers and therefore, their accurate and absolute enumeration poses a challenge. Here, we report a method for the evaluation of absolute counts of myeloid pDC in minimally manipulated blood samples on a flow cytometer as a single platform. Three-color flow cytometry was done to identify myeloid pDC as CD33+ HLA-DR+ CD14/CD16(dim/negative) cells in commercially available TruCount trade mark tubes that contain a defined number of brightly fluorescent polystyrene beads. The normal range in peripheral blood of 41 healthy adults, as determined by this single-platform method, was 17.0+/-5.7 x 10(6)/l, or 0.64+/-0.23% of mononuclear cells (MNCs). In parallel experiments, we have compared our procedure with two published 'dual-platform' methods that derive the absolute pDC count from a relative number obtained by flow cytometry, and from absolute counts obtained from a haematological analyser. Regression analysis showed an excellent correlation between results obtained with our single-platform protocol and these double-platform procedures (R2 > or = 0.90). However, the values obtained by the single-platform method were significantly higher than those obtained by the dual-platform methods. The higher myeloid pDC numbers in this single-platform procedure are likely due to reduced cell loss in this 'lyse-no-wash' protocol compared with the other methods which include density gradient separation and centrifugation steps. The intra- and interassay variability were 4.4% (range, 2.04-8.96%) and 5.8% (range, 2.59-9.65%), respectively. Thus, the single-platform method described here allows accurate, rapid and simple measurement of circulating blood myeloid pDC and is suitable for routine enumeration of circulating myeloid pDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ma
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology, University of Leuven, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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31
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Cassens U, Göhde W, Kuling G, Gröning A, Schlenke P, Lehman LG, Traoré Y, Servais J, Henin Y, Reichelt D, Greve B. Simplified Volumetric Flow Cytometry Allows Feasible and Accurate Determination of Cd4 T Lymphocytes in Immunodeficient Patients Worldwide. Antivir Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350400900309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The determination of CD4 cells is of crucial clinical importance for patients with AIDS. However, the high costs involved represent limitations for CD4 cell counting in developing countries. In order to provide an affordable technique, we introduced a simplified volumetric counting (SVC) technique without sample manipulations and investigated it in a multicentre study. Blood samples from 434 healthy donors and immunodeficient patients were tested in eight hospital laboratories in Europe, Africa and Asia. CD4 cell counts were compared using inhouse flow cytometric methods and the SVC technique. The SVC method was performed on a low-cost flow cytometer (CyFlow SL, Partec, Münster, Germany) after 15 min antibody incubation without pre-analytic manipulations, such as washing or erythrocyte lysing procedures. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a correlation of r=0.942 (Europe), r=0.952 (Africa) and r=0.989 (Asia) between the SVC technique and the in-house methods. Bland Altman plot analysis of all patient data showed a mean bias between the two methods of +26 CD4 cells in favour of the SVC technique (measured range: 6–1905 cells/μl; median CD4 cell count: 388/μl). Three centres used the FACS-count technique (Becton-Dickinson, San José, Calif., USA) as an in-house method dispensing with pre-analytic manipulations. The comparison of SVC and FACS-count method revealed a mean bias of +32 CD4 cells/μl (median CD4 cell count: 349/μl). The accuracy of the SVC was tested on standards with known CD4 cell counts ( n=6) and was shown to be 95.2%. The low-cost device and the simplified no-lyse, no-wash test procedure reduces the costs per determination and facilitates the use of flow cytometry in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Cassens
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Göhde
- Institute of Radiation Biology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Gudrun Kuling
- Department of Internal Medicine/Haematology, Helios-Kliniken Berlin, Robert-Rössle Klinik Berlin, Germany
| | - Arndt Gröning
- Institute of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Peter Schlenke
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Yves Traoré
- University of Ougadougou, UFR/SVT, Burkina Faso
| | - Jean Servais
- Lux Development, Treatment and Research AIDS Center Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Yvette Henin
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Doris Reichelt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Institute of Radiation Biology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
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32
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Sutherland DR, Keeney M, Gratama JW. Enumeration of
CD
34
+
Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; Chapter 6:Unit 6.4. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0604s25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Greve B, Beller C, Cassens U, Sibrowski W, Severin E, Göhde W. High-grade loss of leukocytes and hematopoietic progenitor cells caused by erythrocyte-lysing procedures for flow cytometric analyses. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY & STEM CELL RESEARCH 2003; 12:321-30. [PMID: 12857373 DOI: 10.1089/152581603322023052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
All current-flow cytometric techniques use erythrocyte-lysing procedures before leukocyte analysis. We investigated the impact of four lysing procedures with different flow cytometric techniques on the loss of leukocytes and hematopoietic progenitor cells in blood samples. A total of 280 determinations out of 10 samples were measured by two flow cytometers (FCMs), using a FACS-Calibur (Becton Dickinson) and a particle-analyzing system (PAS) with a "true volumetric unit" (Partec). All samples were prepared with four different commercially available erythrocyte-lysing reagents (n = 10, respectively). CD34(+) cells were determined in relation to counted leukocytes with both FCMs (dual platform determinations, 2-PF). In addition, further immunologic and nuclear staining determinations of cells with and without erythrocyte-lysing procedures were performed in the "true volumetric unit" (single platform mode 1-PF) using the PAS system (n = 10, respectively). In the 2-PF mode, both systems showed identical results for CD34(+) cells (r = 0.997). The comparison of 1-PF and 2-PF modes with immunologic stainings revealed a mean decrease of 34.5% for absolute amounts of CD45(+) cells [in detail: Becton-Dickinson (BD) lysis 40%; Ortho Diagnostics (OD) lysis 31%; Uti lyse (UL) 38%; Cylyse (CL) 29%] and of 41.3% for absolute concentration of CD34(+) cells [in detail: BD lysis 45%; OD lysis 40%; UL lysis 45%; CL lysis 34%] by the lysing procedures. In contrast, the nuclear stainings revealed a mean leukocyte loss of only 5% for the nonlysed samples and of 12% for lysed samples. All investigated lysing procedures induced a large loss of leukocytes and progenitor cells, obviously due to cell membrane destruction as demonstrated for identical samples in the 1-PF and 2-PF modes by immunologic and nuclear staining methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiobiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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34
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Urassa WK, Mbena EM, Swai AB, Gaines H, Mhalu FS, Biberfeld G. Lymphocyte subset enumeration in HIV seronegative and HIV-1 seropositive adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: determination of reference values in males and females and comparison of two flow cytometric methods. J Immunol Methods 2003; 277:65-74. [PMID: 12799040 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The level of CD4(+) T-lymphocytes represents a useful marker with which to monitor the progression of HIV infection. Sex and geographical differences in the reference values of lymphocyte subsets have been reported. We have compared two flow cytometric methods (MultiSET and SimulSET) for the quantification of lymphocyte subsets using whole blood from 92 HIV seropositive and 241 seronegative adults, and determined the reference values of lymphocyte subsets in HIV seronegative Tanzanian subjects. In seronegative Tanzanian subjects, the percentages of CD3(+) and CD4(+) T-lymphocytes and the CD4(+):CD8(+) T-lymphocyte ratios were lower while the percentage of natural killer cells was higher compared to the levels of the corresponding parameters reported for Europeans. Seronegative Tanzanian females had significantly higher levels of CD3(+) and CD4(+) T-lymphocytes and CD4(+):CD8(+) T-lymphocyte ratios compared to seronegative males. The correlation coefficients of CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte counts and percentages obtained by the two flow cytometric methods were high. The median values of the number of CD4(+) T-lymphocytes obtained by the two methods were not significantly different. In conclusion, determination of the reference values of lymphocyte subsets in HIV seronegative Tanzanian adults showed significant sex differences and differences in percentage values compared to those reported in certain other geographical areas. There was acceptable agreement in the levels of CD4(+) T-lymphocyte values obtained by the two flow cytometric methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Urassa
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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35
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Prósper F, Solá C, Hornedo J, Arbona C, Menéndez P, Orfao A, Lluch A, Cortés-Funes H, López JJ, García-Conde J. Mobilization of peripheral blood progenitor cells with a combination of cyclophosphamide, r-metHuSCF and filgrastim in patients with breast cancer previously treated with chemotherapy. Leukemia 2003; 17:437-41. [PMID: 12592344 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2002] [Accepted: 07/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to determine the effect of adding r-metHuSCF to Filgrastim and cyclophosphamide for mobilization of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC), on collection of CD34(+) cells and engraftment after autologous stem cell transplant. Twenty-three patients with previously treated stage II-IV breast cancer received cyclophosphamide (3 g/m(2)), Filgrastim 5 microg/kg daily and r-metHuSCF 20 microg/kg daily. Two PBPC collections were performed on consecutive days starting the day the WBC count was above 7.5 x 10(3)/microl. Collection was performed between days +9 and +12 and the median number of CD34(+) cells collected was 9.9 x 10(6)/kg (1.1-53.1) and 6.6 x 10(6)/kg (1.4-33.8) for the first and second apheresis, respectively. Despite being previously treated patients, the target CD34(+) cell dose required for SCT was obtained in all patients. SCT was associated with rapid neutrophil and platelet engraftment and a highly significant correlation was observed between the number of CD34(+) cells infused and engraftment. Treatment with SCF plus filgrastim was well tolerated, with mild to moderate local skin rash being the most frequently reported adverse event. In conclusion, addition of r-metHuSCF induces mobilization of a large number of CD34(+) cells which results in shortening of time to engraftment and hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Prósper
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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36
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Menéndez P, Caballero MD, Prosper F, Del Cañizo MC, Pérez-Simón JA, Mateos MV, Nieto MJ, Corral M, Romero M, García-Conde J, Montalbán MA, San Miguel JF, Orfao A. The composition of leukapheresis products impacts on the hematopoietic recovery after autologous transplantation independently of the mobilization regimen. Transfusion 2002; 42:1159-72. [PMID: 12430673 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of mobilization regimen on the composition of leukapheresis products (LPs) and on hematopoietic reconstitution after autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation (PBPCT) are not well known. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The effects of three different mobilization regimens--stem cell factor (SCF) plus granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) plus cyclophosphamide (CCP), G-CSF alone, and G-CSF plus CCP--on the composition of LPs from patients with nonhematologic PBPC malignancies compared to LPs from G-CSF-mobilized healthy donors and normal marrow (BM) samples were analyzed. The impact of LP composition on both short- and long-term engraftment after autologous PBPCT was also evaluated. RESULTS The most effective regimen for mobilization of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) into peripheral blood was SCF, G-CSF, and CCP, providing the highest numbers of all CD34+ HPCs subsets analyzed. Patients mobilized with SCF plus G-CSF plus CCP showed the highest numbers of neutrophils and monocytes, whereas the highest numbers of lymphocytes and NK cells were observed in LPs from G-CSF-mobilized patients. The overall number of CD34+ HPCs was the strongest factor for predicting recovery of platelets, whereas the number of myelomonocytic-committed CD34+ precursors was the most powerful independent prognostic factor for WBC and neutrophil recovery. The overall number of CD4+ T cells returned showed an independent prognostic value for predicting the occurrence of infections, during the first year after transplant. CONCLUSIONS The use of different mobilization regimens modifies the overall number of CD34+ HPCs obtained during leukapheresis procedures, and also affects both the absolute and the relative composition of the LPs in different CD34+ and CD34- cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Menéndez
- Department of Medicine, and the Cancer Investigation Center, University of Salamanca, Spain
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37
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Brocklebank AM, Sparrow RL. Enumeration of CD34+ cells in cord blood: a variation on a single-platform flow cytometric method based on the ISHAGE gating strategy. CYTOMETRY 2001; 46:254-61. [PMID: 11514960 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Single-platform flow cytometric absolute cell counting protocols provide increased robustness for CD34+ cell enumeration by limiting potential sources of imprecision. However, samples with any cellular fragmentation or debris, such as cord blood samples, provide challenges for these assays. We describe a simple, robust absolute CD34+ cell counting protocol, suitable for cord blood, using TRUCOUNT absolute count tubes (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) and a modified ISHAGE (International Society for Hematotherapy and Graft Engineering) gating strategy. An advantage of TRUCOUNT tubes is that each tube is supplied with a known number of lyophilized fluorescent beads. The method includes no-wash fixative-free ammonium chloride red blood cell lysis and the viability dye, 7-amino actinomycin D, to exclude dead cells. The threshold was set on CD45 expression in the FL1 channel and an exclusion gate in the forward scatter channel reduced debris. No manual adjustment of the gating regions was required, even for samples in less than optimal condition. Comparison of the TRUCOUNT-ISHAGE protocol with the original dual-platform ISHAGE assay (n = 30) and the single-platform ISHAGE protocol using Flow-Count Fluorospheres (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA; n = 22) showed high correlation (R(2) = 0.949 and 0.989, respectively) and no significant difference or bias for samples ranging from 22 to 600 CD34+ cells per microliter. Results are presented that demonstrate the detrimental effect of a fixative-containing lysis reagent when used in a lyse-and-wash procedure. The TRUCOUNT-ISHAGE protocol combines the attributes of TRUCOUNT tubes and the ISHAGE gating strategy to provide a single-platform protocol capable of achieving readily standardization of CD34+ cell enumeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Brocklebank
- Development Unit, Australian Red Cross Blood Service-Victoria, Southbank, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia
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38
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Menéndez P, Prósper F, Bueno C, Arbona C, San Miguel JF, García-Conde J, Solá C, Hornedo J, Cortés-Funes H, Orfao A. Sequential analysis of CD34+ and CD34- cell subsets in peripheral blood and leukapheresis products from breast cancer patients mobilized with SCF plus G-CSF and cyclophosphamide. Leukemia 2001; 15:430-9. [PMID: 11237067 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Administration of stem cell factor (SCF) has been proven to enhance cytokine-induced mobilization of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) into the peripheral blood (PB). The aim of the present study was to explore in a homogeneous group of 22 uniformly treated breast cancer patients: (1) the kinetics of mobilization into PB of both CD34+ and CD34- cell subsets, including dendritic cells, in sequential samples obtained from day +7 up to day +12 after mobilization; and (2) the composition of the CD34+ and CD34- cell subsets present in the two leukapheresis products obtained for each patient. The following CD34+ and CD34- subsets were analyzed: early CD34+ HPC, erythroid-, myeloid- and B-lymphoid-committed CD34+ precursor cells, mature T, B and NK cells, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and dendritic cells (DC) including three subsets of lin-/HLADR+DC (CD16+, CD33high and CD123high). Our results show that the absolute number of PB CD34+ HPC progressively increases from day +7 onwards. As far as the CD34- PB leukocyte subsets are concerned, monocytes (CD14+) displayed the earliest recovery after mobilization predicting neutrophil recovery 1 day in advance. The number of CD34+ HPC collected in a single leukapheresis product was always > or = 1.4 x 10(6) cells/kg body weight. No significant changes were observed between the two leukapheresis sessions either as regards their composition in CD34+ HPC subsets or their CD34- leukocyte populations except for a higher ratio of both CD34+ erythroid/CD34+ myeloid HPC (0.35 +/- 0.13 vs 0.30 +/- 0.13; P = 0.04) and neutrophils/monocytes (1.58 +/- 2.1 vs 0.69 +/- 0.27; P = 0.009) found for the first leukapheresis. Interestingly, the overall number of dendritic cells (DC) was higher in the second leukapheresis (1.06 +/- 0.56 vs 1.9 +/- 0.46; P = 0.02) due to a selective increase of the CD16+ antigen-presenting cells. In summary, our results show that the combination of cyclophosphamide, G-CSF and SCF is highly effective for stem cell mobilization, with differences observed in the mobilization kinetics of the different hematopoietic cell subsets analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Menéndez
- Departamento de Medicina and Centro de Investigaciones del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
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39
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Brando B, Barnett D, Janossy G, Mandy F, Autran B, Rothe G, Scarpati B, D'Avanzo G, D'Hautcourt JL, Lenkei R, Schmitz G, Kunkl A, Chianese R, Papa S, Gratama JW. Cytofluorometric methods for assessing absolute numbers of cell subsets in blood. European Working Group on Clinical Cell Analysis. CYTOMETRY 2000; 42:327-46. [PMID: 11135287 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0320(20001215)42:6<327::aid-cyto1000>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The enumeration of absolute levels of cells and their subsets in clinical samples is of primary importance in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)+ individuals (CD4+ T- lymphocyte enumeration), in patients who are candidates for autotransplantation (CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells), and in evaluating leukoreduced blood products (residual white blood cells). These measurements share a number of technical options, namely, single- or multiple-color cell staining and logical gating strategies. These can be accomplished using single- or dual-platform counting technologies employing cytometric methods. Dual-platform counting technologies couple the percentage of positive cell subsets obtained by cytometry and the absolute cell count obtained by automated hematology analyzers to derive the absolute value of such subsets. Despite having many conceptual and technical limitations, this approach is traditionally considered as the reference method for absolute cell count enumeration. As a result, the development of single-platform technologies has recently attracted attention with several different technical approaches now being readily available. These single-platform approaches have less sources of variability. A number of reports clearly demonstrate that they provide better coefficients of variation (CVs) in multicenter studies and a lower chance to generate aberrant results. These methods are therefore candidates for the new gold standard for absolute cell assessments. The currently available technical options are discussed in this review together with the results of some cross-comparative studies. Each analytical system has its own specific requirements as far as the dispensing precision steps are concerned. The importance of precision reverse pipetting is emphasized. Issues still under development include the establishment of the critical error ranges, which are different in each test setting, and the applicability of simplified low-cost techniques to be used in countries with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Brando
- Transplant Immunology and Hematology Laboratory, Niguarda-Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy.
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