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Math BA, Waibl F, Lamp LM, Fernández‐Quintero ML, Liedl KR. Cross-linking disulfide bonds govern solution structures of diabodies. Proteins 2023; 91:1316-1328. [PMID: 37376973 PMCID: PMC10952579 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, antibodies have emerged as a promising new class of therapeutics, due to their combination of high specificity with long serum half-life and low risk of side-effects. Diabodies are a popular novel antibody format, consisting of two Fv domains connected with short linkers. Like IgG antibodies, they simultaneously bind two target proteins. However, they offer altered properties, given their smaller size and higher rigidity. In this study, we conducted the-to our knowledge-first molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of diabodies and find a surprisingly high conformational flexibility in the relative orientation of the two Fv domains. We observe rigidifying effects through the introduction of disulfide bonds in the Fv -Fv interface and characterize the effect of different disulfide bond locations on the conformation. Additionally, we compare VH -VL orientations and paratope dynamics between diabodies and an antigen binding fragment (Fab) of the same sequence. We find mostly consistent structures and dynamics, indicating similar antigen binding properties. The most significant differences can be found within the CDR-H2 loop dynamics. Of all CDR loops, the CDR-H2 is located closest to the artificial Fv -Fv interface. All examined diabodies show similar VH -VL orientations, Fv -Fv packing and CDR loop conformations. However, the variant with a P14C-K64C disulfide bond differs most from the Fab in our measures, including the CDR-H3 loop conformational ensemble. This suggests altered antigen binding properties and underlines the need for careful validation of the disulfide bond locations in diabodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A. Math
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Franz Waibl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Leonida M. Lamp
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Monica L. Fernández‐Quintero
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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2
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Tadokoro T, Jahan ML, Ito Y, Tahara M, Chen S, Imai A, Sugimura N, Yoshida K, Saito M, Ose T, Hashiguchi T, Takeda M, Fukuhara H, Maenaka K. Biophysical characterization and single-chain Fv construction of a neutralizing antibody to measles virus. FEBS J 2019; 287:145-159. [PMID: 31287622 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The measles virus (MV) is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. We previously established a mouse monoclonal antibody, 2F4, which shows high neutralizing titers against eight different genotypes of MV. However, the molecular basis for the neutralizing activity of the 2F4 antibody remains incompletely understood. Here, we have evaluated the binding characteristics of a Fab fragment of the 2F4 antibody. Using the MV infectious assay, we demonstrated that 2F4 Fab inhibits viral entry via either of two cellular receptors, SLAM and Nectin4. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis of recombinant proteins indicated that 2F4 Fab interacts with MV hemagglutinin (MV-H) with a KD value at the nm level. Furthermore, we designed a single-chain Fv fragment of 2F4 antibody as another potential biopharmaceutical to target measles. The stable 2F4 scFv was successfully prepared by the refolding method and shown to interact with MV-H at the μm level. Like 2F4 Fab, scFv inhibited receptor binding and viral entry. This indicates that 2F4 mAb uses the receptor-binding site and/or a neighboring region as an epitope with high affinity. These results provide insight into the neutralizing activity and potential therapeutic use of antibody fragments for MV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tadokoro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mst Lubna Jahan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuri Ito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Maino Tahara
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Surui Chen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Imai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Sugimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koki Yoshida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mizuki Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toyoyuki Ose
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takao Hashiguchi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Fukuhara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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3
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Kholodenko RV, Kalinovsky DV, Doronin II, Ponomarev ED, Kholodenko IV. Antibody Fragments as Potential Biopharmaceuticals for Cancer Therapy: Success and Limitations. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:396-426. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170817152554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an important class of therapeutic agents approved for the therapy of many types of malignancies. However, in certain cases applications of conventional mAbs have several limitations in anticancer immunotherapy. These limitations include insufficient efficacy and adverse effects. The antigen-binding fragments of antibodies have a considerable potential to overcome the disadvantages of conventional mAbs, such as poor penetration into solid tumors and Fc-mediated bystander activation of the immune system. Fragments of antibodies retain antigen specificity and part of functional properties of conventional mAbs and at the same time have much better penetration into the tumors and a greatly reduced level of adverse effects. Recent advantages in antibody engineering allowed to produce different types of antibody fragments with improved structure and properties for efficient elimination of tumor cells. These molecules opened up new perspectives for anticancer therapy. Here, we will overview the structural features of the various types of antibody fragments and their applications for anticancer therapy as separate molecules and as part of complex conjugates or structures. Mechanisms of antitumor action of antibody fragments as well as their advantages and disadvantages for clinical application will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman V. Kholodenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Daniel V. Kalinovsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Igor I. Doronin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Eugene D. Ponomarev
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Brain, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin NT, Hong Kong
| | - Irina V. Kholodenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho- Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
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4
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Generation and characterization of a novel recombinant scFv antibody specific for Campylobacter jejuni. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4873-4885. [PMID: 29627856 PMCID: PMC5953994 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide, mainly due to consumption and handling of contaminated raw chicken. Rapid detection methods for C. jejuni are vital for monitoring contamination levels in chicken products and reducing human Campylobacteriosis cases. The 'gold standard' culture-based method of Campylobacter detection takes 3-5 days and is too slow to permit effective intervention. Immuno-based methods are faster, but usually necessitate use of animals or hybridoma technology to produce antibodies; making them difficult and expensive to produce. Here, we report the generation and characterization of recombinant single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies specific for C. jejuni cells, and evaluation of one scFv antibody for an immunomagnetic separation-quantitative PCR (IMS-qPCR) method to rapidly, sensitively, and specifically detect low numbers of C. jejuni. An scFv antibody phage-display library was constructed using spleen mRNA derived from a rabbit immunized with gamma-irradiated C. jejuni cells. This library was screened by surface biopanning against C. jejuni whole cells. Enriched clones were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two scFv antibodies that strongly and specifically recognized C. jejuni cell were expressed in Escherichia coli. Western blot analysis showed that one antibody, scFv80, was expressed as a soluble protein and retained its specific and strong binding to C. jejuni cells. This recombinant monoclonal scFv antibody was purified and used to covalently coat paramagnetic beads to be used for IMS-qPCR. The IMS-qPCR method was able to specifically and sensitively detect C. jejuni in mixed cultures within 3 h.
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5
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Ayyar BV, Arora S, Ravi SS. Optimizing antibody expression: The nuts and bolts. Methods 2017; 116:51-62. [PMID: 28163103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are extensively utilized entities in biomedical research, and in the development of diagnostics and therapeutics. Many of these applications require high amounts of antibodies. However, meeting this ever-increasing demand of antibodies in the global market is one of the outstanding challenges. The need to maintain a balance between demand and supply of antibodies has led the researchers to discover better means and methods for optimizing their expression. These strategies aim to increase the volumetric productivity of the antibodies along with the reduction of associated manufacturing costs. Recent years have witnessed major advances in recombinant protein technology, owing to the introduction of novel cloning strategies, gene manipulation techniques, and an array of cell and vector engineering techniques, together with the progress in fermentation technologies. These innovations were also highly beneficial for antibody expression. Antibody expression depends upon the complex interplay of multiple factors that may require fine tuning at diverse levels to achieve maximum yields. However, each antibody is unique and requires individual consideration and customization for optimizing the associated expression parameters. This review provides a comprehensive overview of several state-of-the-art approaches, such as host selection, strain engineering, codon optimization, gene optimization, vector modification and process optimization that are deemed suitable for enhancing antibody expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vijayalakshmi Ayyar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sushrut Arora
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Shiva Shankar Ravi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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6
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Effect of Linker Length and Flexibility on the Clostridium thermocellum Esterase Displayed on Bacillus subtilis Spores. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 182:168-180. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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7
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Moradi-Kalbolandi S, Davani D, Golkar M, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Abolhassani M, Shokrgozar MA. Soluble Expression and Characterization of a New scFv Directed to Human CD123. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 178:1390-406. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Pucca MB, Zoccal KF, Roncolato EC, Bertolini TB, Campos LB, Cologna CT, Faccioli LH, Arantes EC, Barbosa JE. Serrumab: a human monoclonal antibody that counters the biochemical and immunological effects of Tityus serrulatus venom. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:173-83. [PMID: 22424317 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.649220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, the species Tityus serrulatus is responsible for the most severe cases of scorpion envenomation. There is currently a need for new scorpion anti-venoms that are more effective and less harmful. This study attempted to produce human monoclonal antibodies capable of inhibiting the activity of T. serrulatus venom (TsV), using the Griffin.1 library of human single-chain fragment-variable (scFv) phage antibodies. Four rounds of phage antibody selection were performed, and the round with the highest phage antibody titer was chosen for the production of monoclonal phage antibodies and for further analysis. The scFv 2A, designated serrumab, was selected for the production and purification of soluble antibody fragments. In a murine peritoneal macrophage cell line (J774.1), in vitro assays of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-10 were performed. In male BALB/c mice, in vivo assays of plasma urea, creatinine, aspartate transaminase, and glucose were performed, as well as of neutrophil recruitment and leukocyte counts. It was found that serrumab inhibited the TsV-induced increases in the production of IL-6, TNFα, and IL-10 in J774.1 cells. The in vivo inhibition assay showed that serrumab also prevented TsV-induced increases in the plasma levels of urea, creatinine, aspartate transaminase, and glucose, as well as preventing the TsV-induced increase in neutrophil recruitment. The results indicate that the human monoclonal antibody serrumab is a candidate for inclusion in a mixture of specific antibodies to the various toxins present in TsV. Therefore, serrumab shows promise for use in the production of new anti-venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Berto Pucca
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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9
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Koti M, Nagy E, Kaushik AK. A single point mutation in framework region 3 of heavy chain affects viral neutralization dynamics of single-chain Fv against bovine herpes virus type 1. Vaccine 2011; 29:7905-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Andris-Widhopf J, Steinberger P, Fuller R, Rader C, Barbas CF. Generation of human scFv antibody libraries: PCR amplification and assembly of light- and heavy-chain coding sequences. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:2011/9/pdb.prot065573. [PMID: 21880816 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot065573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic antibodies for use in the treatment of human diseases has long been a goal for many researchers in the antibody field. One way to obtain these antibodies is through phage-display libraries constructed from human lymphocytes. This protocol describes the construction of human scFv (single chain antibody fragment) libraries using a short linker (GGSSRSS) or a long linker (GGSSRSSSSGGGGSGGGG). In this method, the individual rearranged heavy- and light-chain variable regions are amplified separately and are linked through a series of overlap polymerase chain reaction (PCR) steps to give the final scFv products that are used for cloning.
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11
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Sixholo J, Van Wyngaardt W, Mashau C, Frischmuth J, Du Plessis DH, Fehrsen J. Improving the characteristics of a mycobacterial 16 kDa-specific chicken scFv. Biologicals 2011; 39:110-6. [PMID: 21349739 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies can be engineered to improve their binding or other characteristics. A chicken single chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display library was panned against the mycobacterial 16 kDa antigen. Three fusion phages which bound specifically to the antigen were selected, each of which produced low signals in ELISA when secreted as a soluble scFv. One scFv was therefore chosen to be modified in an attempt to improve its binding. Firstly, a mutant sublibrary was created by random mutagenesis. High stringency panning of this sublibrary yielded binders which produced ELISA signals up to eleven times higher than the parent scFv. An increase in the intrinsic affinity was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance. Secondly, the flexible linker between the heavy and light chains of the parent scFv was either shortened to one glycine residue or deleted entirely. No ELISA signal was obtained when the linker was absent, but the glycine-linked scFv showed enhanced binding. Size exclusion chromatography revealed that the enhanced binder had aggregated to form tetramers. This study confirms that the strategies used to improve the binding of human and mouse scFvs can also enhance chicken scFvs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Sixholo
- Immunology Section, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag x5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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12
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Cai K, Gao X, Li T, Wang Q, Hou X, Tu W, Xiao L, Tian M, Liu Y, Wang H. Enhanced immunogenicity of a novel Stx2Am-Stx1B fusion protein in a mice model of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. Vaccine 2011; 29:946-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Construction of a single-chain variable-fragment antibody against the superantigen Staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:8184-91. [PMID: 20952642 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01441-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is one of the most prevalent causes of food-borne illness throughout the world. SFP is caused by 21 different types of staphylococcal enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus. Among these, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is the most potent toxin and is a listed biological warfare (BW) agent. Therefore, development of immunological reagents for detection of SEB is of the utmost importance. High-affinity and specific monoclonal antibodies are being used for detection of SEB, but hybridoma clones tend to lose their antibody-secreting ability over time. This problem can be overcome by the use of recombinant antibodies produced in a bacterial system. In the present investigation, genes from a hybridoma clone encoding monoclonal antibody against SEB were immortalized using antibody phage display technology. A murine phage display library containing single-chain variable-fragment (ScFv) antibody genes was constructed in a pCANTAB 5E phagemid vector. Phage particles displaying ScFv were rescued by reinfection of helper phage followed by four rounds of biopanning for selection of SEB binding ScFv antibody fragments by using phage enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Soluble SEB-ScFv antibodies were characterized from one of the clones showing high affinity for SEB. The anti-SEB ScFv antibody was highly specific, and its affinity constant was 3.16 nM as determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). These results demonstrate that the recombinant antibody constructed by immortalizing the antibody genes from a hybridoma clone is useful for immunodetection of SEB.
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14
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Gu X, Jia X, Feng J, Shen B, Huang Y, Geng S, Sun Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Long M. Molecular modeling and affinity determination of scFv antibody: proper linker peptide enhances its activity. Ann Biomed Eng 2009; 38:537-49. [PMID: 19816775 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-009-9810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of existing strategies to engineer active antibody is to link V(H) and V(L) domains via a linker peptide. How the composition, length, and conformation of the linker affect antibody activity, however, remains poorly understood. In this study, a dual approach that coordinates molecule modeling, biological measurements, and affinity evaluation was developed to quantify the binding activity of a novel stable miniaturized anti-CD20 antibody or single-chain fragment variable (scFv) with a linker peptide. Upon computer-guided homology modeling, distance geometry analysis, and molecular superimposition and optimization, three new linker peptides PT1, PT2, and PT3 with respective 7, 10, and 15 residues were proposed and three engineered antibodies were then constructed by linking the cloned V(H) and V(L) domains and fusing to a derivative of human IgG1. The binding stability and activity of scFv-Fc chimera to CD20 antigen was quantified using a micropipette adhesion frequency assay and a Scatchard analysis. Our data indicated that the binding affinity was similar for the chimera with PT2 or PT3 and approximately 24-fold higher than that for the chimera with PT1, supporting theoretical predictions in molecular modeling. These results further the understanding in the impact of linker peptide on antibody structure and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 130 (3), Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
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15
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Ni M, Yu B, Huang Y, Tang Z, Lei P, Shen X, Xin W, Zhu H, Shen G. Homology modelling and bivalent single-chain Fv construction of anti-HepG2 single-chain immunoglobulin Fv fragments from a phage display library. J Biosci 2009; 33:691-7. [PMID: 19179757 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-008-0089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We prepared single-chain immunoglobulin Fv fragments (scFv) SLH10 specific for the HepG2 cell line after biopanning from a large human-naive phage display library (Griffin. 1 Library). The three-dimensional (3D) structure of SLH10 was modelled by the Insight II molecule simulation software.The structure was refined using the molecular dynamics method.The structures with the least steric clashes and lowest energy were determined finally. The optimized structures of heavy (VH) and light (VL) variable chains of SLH10 scFv were obtained.Then SLH10 bivalent single-chain Fv (BsFv) was constructed that would be suitable for high-affinity targeting.SLH10 BsFv was generated by linking scFvs together and identified by sequencing. Its expression products were confirmed by western blot analysis.The relative molecular masses of scFv and BsFv were approximately 30 kDa and 60 kDa,respectively. Flow cytometry revealed that SLH10 BsFv bound the selected cell lines with greater signal intensity than the parental scFv. The improved antigen binding of SLH10 BsFv may be useful for immunodiagnostics or targeted gene therapy for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ni
- Department of Infectious Diseases,Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430030, China
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16
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Mori K, Kim YU. Molecular cloning and characterization of a single-chain variable fragment antibody specific for benzoylecgonine expressed in Escherichia coli. J Microbiol 2008; 46:571-8. [PMID: 18974960 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzoylecgonine is a major metabolite of cocaine. We generated hybridoma cells (C1303) producing anti-benzoylecgonine monoclonal antibody (mAb) with a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and an antigen-binding domain from the C1303 cells. Genes encoding an scFv antibody and constant region (Fc) were amplified from a cDNA library of C1303 cells using PCR. The two frameworks built for scFv and scFv-Fc consisted of HL [(heavy chain variable region, V(H)) - linker - (light chain variable region, V(L))] and HL-Fc, respectively. A 45 base-pair-long sequence encoding (Gly(4)-Ser)(3) was used as the linker, and the mouse IgG1 constant region sequence (225 amino acids) was used as the Fc domain. These two types of recombinant Abs were determined to be 750 bp in length (which corresponds to a 30 kDa protein) in the HL and 1,432 bp in length (which corresponds to a 65 kDa protein) in the HL-Fc, respectively. The parental Ab and HL-Fc affinities against benzoylecgonine were measured by ELISA and found to be nearly equal to the Ab concentration. We were also able to measure HL affinity using an agarose diffusion assay (Ouchterlony test). The affinity of the recombinant single-chain antibody against benzoylecgonine was sufficiently comparable to that of the parent antibodies to be used for the immunodetection of specific drug compounds or the detoxification of drug abusers by immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Mori
- Department of Microbiology and Immunochemistry Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
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17
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Cai K, Wang H, Bao S, Shi J, Hou X, Gao X, Liu H, Yin J. Novel human 3-domain disulfide-stabilized antibody fragment against glycoprotein of rabies virus. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:548-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Blenner MA, Banta S. Characterization of the 4D5Flu single-chain antibody with a stimulus-responsive elastin-like peptide linker: a potential reporter of peptide linker conformation. Protein Sci 2008; 17:527-36. [PMID: 18218715 DOI: 10.1110/ps.073257308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Single-chain antibodies (scFvs) are comprised of IgG variable light and variable heavy domains tethered together by a peptide linker whose length and sequence can affect antigen binding properties. The ability to modulate antigen binding affinity through the use of environmental triggers would be of great interest for many biotechnological applications. We have characterized the antigen binding properties of an anti-fluorescein scFv, 4D5Flu, containing stimulus-responsive short elastin-like peptide linkers and nonresponsive flexible linkers. Comparison of length-matched flexible and short elastin-like peptide linkers indicates that a stimulus-responsive linker can confer stimulus-responsive control of fluorescein binding. A linker length of either six or 10 amino acids proved to have the largest thermally induced response. Similar differences in binding free energy changes indicate a common underlying mechanism of thermal responsiveness. Contrary to the thermal behavior, the effect of salt, another elastin beta-turn-inducing stimulus, stabilized antigen binding in the six- and 10-amino-acid linkers such that elastin-like linkers became less stimulus-responsive as compared with flexible linkers. Again, the thermodynamic analysis indicates a common mechanism of salt responsiveness. Characterization of the room-temperature binding affinities and evidence indicating a dimeric state of the scFvs concomitantly suggest the major contribution to the stimulus-responsive behavior derives from the perturbation of interdomain associations, rather than the linker-constrained disruption of the intramolecular association. The ability to use stimulus-responsive peptide modules to exert a novel control over protein function will likely find application in the creation of allosteric antibodies and scFv-based biosensors, and as a platform to enable the evolution of new stimulus-responsive peptides.
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Van Lonkhuyzen DR, Hollier BG, Shooter GK, Leavesley DI, Upton Z. Chimeric vitronectin:insulin-like growth factor proteins enhance cell growth and migration through co-activation of receptors. Growth Factors 2007; 25:295-308. [PMID: 18236208 DOI: 10.1080/08977190701803752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Complexes comprised of IGF-I, IGF-binding proteins and the ECM protein vitronectin (VN) stimulate cell migration and growth and can replace the requirement for serum for the ex vivo expansion of cells, as well as promote wound healing in vivo. Moreover, the activity of the complexes is dependent on co-activation of the IGF-I receptor and VN-binding integrins. In view of this we sought to develop chimeric proteins able to recapitulate the action of the multiprotein complex within a single molecular species. We report here the production of two recombinant chimeric proteins, incorporating domains of VN linked to IGF-I, which mimic the functions of the complex. Further, the activity of the chimeric proteins is dependent on co-activation of the IGF-I- and VN-binding cell surface receptors. Clearly the use of chimeras that mimic the activity of growth factor:ECM complexes, such as these, offer manufacturing advantages that ultimately will facilitate translation to cost-effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek R Van Lonkhuyzen
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
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Kumada Y, Kawasaki T, Kikuchi Y, Katoh S. Polypeptide linkers suitable for the efficient production of dimeric scFv in Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tam FCH, Ma CH, Leung DTM, Sutton B, Lim PL. Carrier-specificity of a phosphorylcholine-binding antibody requires the presence of the constant domains and is not dependent on the unique VH49 glycine or VH30 threonine residues. J Immunol Methods 2007; 321:152-63. [PMID: 17331532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterially-produced antibody fragments, such as single-chain Fv (scFv) which comprises the variable regions of the light (VL) and heavy (VH) chains joined together by a short flexible linker, are useful as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. We previously constructed a scFv fragment from a hybridoma antibody (Mab2) but it unexpectedly lacked the unique carrier specificity of the native antibody. Thus, it bound indiscriminately to various phosphorylcholine (PC)-associated antigens, whereas the hybridoma antibody recognized the PC epitope only in the context of the immunizing antigen. Here, we investigated whether the problem was linker-related by changing the linker composition or by deleting it, but these attempts proved futile. Instead, we have constructed a recombinant Fab fragment of the antibody in bacteria that was carrier-specific. This suggests that constant regions are required for the carrier specificity, which presumably helps to mould the fine structure of the antibody combining site or in stabilizing such a structure. Consistent with this global effect is the finding that replacing specific residues in VH with germ-line residues, namely, VH49 glycine and VH30 threonine, both thought previously to be important for the carrier specificity, had no effect on the carrier specificity of the recombinant Fab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie C H Tam
- Clinical Immunology Unit, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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Dubrovskaya VV, Ulitin AB, Laman AG, Gileva IP, Bormotov NI, Ilyichev AA, Brovko FA, Shchelkunov SN, Belanov EF, Tikunova NV. Construction of a combinatorial immune library of human single-chain antibodies to orthopoxviruses and selection of antibodies to recombinant prA30L of the variola virus. Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893307010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Holm P, Jafari R, Sundström BE. Functional mapping and single chain construction of the anti-cytokeratin 8 monoclonal antibody TS1. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:1075-84. [PMID: 16989900 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The anti-cytokeratin (CK) 8 monoclonal antibody (mab) TS1 has been shown to efficiently bind to CK8 expressed in carcinomas in vivo. The anti-idiotypic antibody of TS1, alphaTS1, can be used to regulate the tumor:non-tumor ratio of TS1 by clearing non-tumor binding TS1 from the circulation. If the interaction of TS1 to CK8 and alphaTS1 is fully understood, mutations can be used to improve the tumor:non-tumor ratio. A scFv was made of the mab TS1 and residues earlier identified by Erlandsson et al. as important for the interaction with both its antigen CK8 and its anti-idiotype alphaTS1, were mutated to alanine or amides and expressed in E. coli. The effects of the mutations were studied by ELISA and residues important for the interactions to both CK8 and alphaTS1 were identified as mainly tyrosines, charged residues, a serine and a tryptophan. Altogether, nine amino acid residues in TS1 were found to be important in the interaction to alphaTS1 and six residues for the interaction to CK8. Important residues, clustered together in the modelled protein, were identified as residues from CDR 3 of the heavy chain and the unexpected participation of a residue in CDR 2 of the light chain. Some of the important residues are likely to be hotspots. Hotspots constitute a few residues in an interaction that contribute most to the binding, energetically. Amino acid residues in hotspots often cluster together in the center of the interaction interface, but can also be spread out to the periphery. The hotspots are often surrounded by hydrophobic patches, which are seen in the modelled TS1 protein used in this study. Amino acid residues that increased the affinity when mutated were also identified for both interactions. These residues are likely to be located outside the interacting interface. It can from this study be concluded that it is wise to precede the mutational procedure with experiments that can give guidelines for the selection of which amino acid residues to mutate. If the guidelines from the chemical modifications from Erlandsson et al. not had been used, this study would have left some residues unmutated and thereby missed important information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Holm
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Karlstad University, S-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
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Abstract
Maximizing the expression yields of recombinant whole antibodies and antibody fragments such as Fabs, single-chain Fvs and single-domain antibodies is highly desirable since it leads to lower production costs. Various eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems have been exploited to accommodate antibody expression but Escherichia coli systems have enjoyed popularity, in particular with respect to antibody fragments, because of their low cost and convenience. In many instances, product yields have been less than adequate and intrinsic and extrinsic variables have been investigated in an effort to improve yields. This review deals with various aspects of antibody expression in E. coli with a particular focus on single-domain antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Arbabi-Ghahroudi
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
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Albrecht H, Denardo GL, Denardo SJ. Monospecific bivalent scFv-SH: effects of linker length and location of an engineered cysteine on production, antigen binding activity and free SH accessibility. J Immunol Methods 2006; 310:100-16. [PMID: 16499921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Revised: 09/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of tumor targeting pharmaceuticals on a modular platform is an attractive paradigm. Design choices for bispecific (anti-tumor and anti-chelate) pretargeting molecules are increased by the use of scFvs. Because a scFv is monovalent and small in size, its functional affinity and in vivo residence time can be improved through multimerization. ScFv multimers can be covalent or non-covalent. In vivo studies indicate that covalent scFv multimers are preferable. Attachment of scFv modules to scaffolds offers a wide range of possibilities for size and valency. A free thiol introduced at the C terminal end of a scFv (scFv-SH) allows for site-specific covalent attachment to a PEG scaffold without interfering with its antigen (Ag) binding. Although in theory, multimerization of 3 or 4 scFvs can be achieved by direct conjugation, as scFv-SH, to a tri or tetrafunctionalized PEG, it is not a practical option since homogeneous tri and tetrafunctionalized PEG are not readily available. However, the generation of (scFv)(3-4)-PEG molecules through attachment of combinations of di-scFv-SH (tandemly expressed scFvs) and scFv-SH or 2 di-scFv-SH to a bifunctional PEG is a sound approach that also allows for better control of the scFv-PEG conjugate molecular composition. Optimization of the molecular format of the di-scFv-SH module for production as soluble proteins in E. coli, Ag binding and conjugation is reported in this study. ScFvs in the VH-VL format were used for the di-scFv constructs since Fv domain inversion to VL-VH, while not yielding more protein, also abolished Ag binding. The effects on production yield, Ag binding and conjugation potential of the scFv joining linker length and the presence and location of an engineered cysteine were assessed in vitro. Our data indicate that for di-scFv-SH, an increase of the scFv joining linker length results in higher production and better Ag binding; a 20 aa long linker (G(4)S)(4) was the longest linker tested. For the engineered cysteine, three locations were tested; within the scFv joining linker, at the C terminus upstream of the E Tag and as the carboxy terminal aa. The accessibility of the free SH assessed by conjugation of di-scFv-SH to HRP-Mal demonstrated that di-scFv-HRP conjugates are formed with comparable efficiencies when the cysteine is located at the scFv carboxy end. This empirical work provides a framework for the development of bispecific scFv multimers via site-specific attachment of scFv-SH and di-scFv-SH modules to a scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huguette Albrecht
- University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, 95816, USA.
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26
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Nishi K, Ishiuchi M, Morimune K, Ohkawa H. Molecular and immunochemical characteristics of monoclonal and recombinant antibodies selective for the triazine herbicide simetryn and application to environmental analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:5096-104. [PMID: 15969481 DOI: 10.1021/jf050246t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (mab) selective for the thiomethyl-s-triazine herbicide simetryn was obtained and characterized in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). An IC(50) value for simetryn was 8.5 ng/mL, and the detection range extended from 1.1 to 70 ng/mL in ELISA. The cDNAs encoding variable heavy chain (VH) and variable light chain (VL) of the mab were cloned to produce various recombinant antibodies. Single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies derived from the mab were characterized in ELISA and showed similar reactivities and specificities to the parent mab. A urea denaturation test revealed that the scFv antibodies bound to simetryn were more stable than those in the absence of antigen. A sandwich ELISA based on VH and VL fragments of the mab was successfully developed and showed similar sensitivity to those based on the mab and scFv antibodies in ELISA. In the recovery experiments using spiked environmental samples, the results obtained in ELISA based on the mab were favorably correlated with those by HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Nishi
- Research Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, Japan.
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28
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Yu M, Yu M, Ru B. Expression of an antibody-targeted plasminogen activator in Escherichia coli using chemically induced stress responses. Biotechnol Lett 2004; 26:1629-34. [PMID: 15604810 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-004-3185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant gene coding for an antibody-targeted urokinase-type plasminogen activator was constructed for the purpose of enhancing the thrombolytic specificity of urokinase. The recombinant gene was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pTrcHisA, and transformed into Escherichia coli strain Rosetta (DE3). Less than 4 mg of the desired protein l(-1) could be obtained in the form of inclusion bodies. Of various inducers and enhancers of stress responses, the heat-shock enhances, streptomycin, the osmotic stress inducers, D-arabinose and sucrose, and the cold-shock enhancer, tetracycline, simulated the expression of the antibody-targeted plasminogen activator by 2-5-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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Albrecht H, Burke PA, Natarajan A, Xiong CY, Kalicinsky M, DeNardo GL, DeNardo SJ. Production of Soluble ScFvs with C-Terminal-Free Thiol for Site-Specific Conjugation or Stable Dimeric ScFvs on Demand. Bioconjug Chem 2004; 15:16-26. [PMID: 14733579 DOI: 10.1021/bc030018+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ScFv recombinant antibody fragments can provide specific tumor binding modules for targeting drugs. In the process of building multimeric tumor targeting pharmaceuticals, a prerequisite is the conservation of functional scFv antigen binding domains, thereby excluding scFv random conjugation to a carrier molecule or to another scFv. The pCANTAB 5E phage display/expression vector was genetically engineered to express any scFv gene as scFv with an additional C-terminal cysteine (scFv-Cys) such that the specific conjugation site is removed from the binding domain. Selected scFvs derived from an anti-MUC-1 scFv phage library were expressed in pCANTAB 5E and its modified version pCANTAB 5E Cys vectors, and compared for key characteristics. Production yields of scFv and scFv-Cys in shaker flask and biofermentor were compared. In the absence of a reducing agent, stable dimers (covalent scFv homodimers (scFv-Cys)2) were the major form of scFv-Cys. These diabodies provided substantial signal enhancement for immunohistochemical staining of tissues. In the presence of a reducing agent, scFv-Cys molecules remained monomeric, with the free SH available for conjugation to a PEG(maleimide)2 scaffold to form immunoreactive PEG(scFv)2 bioconjugates. ScFv expression from pCANTAB 5E Cys allowed for the production of soluble scFv-Cys protein from E.coli, either as stable scFv-Cys or (scFv-Cys)2. ScFv-Cys can be used for conjugation to PEG to form bivalent PEG (scFv-Cys)2 molecules or used as (scFv-Cys)2 for increased sensitivity in IHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huguette Albrecht
- Radiodiagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Cancer Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California 95816, USA
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Feng J, Xie Z, Guo N, Shen B. Design and assembly of anti-CD16 ScFv antibody with two different linker peptides. J Immunol Methods 2003; 282:33-43. [PMID: 14604538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have focused on the effect of different lengths of linker peptides on the properties of single-chain Fv (ScFv). The expressing level and stability of anti-CD16 ScFv with common linker peptide (Gly(4)Ser)(3) were very poor. Considering 3-D structures of heavy and light chain variable region gene of anti-CD16 antibody, a novel linker peptide PT7 (i.e. Gly(3)SerAla(3)) was designed. As a comparison, the linker PT5 (Gly(4)Ser) was chosen to construct anti-CD16 ScFv. A molecular modeling of anti-CD16 ScFv antibody with the two different linker peptides was designed using computer-assisted modeling techniques and molecular dynamics method. Based on the crystal structure of human IgG1 Fc fragment-Fc gamma receptor III (Fc gamma RIII) complex, putative interactions between anti-CD16 ScFv antibody with two different linker peptide and Fc gamma receptor III fragment were predicted with Docking method. Using molecular graphic techniques, the structure-function relationship of anti-CD16 ScFv antibody with two different linker peptides was analyzed and the combining ability was predicted. The binding activity to Daudi cells by FACS showed that anti-CD16 ScFv antibody with two different linker peptides possessed similar ability and the experimental result was consistent with the theoretical prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Feng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Beijing 100850, PR China
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Khawli LA, Biela B, Hu P, Epstein AL. Comparison of recombinant derivatives of chimeric TNT-3 antibody for the radioimaging of solid tumors. HYBRIDOMA AND HYBRIDOMICS 2003; 22:1-9. [PMID: 12713684 DOI: 10.1089/153685903321538026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although intact monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are well suited as therapeutic reagents, their relatively slow clearance rates render them less useful for imaging applications. Over the last several years, our laboratory has developed a unique targeting approach to solid tumors that utilizes MAbs directed against DNA and its components to bind to degenerating cells and necrotic regions of tumors in a specific manner. Because these MAbs have considerable potential for the early diagnosis of cancer and for the monitoring of cytoreductive therapies, the availability of an effective imaging agent is highly desirable. To accomplish this goal, a series of genetically engineered derivatives of MAb chTNT-3 including the single-chain Fv, diabody, triabody, Fab, and F(ab')(2) were generated and expressed in NS0 myeloma cells using the Glutamine Synthetase Amplification System. Initial in vitro studies demonstrated that each of the antibody derivatives maintained its antigen binding in a stable manner. In vivo analyses after radiolabeling were then performed to evaluate their pharmacokinetic, biodistribution, and tumor-imaging properties in solid tumor-bearing mice. The results of these studies showed that compared with intact parental chTNT-3, which has a half-life of 134.2 h, the smaller derivatives were eliminated more rapidly (4.9-8.1 h). Importantly, the smaller derivatives were found to have significantly higher tumor-to-organ ratios, but lower overall uptake levels compared with parental (125)I-chTNT-3 in two different tumor models. A comparison of the five derivatives showed that the F(ab')(2) reagent consistently gave the best results in imaging and biodistribution studies. Based upon these results, further studies are warranted to demonstrate the potential of this reagent for the diagnosis and monitoring of solid tumors using noninvasive imaging techniques such as immunoscintigraphy and positron emission tomography (PET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Khawli
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Tuckey CD, Noren CJ. Selection for mutants improving expression of an anti-MAP kinase monoclonal antibody by filamentous phage display. J Immunol Methods 2002; 270:247-57. [PMID: 12379329 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been reported that single amino acid residues can strongly influence the expression of recombinant antibody fragments in Escherichia coli. Prediction of these critical positions can be difficult even with prior knowledge of the primary sequence and the three-dimensional folded structure of the antibody. To circumvent this, a Fab phage display library containing random point mutations was generated from a hybridoma specific for activated p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. Clones that express Fab were selected by panning against the target antigen. It was found that a cysteine-to-serine substitution at position 91 in the CDR3 of the light chain was responsible for allowing expression of Fab. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to effect this substitution and others at cysteine 91 on a nonexpressing clone. Mutants containing serine, glycine or alanine at position 91 expressed Fab and bound to target antigen. In contrast, tyrosine mutants had moderate Fab expression but no detectable binding to antigen. These results demonstrate that by using phage display, one can select for the expression of antibody fragments while retaining biological activity.
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He J, Zhou G, Liu KD, Qin XY. Construction and preliminary screening of a human phage single-chain antibody library associated with gastric cancer. J Surg Res 2002; 102:150-5. [PMID: 11796012 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to construct a phage library of human single-chain antibodies associated with gastric cancer and screen such a library for CEA binding scFv. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cDNA library of antibody variable regions was constructed using mRNA from metastatic lymph nodes or spleen of patients with stomach cancer by RT-PCR. These cDNA were assembled into a single-chain format and cloned into phagemid pCANTAB-5 and then transformed into Escherichia coli TG1. The scFv gene library was rescued by M13KO7 helper phage. CEA and the viable CEA-positive gastric cancer cell line MKN-28 were used to screen the phage antibody library. Indirect and tumor cell ELISA was used to determine the specificity of phage antibody. Fixed cell immunofluorescence and live cell FACS analysis were used to further characterize the binding of phage scFv. RESULTS After transformation into E. coli TG1, 2.5 x 10(7) cfu/microg ampicillin-resistant clones grew. Sequences of those positive insert clones showed that the V(H) genes were derived from the V(H) III subgroup, while the V(L) genes belonged to the V(kappa) III subgroup. After four rounds of panning, the titer of eluted binding phage increased 135- to 158-fold and ELISA results showed that 20/95 clones can bind CEA and 47/95 clones can bind fixed tumor cells. Immunofluorescence and FACS analysis results showed that these phage scFv fragments could bind CEA-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS We successfully constructed a human phage antibody library from lymph nodes of stomach cancer patients. Such kinds of library prove useful for generating tumor-antigen-specific human antibody fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- Department of Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Antibodies are unique in their high affinity and specificity for a binding partner, a quality that has made them one of the most useful molecules for biotechnology and biomedical applications. The field of antibody engineering has changed rapidly in the past 10 years, fueled by novel technologies for the in vitro isolation of antibodies from combinatorial libraries and their functional expression in bacteria. This review presents an overview of the methods available for the de novo generation of human antibodies, for engineering antibodies with increased antigen affinity, and for the production of antibody fragments. Select applications of recombinant antibodies are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Kortt AA, Dolezal O, Power BE, Hudson PJ. Dimeric and trimeric antibodies: high avidity scFvs for cancer targeting. BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 2001; 18:95-108. [PMID: 11566601 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0344(01)00090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibody fragments can be engineered to assemble into stable multimeric oligomers of high binding avidity and specificity to a wide range of target antigens and haptens. This review describes the design and expression of diabodies (dimers), triabodies (trimers) and tetrabodies (tetramers). In particular we discuss the role of linker length between V-domains and the orientation of the V-domains to direct the formation of either diabodies (60 kDa), triabodies (90 kDa) or tetrabodies (120 kDa), and how the size, flexibility and valency of each molecules is suited to different applications for in vivo imaging and therapy. Single chain Fv antibody fragments joined by polypeptide linkers of at least 12 residues irrespective of V-domains orientation predominantly form monomers with varying amounts of dimer and higher molecular mass oligomers in equilibrium. A scFv molecule with a linker of 3-12 residues cannot fold into a functional Fv domain and instead associates with a second scFv molecule to form a bivalent dimer (diabody, approximately 60 kDa). Reducing the linker length below three residues can force scFv association into trimers (triabodies, approximately 90 kDa) or tetramers ( approximately 120 kDa) depending on linker length, composition and V-domain orientation. A particular advantage for tumour targeting is that molecules of 60-100 kDa have increased tumour penetration and fast clearance rates compared with the parent Ig (150 kDa). We highlight a number of cancer-targeting scFv diabodies that have undergone successful pre-clinical trials for in vivo stability and efficacy. We also briefly review the design of multi-specific Fv modules suited to cross-link two or more different target antigens. Bi-specific diabodies formed by association of different scFv molecules have been designed as cross-linking reagents for T-cell recruitment into tumours (immunotherapy), viral retargeting (gene therapy) and as red blood cell agglutination reagents (immunodiagnostics). The more challenging trispecific multimers (triabodies) remain to be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kortt
- CSIRO Health Science and Nutrition, 343 Royal Parade, Vic. 3052, Parkville, Australia.
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Menéndez T, De Haz I, Delgado M, Garay H, Martín A, Vispo NS. Immunisation with phage-displayed variable region 2 from meningococcal PorA outer membrane protein induces bactericidal antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis. Immunol Lett 2001; 78:143-8. [PMID: 11578688 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(01)00245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The immunogenicity and functional activity of antibodies raised in mice against the cyclic disulphide peptide corresponding to the variable region 2 of PorA outer membrane protein from Neisseria meningitidis strain B385 (serosubtype P1.15), displayed on filamentous phage, were evaluated. The epitope, flanked either by cysteine or cysteine and three glycine residues, was expressed as a fusion to PVIII protein from M13. Immunisation of Balb/C mice with either phage generated antibody specific responses. Sera raised against the phage exposing the cyclic peptide through the three-glycine linker recognised the native protein better than those raised against the peptide with no linker. Only the phage displaying the cyclic peptide with linker was capable of inducing antibodies with bactericidal activity. These results indicate the possibility of using phage display for conformational peptide expression for immunisation to elicit functional antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Menéndez
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Ave.31,entre 158 y 190, Apartado 6162, CP 10600, Havana, Cuba.
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38
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Völkel T, Korn T, Bach M, Müller R, Kontermann RE. Optimized linker sequences for the expression of monomeric and dimeric bispecific single-chain diabodies. PROTEIN ENGINEERING 2001; 14:815-23. [PMID: 11739902 DOI: 10.1093/protein/14.10.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific single-chain diabodies (scDb) consist of the variable heavy and light chain domains of two antibodies connected by three linkers. The structure of an scDb in the V(H)-V(L) orientation is V(H)A-linkerA-V(L)B-linkerM-V(H)B-linkerB-V(L)A, with linkers A and B routinely chosen to be 5-6 residues and linker M 15-20 residues. Here, we applied display of scDb on filamentous phage to analyse the composition of optimal linker sequences. The three linkers were randomized in length and sequence using degenerated triplets coding for only six hydrophilic or aliphatic amino acids (Thr, Ser, Asp, Asn, Gly, Ala). Antigen-binding clones were then isolated by one to two rounds of selection on the two different antigens recognized by the bispecific scDb. Using an scDb directed against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and beta-galactosidase (Gal), we found that monomeric scDb had a preferred length of 15 or more amino acid residues for the middle linker M and of 3-6 residues for the linkers A and B. No obvious bias towards a preferred linker sequence was observed. Reduction of the middle linker below 13 residues led to the formation of dimeric scDb, which most likely results from interchain pairing between all the V(H) and V(L) domains. Dimeric scDb were also formed by fragments possessing a long linker M and linkers A and B of 0 or 1 residue. We assume that these dimeric scDb are formed by intrachain pairing of the central variable domains and interchain pairing of the flanking variable domains. Thus, the latter molecules represent a novel format of bispecific and tetravalent molecules. The described strategy allows for the isolation of both optimized and minimal linker sequences for the assembly of monomeric or dimeric single-chain diabodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Völkel
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Tumorforschung, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Emil-Mannkopff-Strasse 2, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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Tomlinson I, Holliger P. Methods for generating multivalent and bispecific antibody fragments. Methods Enzymol 2001; 326:461-79. [PMID: 11036658 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)26070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Tomlinson
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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40
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Todorovska A, Roovers RC, Dolezal O, Kortt AA, Hoogenboom HR, Hudson PJ. Design and application of diabodies, triabodies and tetrabodies for cancer targeting. J Immunol Methods 2001; 248:47-66. [PMID: 11223068 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(00)00342-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent recombinant antibody fragments provide high binding avidity and unique specificity to a wide range of target antigens and haptens. This review describes the design and expression of diabodies, triabodies and tetrabodies using examples of scFv molecules that target viruses (influenza neuraminidase) and cancer (Ep-CAM; epithelial cell adhesion molecule). We discuss the preferred choice of linker length between V-domains to direct the formation of either diabodies (60 kDa), triabodies (90 kDa) or tetrabodies (120 kDa), each with size, flexibility and valency suited to different applications for in vivo imaging and therapy. The increased binding valency of these scFv multimers results in high avidity (low off-rates). A particular advantage for tumour targeting is that molecules of 60-100 kDa have increased tumour penetration and fast clearance rates compared to the parent Ig (150 kDa). We highlight a number of cancer-targeting scFv multimers that have recently successfully undergone pre-clinical trials for in vivo stability and efficacy. We also review the design of multi-specific Fv modules suited to cross-link two or more different target antigens. These bi- and tri-specific multimers can be formed by association of different scFv molecules and, in the first examples, have been designed as cross-linking reagents for T-cell recruitment into tumours (immunotherapy), viral retargeting (gene therapy) and as red blood cell agglutination reagents (immunodiagnostics).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Todorovska
- CSIRO Health Science and Nutrition and CRC for Diagnostic Technologies, 343 Royal Parade, Victoria 3052, Parkville, Australia
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41
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Andris-Widhopf J, Rader C, Steinberger P, Fuller R, Barbas CF. Methods for the generation of chicken monoclonal antibody fragments by phage display. J Immunol Methods 2000; 242:159-81. [PMID: 10986398 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(00)00221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phage display has become an important approach for the preparation of monoclonal antibodies from both immune and nonimmune sources. This approach allows for the rapid selection of monoclonal antibodies without the restraints of the conventional hybridoma approach. Although antibodies to a wide variety of antigens have been selected using phage display, some highly conserved mammalian antigens have proven to be less immunogenic in mammalian animals commonly used for immunization. In order to optimize methods for constructing chicken immunoglobulin phage display libraries in the pComb3 system, we have immunized chickens with the hapten fluorescein, and generated combinatorial antibody libraries from spleen and bone marrow RNA. Herein we present methods for the isolation of scFv, diabody and Fab fragment libraries from chickens. Chicken Fab fragment libraries are constructed using human constant regions, facilitating detection with readily available reagents as well as humanization. Analysis of the selected V-genes revealed that gene conversion events were more extensive in light-chain variable region genes as compared to heavy-chain variable region genes. In addition, we present a new variant of the pComb3 phage display vector system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andris-Widhopf
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
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42
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Verhaar-Langereis MJ, Zonnenberg BA, de Klerk JM, Blijham GH. Radioimmunodiagnosis and therapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2000; 26:3-10. [PMID: 10660488 DOI: 10.1053/ctrv.1999.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although promising results with radioimmunotherapy and radioimmunodiagnosis in haematological diseases, have been reported, they are less encouraging results in solid tumours. Experimental mathematical models suggest that optimization of antibody-based therapy and diagnosis is possible and that further research towards improvement is warranted. In this review, the major problems of radioimmunotherapy and diagnosis are discussed. Particular items adressed include tumour uptake of antibodies and antibody-fragments, the target/non-target ratio, immunogenicity and the selection of radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Verhaar-Langereis
- Department of Internal Medicine/Oncology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
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43
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Engineering antibody molecules. METHODS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2000. [PMID: 21337081 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-076-4:35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Advances in PCR techniques and the increase of the antibody V region sequences in the database have boosted developments in the field of antibody engineering. The V region genes can be amplified from hybridomas (1), preimmunized donors (2), naive donors (3), or from the cells expressing antibodies.
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44
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Abstract
Multivalent recombinant antibody fragments provide high binding avidity and unique specificity to a wide range of target antigens and haptens. This review describes how careful choice of linker length between V-domains creates new types of Fv modules with size, flexibility and valency suited to in vivo imaging and therapy. Further, we review the design of multi-specific Fv modules suited to cross-linking target antigens for cell-recruitment, viral delivery and immunodiagnostics. Single chain Fv antibody fragments (scFvs) are predominantly monomeric when the V(H) and V(L) domains are joined by polypeptide linkers of at least 12 residues. An scFv molecule with a linker of 3 to 12 residues cannot fold into a functional Fv domain and instead associates with a second scFv molecule to form a bivalent dimer (diabody, approximately 60 kDa). Reducing the linker length below three residues can force scFv association into trimers (triabodies, approximately 90 kDa) or tetramers ( approximately 120 KDa) depending on linker length, composition and V-domain orientation. The increased binding valency in these scFv multimers results in high avidity (long off-rates). A particular advantage for tumor targeting is that molecules of approximately 60-100 kDa have increased tumor penetration and fast clearance rates compared to the parent Ig. A number of cancer-targeting scFv multimers have recently undergone pre-clinical evaluation for in vivo stability and efficacy. Bi- and tri-specific multimers can be formed by association of different scFv molecules and, in the first examples, have been designed as cross-linking reagents for T-cell recruitment into tumors (immunotherapy) and as red blood cell agglutination reagents (immunodiagnostics).
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Hudson
- CSIRO Molecular Science and CRC for Diagnostic Technologies, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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45
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Arndt KM, Müller KM, Plückthun A. Factors influencing the dimer to monomer transition of an antibody single-chain Fv fragment. Biochemistry 1998; 37:12918-26. [PMID: 9737871 DOI: 10.1021/bi9810407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments are able to form dimers under certain conditions, and the extent of dimerization appears to depend on linker length, antibody sequence, and external factors. We analyzed the factors influencing dimer-monomer equilibrium as well as the rate of interconversion, using the scFv McPC603 as a model system. In this molecule, the stability of the VH-VL interaction can be conveniently varied by adjusting the ionic strength (because of its influence on the hydrophobic effect), by pH (presumably because of the presence of titratable groups in the interface), and by the presence or absence of the antigen phosphorylcholine, which can be rapidly removed due to its very fast off-rate. It was found that the monomer is the thermodynamically stable form with linkers of 15 and 25 amino acids length under all conditions tested (35 microM or less). The dimer is initially formed in periplasmic expression, presumably by domain swapping, and can be trapped by all factors which stabilize the VH-VL interface, such as the presence of the antigen, high ionic strength, and pH below 7.5. Under all other conditions, it converts to the monomer. Predominantly monomer is obtained during in vitro folding. Monomer is stabilized against dimerization at very high concentrations by the same factors which stabilize the VH-VL interaction. These results should be helpful in producing molecules with defined oligomerization states.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Arndt
- Biochemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Switzerland
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46
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Abstract
Recombinant antibodies and their fragments now represent over 30% of all biological proteins undergoing clinical trials, which recently culminated in FDA approval for the first engineered cancer therapeutic antibody. Other successful applications include both the effective enhancement of the human immune response for cancer therapy and the reduction of unwanted immune rejections following transplantation and antibody therapy. Important advances have been made in the methods for design, selection and production of these new types of engineered antibodies. Innovative selection methods have enabled the isolation of catalytic antibodies and high-affinity viral-specific antibodies, the latter capable of redirecting viruses for gene therapy applications. In numerous practical applications, recombinant antibody fragments have been fused to radioisotopes, drugs, toxins, enzymes and biosensor surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Hudson
- CRC for Diagnostic Technologies and CSIRO Molecular Science, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
Among the most important advances in antibody engineering of this past year is the advent of new tools to study the relationship between protein (including antibody) structure and function. Very rapid large-scale mutational analysis of antibodies is now possible by using in vitro transcription and translation. Ribosome display is a rapidly evolving technology for modifying antibody function that offers several potential advantages over phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Dall'Acqua
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Incorporated, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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48
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Verma R, Boleti E, George AJ. Antibody engineering: comparison of bacterial, yeast, insect and mammalian expression systems. J Immunol Methods 1998; 216:165-81. [PMID: 9760222 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(98)00077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Engineered antibody molecules, and their fragments, are being increasingly exploited as scientific and clinical tools. However, one factor that can limit the applicability of this technology is the ability to express large amounts of active protein. In this review we describe the relative advantages and disadvantages of bacterial, yeast, insect and mammalian expression systems, and discuss some of the problems that can be encountered when using them. There is no 'universal' expression system, that can guarantee high yields of recombinant product, as every antibody-based molecule will pose its own problems in terms of expression. As a result the choice of system will depend on many factors, including the molecular species being expressed, the precise sequence of the individual antibody and the preferences of the individual investigator. However, there are general rules with regards to the design of expression vectors and systems which will help the investigator to make informed choices as to which strategy might be appropriate for their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Verma
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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49
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Mahiouz DL, Aichinger G, Haskard DO, George AJ. Expression of recombinant anti-E-selectin single-chain Fv antibody fragments in stably transfected insect cell lines. J Immunol Methods 1998; 212:149-60. [PMID: 9672203 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(98)00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the possibility of improving the yield of properly folded recombinant single chain Fv fragments (sFv) of an antibody by expressing the protein in stably transfected Drosophila melanogaster SC-2 cells. The DNA encoding the variable regions of the 1.2B6 anti-E-selectin antibody were used to generate a recombinant sFv. This construct was cloned into the pHEN1 vector for expression in Escherichia coli and the pRmHa-3 vector to generate stably transfected Drosophila SC-2 cell lines. Following expression in the bacterial system, and using standard refolding protocols to obtain active material, it was shown that the majority of the sFv formed non-covalent aggregates. In addition SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that even the monomeric material was heterogeneous. In contrast, expression of sFv in Drosophila SC-2 cell lines allowed purification of active sFv directly from the culture supernatant. Only a small proportion of the sFv formed aggregates, and the purified material was homogeneous as determined by SDS-PAGE. Thus the use of stably transfected insect cells has a number of potential advantages in expressing recombinant antibody fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Mahiouz
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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