1
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Houen G. Peptide Antibodies: Current Status. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2821:1-8. [PMID: 38997476 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3914-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Peptide antibodies have become one of the most important classes of reagents in molecular biology and clinical diagnostics. For this reason, methods for their production and characterization continue to be developed, including basic peptide synthesis protocols, peptide-conjugate production and characterization, conformationally restricted peptides, immunization procedures, etc. Detailed mapping of peptide antibody epitopes has yielded important information on antibody-antigen interaction in general and specifically in relation to antibody cross-reactivity and theories of molecular mimicry. This information is essential for detailed understanding of paratope-epitope dynamics, design of antibodies for research, design of peptide-based vaccines, development of therapeutic peptide antibodies, and de novo design of antibodies with predetermined specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology and Translational Research Center, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
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2
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Trier NH, Friis T. Production of Antibodies to Peptide Targets Using Hybridoma Technology. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2821:135-156. [PMID: 38997486 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3914-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Hybridoma technology is a well-established and indispensable tool for generating high-quality monoclonal antibodies and has become one of the most common methods for monoclonal antibody production. In this process, antibody-producing B cells are isolated from mice following immunization of mice with a specific immunogen and fused with an immortal myeloma cell line to form antibody-producing hybridoma cell lines. Hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibodies not only serve as powerful research and diagnostic reagents but have also emerged as the most rapidly expanding class of therapeutic biologicals. In spite of the development of new high-throughput monoclonal antibody generation technologies, hybridoma technology still is applied for antibody production due to its ability to preserve innate functions of immune cells and to preserve natural cognate antibody paring information. In this chapter, an overview of hybridoma technology and the laboratory procedures used for hybridoma production and antibody screening of peptide-specific antibodies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tina Friis
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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3
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Friis T, Pedersen KB, Hougaard D, Houen G. Cytochemical and Histochemical Staining with Peptide Antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2821:249-263. [PMID: 38997495 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3914-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Peptide antibodies are particularly useful for immunocytochemistry (ICC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), where antigens may denature due to fixation of tissues and cells. Peptide antibodies can be made to any defined sequence, including unknown putative proteins and posttranslationally modified sequences. Moreover, the availability of large amounts of the antigen (peptide) allows inhibition/absorption controls, which are important in ICC/IHC, due to the many possibilities for false-positive reactions caused by immunoglobulin Fc receptors, nonspecific reactions and cross-reactivity of primary and secondary antibodies with other antigens and endogenous immunoglobulins, respectively. Here, simple protocols for ICC and IHC are described together with recommendations for appropriate controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Friis
- Department of Congenital Diseases, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Klaus Boberg Pedersen
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Hougaard
- Department of Congenital Diseases, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology and Translational Research Center, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
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4
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Houen G, Olsen DT. Solid Phase Peptide Carrier Conjugation. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2821:65-70. [PMID: 38997480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3914-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Conjugation to carrier proteins is necessary for peptides to be able to induce antibody formation when injected into animals together with a suitable adjuvant. This is usually performed by conjugation in solution followed by mixing with the adjuvant. Alternatively, the carrier may be adsorbed onto a solid support followed by activation and conjugation with the peptide by solid-phase chemistry. Different reagents can be used for conjugation through peptide functional groups (-SH, -NH2, -COOH), and various carrier proteins may be used depending on the peptides and the intended use of the antibodies. The solid phase may be an ion exchange matrix, from which the conjugate can subsequently be eluted and mixed with adjuvant. Alternatively, the adjuvant aluminum hydroxide may be used as the solid-phase matrix, whereupon the carrier is immobilized and conjugated with peptide. The resulting adjuvant-carrier-peptide complexes may then be used directly for immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology and Translational Research Center, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Dorthe T Olsen
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Alassiri M, Lai JY, Ch'ng ACW, Choong YS, Alanazi A, Lim TS. Subtractive panning for the isolation of monoclonal PEPITEM peptide antibody by phage display. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13627. [PMID: 37604859 PMCID: PMC10442400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody phage display is a key tool for the development of monoclonal antibodies against various targets. However, the development of anti-peptide antibodies is a challenging process due to the small size of peptides for binding. This makes anchoring of peptides a preferred approach for panning experiments. A common approach is by using streptavidin as the anchor protein to present biotinylated peptides for panning. Here, we propose the use of recombinant expression of the target peptide and an immunogenic protein as a fusion for panning. The peptide inhibitor of trans-endothelial migration (PEPITEM) peptide sequence was fused to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) α-crystalline (AC) as an anchor protein. The panning process was carried out by subtractive selection of the antibody library against the AC protein first, followed by binding to the library to PEPITEM fused AC (PEPI-AC). A unique monoclonal scFv antibodies with good specificity were identified. In conclusion, the use of an alternative anchor protein to present the peptide sequence coupled with subtractive panning allows for the identification of unique monoclonal antibodies against a peptide target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alassiri
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jing Yi Lai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Angela Chiew Wen Ch'ng
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yee Siew Choong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Asma Alanazi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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6
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Production and Characterization of Peptide Antibodies to the C-Terminal of Frameshifted Calreticulin Associated with Myeloproliferative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126803. [PMID: 35743246 PMCID: PMC9223637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs) constitute a group of rare blood cancers that are characterized by mutations in bone marrow stem cells leading to the overproduction of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. Mutations in calreticulin (CRT) genes may initiate MPNs, causing a novel variable polybasic stretch terminating in a common C-terminal sequence in the frameshifted CRT (CRTfs) proteins. Peptide antibodies to the mutated C-terminal are important reagents for research in the molecular mechanisms of MPNs and for the development of new diagnostic assays and therapies. In this study, eight peptide antibodies targeting the C-terminal of CRTfs were produced and characterised by modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using resin-bound peptides. The antibodies reacted to two epitopes: CREACLQGWTE for SSI-HYB 385-01, 385-02, 385-03, 385-04, 385-07, 385-08, and 385-09 and CLQGWT for SSI-HYB 385-06. For the majority of antibodies, the residues Cys1, Trp9, and Glu11 were essential for reactivity. SSI-HYB 385-06, with the highest affinity, recognised recombinant CRTfs produced in yeast and the MARIMO cell line expressing CRTfs when examined in Western immunoblotting. Moreover, SSI-HYB 385-06 occasionally reacted to CRTfs from MPN patients when analysed by flow cytometry. The characterized antibodies may be used to understand the role of CRTfs in the pathogenesis of MPNs and to design and develop new diagnostic assays and therapeutic targets.
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7
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Peptides, Antibodies, Peptide Antibodies and More. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246289. [PMID: 31847088 PMCID: PMC6941022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The applications of peptides and antibodies to multiple targets have emerged as powerful tools in research, diagnostics, vaccine development, and therapeutics. Antibodies are unique since they, in theory, can be directed to any desired target, which illustrates their versatile nature and broad spectrum of use as illustrated by numerous applications of peptide antibodies. In recent years, due to the inherent limitations such as size and physical properties of antibodies, it has been attempted to generate new molecular compounds with equally high specificity and affinity, albeit with relatively low success. Based on this, peptides, antibodies, and peptide antibodies have established their importance and remain crucial reagents in molecular biology.
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8
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Abbas IM, Schwaar T, Bienwald F, Weller MG. Predictable Peptide Conjugation Ratios by Activation of Proteins with Succinimidyl Iodoacetate (SIA). Methods Protoc 2017; 1:mps1010002. [PMID: 31164550 PMCID: PMC6526413 DOI: 10.3390/mps1010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The small heterobifunctional linker succinimidyl iodoacetate (SIA) was examined for the preparation of peptide–protein bioconjugates with predicable conjugation ratios. For many conjugation protocols, the protein is either treated with a reductant to cleave disulfide bonds or is reacted with thiolation chemicals, such as Traut’s reagent. Both approaches are difficult to control, need individual optimization and often lead to unsatisfactory results. In another popular approach, a heterobifunctional linker with a N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and a maleimide functionality is applied to the protein. After the activation of some lysine ε-amino groups with the NHS ester functionality, a cysteine-containing peptide is attached to the activated carrier protein via maleimide. Particularly, the maleimide reaction leads to some unwanted byproducts or even cleavage of the linker. Many protocols end up with conjugates with unpredictable and irreproducible conjugation ratios. In addition, the maleimide-thiol addition product should be assumed immunogenic in vivo. To avoid these and other disadvantages of the maleimide approach, we examined the known linker succinimidyl iodoacetate (SIA) in more detail and developed two protocols, which lead to peptide–protein conjugates with predefined average conjugation ratios. This holds potential to eliminate tedious and expensive optimization steps for the synthesis of a bioconjugate of optimal composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana M Abbas
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Timm Schwaar
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Frank Bienwald
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michael G Weller
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Abstract
Peptide antibodies, with their high specificities and affinities, are invaluable reagents for peptide and protein recognition in biological specimens. Depending on the application and the assay, in which the peptide antibody is to used, several factors influence successful antibody production, including peptide selection and antibody screening. Peptide antibodies have been used in clinical laboratory diagnostics with great success for decades, primarily because they can be produced to multiple targets, recognizing native wildtype proteins, denatured proteins, and newly generated epitopes. Especially mutation-specific peptide antibodies have become important as diagnostic tools in the detection of various cancers. In addition to their use as diagnostic tools in malignant and premalignant conditions, peptide antibodies are applied in all other areas of clinical laboratory diagnostics, including endocrinology, hematology, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and amyloidoses.
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10
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Jadhav PD, Shim YY, Reaney MJT. Synthesis and Characterization of Site-Selective Orbitide-BSA Conjugate to Produce Antibodies. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2346-2358. [PMID: 27626291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive flax cyclic peptides (orbitides and linusorbs) were site-specifically ligated through methionine with bovine serum albumin (BSA) to produce immunogenic compounds. In this study, modified flaxseed immunosuppressant orbitides (linusorbs or LOs) containing hydroxyl (OH) groups were synthesized for use as haptens. These compounds were extensively characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The haptens were conjugated to BSA, and the extent of hapten incorporation was determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization, liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The BSA hapten complexes were used to elicit polyclonal antibody (pAbs) production in rabbits. A competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CI-ELISA) was developed that used orbitide-specific pAbs and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugates. The LO assay detection limit was approximately 0.01 μg/mL (ppm), and thus, ELISA can be used for the detection of LOs in tissue and plant samples. The pAbs can be used to detect and quantify LOs in flax and flaxseed samples, to verify the presence of LOs in flaxseed containing foods, and for the detection of LOs in tissue samples, wastes, and body fluids of animals fed flaxseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramodkumar D Jadhav
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Youn Young Shim
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada.,Prairie Tide Chemicals Inc. , 102 Melville Street, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7J 0R1, Canada
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada.,Prairie Tide Chemicals Inc. , 102 Melville Street, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7J 0R1, Canada.,Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University , 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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11
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Boelt SG, Norn C, Rasmussen MI, André I, Čiplys E, Slibinskas R, Houen G, Højrup P. Mapping the Ca(2+) induced structural change in calreticulin. J Proteomics 2016; 142:138-48. [PMID: 27195812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Calreticulin is a highly conserved multifunctional protein implicated in many different biological systems and has therefore been the subject of intensive research. It is primarily present in the endoplasmatic reticulum where its main functions are to regulate Ca(2+) homeostasis, act as a chaperone and stabilize the MHC class I peptide-loading complex. Although several high-resolution structures of calreticulin exist, these only cover three-quarters of the entire protein leaving the extended structures unsolved. Additionally, the structure of calreticulin is influenced by the presence of Ca(2+). The conformational changes induced by Ca(2+) have not been determined yet as they are hard to study with traditional approaches. Here, we investigated the Ca(2+)-induced conformational changes with a combination of chemical cross-linking, mass spectrometry, bioinformatics analysis and modelling in Rosetta. Using a bifunctional linker, we found a large Ca(2+)-induced change to the cross-linking pattern in calreticulin. Our results are consistent with a high flexibility in the P-loop, a stabilization of the acidic C-terminal and a relatively close interaction of the P-loop and the acidic C-terminal. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The function of calreticulin, an endoplasmatic reticulin chaperone, is affected by fluctuations in Ca(2+)concentration, but the structural mechanism is unknown. The present work suggests that Ca(2+)-dependent regulation is caused by different conformations of a long proline-rich loop that changes the accessibility to the peptide/lectin-binding site. Our results indicate that the binding of Ca(2+) to calreticulin may thus not only just be a question of Ca(2+) storage but is likely to have an impact on the chaperone activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Grundvad Boelt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK 5230 Odense, Denmark; Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Norn
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Paradisgatan 2, SE 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Morten Ib Rasmussen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Ingemar André
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Paradisgatan 2, SE 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Evaldas Čiplys
- Department of Eukayote Gene Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, V. Graičiūno St, LT 02241 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rimantas Slibinskas
- Department of Eukayote Gene Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, V. Graičiūno St, LT 02241 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK 5230 Odense, Denmark; Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Højrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK 5230 Odense, Denmark.
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12
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Cistrone PA, Dawson PE. Click-Based Libraries of SFTI-1 Peptides: New Methods Using Reversed-Phase Silica. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2016; 18:139-43. [PMID: 26914614 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.5b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Performing sequential reactions for the orthogonal derivatization of peptides in solution often requires intermediate handling and purification steps. To solve these problems, we have exploited the distinct adsorption kinetics of peptides toward particulate reversed-phase (RP) C18 silica material, enabling consecutive reactions to be performed without intermediate elution. To illustrate this approach, sequential CuAAC/click reactions were used to modify an analog of the bicyclic peptide sunflower trypsin inhibitor 1 (SFTI-1), a potent scaffold for trypsin and chymotrypsin-like enzyme inhibitors. The SFTI-1 scaffold was synthesized containing both β-azido alanine and propargyl glycine residues. Despite the mutual reactivity of these groups, site isolation on RP silica enabled consecutive click reactions and associated washing steps to be performed while the peptide remained immobilized. Importantly, this approach eliminated side products that could form between two peptides or within a single peptide. These studies suggest a broad utility for RP silica in solving both peptide handling problems and in improving synthetic workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Cistrone
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), 10550 North Torrey
Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Philip E. Dawson
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), 10550 North Torrey
Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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13
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Stefanetti G, Saul A, MacLennan CA, Micoli F. Click Chemistry Applied to the Synthesis of Salmonella Typhimurium O-Antigen Glycoconjugate Vaccine on Solid Phase with Sugar Recycling. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2507-13. [PMID: 26549104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase conjugation method was developed and applied to the synthesis of an O-antigen based glycoconjugate vaccine against Salmonella Typhimurium, with CRM197 as the carrier protein. Copper-free click chemistry was used as the conjugation chemistry, after derivatizing the sugar and the protein components with alkyne and azido linkers, respectively. This chemistry has the advantage of not deactivating functional groups during the conjugation step, thereby allowing the recycling of unreacted components. The activated carrier protein was adsorbed to an anion exchange matrix and quantitatively conjugated to the O-antigen. The resulting conjugate was eluted from the resin free of unconjugated sugar which was previously removed by simple washing steps. Unreacted O-antigen was recycled by addition to a new batch of resin-CRM197 resulting in further quantitative protein conjugation. This process has advantages in relation to reduction of costs for production of conjugate vaccines, allowing unreacted sugar recovery and simplifying the purification of the glycoconjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Stefanetti
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (former Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health NVGH) , Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Allan Saul
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (former Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health NVGH) , Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute , Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (former Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health NVGH) , Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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14
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Boelt SG, Houen G, Højrup P. Agarose gel shift assay reveals that calreticulin favors substrates with a quaternary structure in solution. Anal Biochem 2015; 481:33-42. [PMID: 25908558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we present an agarose gel shift assay that, in contrast to other electrophoresis approaches, is loaded in the center of the gel. This allows proteins to migrate in either direction according to their isoelectric points. Therefore, the presented assay enables a direct visualization, separation, and prefractionation of protein interactions in solution independent of isoelectric point. We demonstrate that this assay is compatible with immunochemical methods and mass spectrometry. The assay was used to investigate interactions with several potential substrates for calreticulin, a chaperone that is involved in different biological aspects through interaction with other proteins. The current analytical assays used to investigate these interactions are mainly spectroscopic aggregation assays or solid phase assays that do not provide a direct visualization of the stable protein complex but rather provide an indirect measure of interactions. Therefore, no interaction studies between calreticulin and substrates in solution have been investigated previously. The results presented here indicate that calreticulin has a preference for substrates with a quaternary structure and primarily β-sheets in their secondary structure. It is also demonstrated that the agarose gel shift assay is useful in the study of other protein interactions and can be used as an alternative method to native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Grundvad Boelt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark; Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark; Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Højrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark.
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15
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Abstract
Conjugation to carrier proteins is necessary for peptides to be able to induce antibody formation when injected into animals together with a suitable adjuvant. This is usually performed by conjugation in solution followed by mixing with the adjuvant. Alternatively, the carrier may be adsorbed onto a solid support followed by activation and conjugation with the peptide by solid-phase chemistry. Different reagents can be used for conjugation through peptide functional groups (-SH, -NH2, -COOH) and various carrier proteins may be used depending on the peptides and the intended use of the antibodies. The solid phase may be an ion-exchange matrix, from which the conjugate can subsequently be eluted and mixed with adjuvant. Alternatively, the adjuvant aluminum hydroxide may be used as the solid-phase matrix, whereupon the carrier is immobilized and conjugated with peptide. The resulting adjuvant-carrier-peptide complexes may then be used directly for immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Houen
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Dorthe T Olsen
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Friis T, Pedersen KB, Hougaard D, Houen G. Immunocytochemical and Immunohistochemical Staining with Peptide Antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1348:311-325. [PMID: 26424283 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2999-3_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptide antibodies are particularly useful for immunocytochemistry (ICC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), where antigens may denature due to fixation of tissues and cells. Peptide antibodies can be made to any defined sequence, including unknown putative proteins and posttranslationally modified sequences. Moreover, the availability of large amounts of the antigen (peptide) allows inhibition/adsorption controls, which are important in ICC/IHC, due to the many possibilities for false-positive reactions caused by immunoglobulin Fc receptors, nonspecific reactions, and cross-reactivity of primary and secondary antibodies with other antigens and endogenous immunoglobulins, respectively. Here, simple protocols for ICC and IHC are described together with recommendations for appropriate controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Friis
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Boberg Pedersen
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Hougaard
- Department of Congenital Diseases, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Holm BE, Bergmann AC, Hansen PR, Koch C, Houen G, Trier NH. Antibodies with specificity for native and denatured forms of ovalbumin differ in reactivity between enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. APMIS 2014; 123:136-45. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Eide Holm
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics; Statens Serum Institute; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ann Christina Bergmann
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics; Statens Serum Institute; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Southern University of Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Paul Robert Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Claus Koch
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation; Institute for Molecular Medicine; Southern University of Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics; Statens Serum Institute; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Nicole Hartwig Trier
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics; Statens Serum Institute; Copenhagen Denmark
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18
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Olsen DT, Peng L, Træholt SD, Duus K, Højrup P, Houen G. Purification and characterization of a soluble calnexin from human placenta. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 92:105-11. [PMID: 24056258 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (Crt) and calnexin (Cnx) are homologous endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones involved in protein folding and quality control. Crt is a soluble ER luminal Mr 46 kDa protein and Cnx is a Mr 67kDa ER membrane protein. During purification of Crt from human placenta a soluble form of Cnx (sCnx) was consistently identified in a separate ion exchange chromatography peak. The sCnx was further purified and characterised. This showed that the protein had been cleaved after residue 472 (between Gln and Met), thus liberating it from the transmembrane and cytoplasmic parts of Cnx. The extraction and initial purification steps were carried out in the presence of protease inhibitors, thus ruling out that the cleavage was an artefact of the isolation procedure. This indicates that sCnx may have a physiological chaperone function similar to that of Crt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorthe T Olsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Production and characterization of peptide antibodies. Methods 2011; 56:136-44. [PMID: 22178691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are effective immunogens for generation of antibodies. However, occasionally the native protein is known but not available for antibody production. In such cases synthetic peptides derived from the native protein are good alternatives for antibody production. These peptide antibodies are powerful tools in experimental biology and are easily produced to any peptide of choice. A widely used approach for production of peptide antibodies is to immunize animals with a synthetic peptide coupled to a carrier protein. Very important is the selection of the synthetic peptide, where factors such as structure, accessibility and amino acid composition are crucial. Since small peptides tend not to be immunogenic, it may be necessary to conjugate them to carrier proteins in order to enhance immune presentation. Several strategies for conjugation of peptide-carriers applied for immunization exist, including solid-phase peptide-carrier conjugation and peptide-carrier conjugation in solution. Upon immunization, adjuvants such as Al(OH)(3) are added together with the immunogenic peptide-carrier conjugate, which usually leads to high-titred antisera. Following immunization and peptide antibody purification, the antibodies are characterized based on their affinity or specificity. An efficient approach for characterization of peptide antibodies is epitope mapping using peptide based assays. This review describes standard solid-phase approaches for generation of peptide antibodies with special emphasis on peptide selection, generation of peptide conjugates for immunization and characterization of the resulting peptide antibodies.
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20
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Møllegaard KM, Duus K, Træholt SD, Thaysen-Andersen M, Liu Y, Palma AS, Feizi T, Hansen PR, Højrup P, Houen G. The interactions of calreticulin with immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin Y. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:889-99. [PMID: 21447409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin is a chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) assisting proteins in achieving the correctly folded structure. Details of the binding specificity of calreticulin are still a matter of debate. Calreticulin has been described as an oligosaccharide-binding chaperone but data are also accumulating in support of calreticulin as a polypeptide binding chaperone. In contrast to mammalian immunoglobulin G (IgG), which has complex type N-glycans, chicken immunoglobulin Y (IgY) possesses a monoglucosylated high mannose N-linked glycan, which is a ligand for calreticulin. Here, we have used solid and solution-phase assays to analyze the in vitro binding of calreticulin, purified from human placenta, to human IgG and chicken IgY in order to compare the interactions. In addition, peptides from the respective immunoglobulins were included to further probe the binding specificity of calreticulin. The experiments demonstrate the ability of calreticulin to bind to denatured forms of both IgG and IgY regardless of the glycosylation state of the proteins. Furthermore, calreticulin exhibits binding to peptides (glycosylated and non-glycosylated) derived from trypsin digestion of both immunoglobulins. Additionally, calreticulin peptide binding was examined with synthetic peptides covering the IgG Cγ2 domain demonstrating interaction with approximately half the peptides. Our results show that the dominant binding activity of calreticulin in vitro is toward the polypeptide moieties of IgG and IgY even in the presence of the monoglucosylated high mannose N-linked oligosaccharide on IgY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Mai Møllegaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Xu J, Zhang Y, Yi J, Meng M, Wan Y, Feng C, Wang S, Lu X, Xi R. Preparation of anti-Sudan red monoclonal antibody and development of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Sudan red in chilli jam and chilli oil. Analyst 2010; 135:2566-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Pagh R, Duus K, Laursen I, Hansen PR, Mangor J, Thielens N, Arlaud GJ, Kongerslev L, Højrup P, Houen G. The chaperone and potential mannan-binding lectin (MBL) co-receptor calreticulin interacts with MBL through the binding site for MBL-associated serine proteases. FEBS J 2008; 275:515-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Jørgensen CS, Ryder LR, Steinø A, Højrup P, Hansen J, Beyer NH, Heegaard NHH, Houen G. Dimerization and oligomerization of the chaperone calreticulin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 270:4140-8. [PMID: 14519126 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The chaperone calreticulin is a highly conserved eukaryotic protein mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum. It contains a free cysteine SH group but does not form disulfide-bridged dimers under physiological conditions, indicating that the SH group may not be fully accessible in the native protein. Using PAGE, urea gradient gel electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis and MS, we show that dimerization through the SH group can be induced by lowering the pH to 5-6, heating, or under conditions that favour partial unfolding such as urea concentrations above 2.6 m or SDS concentrations above 0.025%. Moreover, we show that calreticulin also has the ability to self-oligomerize through noncovalent interactions at urea concentrations above 2.6 m at pH below 4.6 or above pH 10, at temperatures above 40 degrees C, or in the presence of high concentrations of organic solvents (25%), conditions that favour partial unfolding or an intramolecular local conformational change that allows oligomerization, resulting in a heterogeneous mixture of oligomers consisting of up to 10 calreticulin monomers. The oligomeric calreticulin was very stable, but oligomerization was partially reversed by addition of 8 m urea or 1% SDS, and heat-induced oligomerization could be inhibited by 8 m urea or 1% SDS when present during heating. Comparison of the binding properties of monomeric and oligomeric calreticulin in solid-phase assays showed increased binding to peptides and denatured proteins when calreticulin was oligomerized. Thus, calreticulin shares the ability to self-oligomerize with other important chaperones such as GRP94 and HSP90, a property possibly associated with their chaperone activity.
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24
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Houen G, Olsen DT, Hansen PR, Petersen KB, Barkholt V. Preparation of bioconjugates by solid-phase conjugation to ion exchange matrix-adsorbed carrier proteins. Bioconjug Chem 2003; 14:75-9. [PMID: 12526695 DOI: 10.1021/bc025622j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase conjugation method utilizing carrier protein bound to an ion exchange matrix was developed. Ovalbumin was adsorbed to an anion exchange matrix using a batch procedure, and the immobilized protein was then derivatized with iodoacetic acid N-hydroxysuccinimid ester. The activated protein was conjugated with glutathione, the conjugation ratio determined by acid hydrolysis, and amino acid analysis performed with quantification of carboxymethyl cysteine. Elution of conjugates from the resin by a salt gradient revealed considerable heterogeneity in the degree of derivatization, and immunization experiments with the eluted conjugates showed that the more substituted conjugates gave rise to the highest titers of glutathione antibodies. Direct immunization with the conjugates adsorbed to the ion exchange matrix was possible and gave rise to high titers of glutathione antibodies. Conjugates of ovalbumin and various peptides were prepared in a similar manner and used for production of peptide antisera by direct immunization with the conjugates bound to the ion exchanger. Advantages of the method are its solid-phase nature, allowing fast and efficient reactions and intermediate washings, and the ability to release conjugates from the solid phase under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Houen
- Department of Research and Development, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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25
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Højrup P, Roepstorff P, Houen G. Human placental calreticulin characterization of domain structure and post-translational modifications. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:2558-65. [PMID: 11322874 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The domain organization and the post-translational modifications of human placenta calreticulin were analysed by MS in combination with proteolytic digestion. Prolonged treatment with trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, or proteinase K all led to a 6- to 7-kDa decrease in the molecular mass of calreticulin. The decrease was found to be due to cleavages in the region around residue 340. In addition, minor fragments resulting from secondary cleavages close to the N-terminus were observed, but no stable fragments of intermediate size were found. These results show that the C-domain of calreticulin is susceptible to proteolytic cleavage and that the N- and P-domains form a proteolytically stable tight association. A disulfide bridge between the first two cysteines was mapped in the N-domain, and the third cysteine was found in the reduced form. No post-translational modifications in the form of glycosylation or phosphorylation were found. A modified form of calreticulin lacking the C-terminal hexapeptide including the KDEL endoplasmic reticulum retention sequon was isolated. Such a truncation may point to a mechanism that allows escape of calreticulin from the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Højrup
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Odense University, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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26
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Cunto-Amesty G, Luo P, Monzavi-Karbassi B, Lees A, Kieber-Emmons T. Exploiting molecular mimicry to broaden the immune response to carbohydrate antigens for vaccine development. Vaccine 2001; 19:2361-8. [PMID: 11257361 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptide mimetics of carbohydrates represent an alternative approach to induce anti-carbohydrate responses. Depending on their formulation, peptide mimetics can mediate T-independent or T-dependent responses. Multivalent peptide mimeotopes can induce high IgM/IgG ratios, as non-conjugated carbohydrates do. Here we observe that immunization with multivalent peptide mimeotope conjugated to BSA enhances carbohydrate reactive antibodies in Balb/c mice and xid mice, with IgG1 greater than IgG2a, in xid mice. These results suggest that mimeotope-conjugate formulations might augment carbohydrate-specific immune responses in immuno-compromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cunto-Amesty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
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27
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Fleuridor R, Lees A, Pirofski L. A cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide mimotope prolongs the survival of mice with Cryptococcus neoformans infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:1087-96. [PMID: 11145689 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.2.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Defined Abs to the Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) have been shown to be protective against experimental cryptococcosis. This suggests that if a vaccine could induce similar Abs it might protect against infection. However, the potential use of a GXM-based vaccine has been limited by evidence that GXM is a poor immunogen that can induce nonprotective and deleterious, as well as protective, Abs, and that the nature of GXM oligosaccharide epitopes that can elicit a protective response is unknown. In this study, we investigated whether a peptide surrogate for a GXM epitope could induce an Ab response to GXM in mice. The immunogenicity of peptide-protein conjugates produced by linking a peptide mimetic of GXM, P13, to either BSA, P13-BSA, or tetanus toxoid, P13-tetanus toxoid, was examined in BALB/c and CBA/n mice that received four s.c. injections of the conjugates at 14- to 30-day intervals. All mice immunized with conjugate produced IgM and IgG to P13 and GXM. Challenge of conjugate-immunized mice with C. neoformans revealed longer survival and lower serum GXM levels than control mice. These results indicate that 1) P13 is a GXM mimotope and 2) that it induced a protective response against C. neoformans in mice. P13 is the first reported mimotope of a C. neoformans Ag. Therefore, the P13 conjugates are vaccine candidates for C. neoformans and their efficacy in this study suggests that peptide mimotopes selected by protective Abs deserve further consideration as vaccine candidates for encapsulated pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Fungal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Fungal/blood
- Antigens, Fungal/immunology
- Antigens, Fungal/therapeutic use
- Bacterial Vaccines/chemical synthesis
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Binding, Competitive/immunology
- Cryptococcosis/immunology
- Cryptococcosis/mortality
- Cryptococcosis/prevention & control
- Cryptococcus neoformans/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Molecular Mimicry
- Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis
- Oligopeptides/immunology
- Oligopeptides/therapeutic use
- Polysaccharides/blood
- Polysaccharides/chemical synthesis
- Polysaccharides/immunology
- Polysaccharides/therapeutic use
- Survival Analysis
- Vaccines, Conjugate/immunology
- Vaccines, Conjugate/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fleuridor
- Departments of. Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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28
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Immunization with peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0075-7535(08)70448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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29
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Baumann S, Grob P, Stuart F, Pertlik D, Ackermann M, Suter M. Indirect immobilization of recombinant proteins to a solid phase using the albumin binding domain of streptococcal protein G and immobilized albumin. J Immunol Methods 1998; 221:95-106. [PMID: 9894901 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(98)00168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of proteins to a solid phase leads to denaturation of the adsorbed molecules which may subsequently affect biological interactions. However, for many applications maintenance of the native structure is desired. Therefore, an indirect immobilization system was developed, based on binding of the albumin binding domain (ABP) of streptococcal protein G to rat serum albumin (RSA) precoated on a solid phase (RSA-microtiter plates). Escherichia coli vectors were adapted for production of recombinant protein fused to ABP and the 6 X His-tag. The expressed ABP tag was found to form homodimers. Plasmon resonance was used to study the interaction between an ABP fusion protein and immobilized RSA. Apparent on- and off-rates were calculated using a model for a bivalent analyte (k(a1) = 3.37 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1), k(d1) = 1.23 x 10(-4) s(-1)). Thus, the stability of the ABP-RSA interaction can be explained by a slow off-rate. This was confirmed by chase experiments in an ELISA format. The ABP-RSA interaction remained stable after addition of different albumins. This immobilization system was used for the development of an ELISA to detect antibodies against Borna disease virus protein p40. The use of RSA-microtiter plates for indirect immobilization of ABP fusion protein was shown to be superior to direct adsorption on plastic. To obtain maximal antibody binding ten times less antigen was needed for indirect immobilization compared to direct adsorption. The binding capacity of the RSA-microtiter plates was determined to be about 0.8 pmol of monomeric ABP protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baumann
- Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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