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Wei Y, Zhang J, Yang X, Wang Z, Wang J, Qi H, Zhang C. Performance enhancement of electrochemiluminescence magnetic microbiosensors by using double magnetic field actuation for cancer biomarkers and exosomes. Talanta 2023; 259:124485. [PMID: 37019008 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the performance enhancement strategies on magnetic beads (MBs)-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) platforms by using double magnetic field actuation of the ECL magnetic microbiosensors (MMbiosensors) for highly sensitive determination of cancer biomarker and exosomes. To obtain the high sensitivity and reproducibility of the ECL MMbiosensors, a series of strategies have been developed including replacing a conventional photomultiplier tube (PMT) with a diamagnetic PMT, replacing the stacked ring-disc magnets with circular-disc magnets lain-in glassy carbon electrode, adding a pre-concentration process of MBs using external magnet actuation. For fundamental research, the ECL MBs taken as the substitute of ECL MMbiosensors were prepared by binding biotinylated DNA tagged with Ru(bpy)32+ derivative (Ru1) to streptavidin-coated MB(MB@SA) were which showed that the developed strategies can enhance 45-fold sensitivity. Importantly, the developed MBs-based ECL platform was estimated by determination of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and exosomes. For PSA, MB@SA•biotin-Ab1(PSA) was taken as the capture probe and Ru1-labeled Ab2 (PSA) was done as ECL probe, while for exosomes, MB@SA•biotin-aptamer (CD63) was taken as the capture probe and Ru1-labeled Ab (CD9) was done as the ECL probe. The experiment results showed that the developed strategies can enhance 33-fold sensitivity of ECL MMbiosensors for PSA and exosomes. The detection limit is 0.28 ng mL-1 for PSA and 4.9 × 102 particle mL-1 for exosomes. This work demonstrated that a series of proposed magnetic field actuation strategies greatly increase the sensitivity of the ECL MMbiosensors. The developed strategies can be expanded to MBs-based ECL and electrochemical biosensors for clinical analysis with greater sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Zimei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Junxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China.
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Wang D, Chen G, Lyu Y, Feng E, Zhu L, Pan C, Zhang W, Liu X, Wang H. A CRISPR/Cas12a-based DNAzyme visualization system for rapid, non-electrically dependent detection of Bacillus anthracis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 11:428-437. [PMID: 34842509 PMCID: PMC8812752 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2012091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As next-generation pathogen detection methods, CRISPR-Cas-based detection methods can perform single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level detection with high sensitivity and good specificity. They do not require any particular equipment, which opens up new possibilities for the accurate detection and identification of Bacillus anthracis. In this study, we developed a complete detection system for B. anthracis based on Cas12a. We used two chromosomally located SNP targets and two plasmid targets to identify B. anthracis with high accuracy. The CR5 target is completely new. The entire detection process can be completed within 90 min without electrical power and with single-copy level sensitivity. We also developed an unaided-eye visualization system based on G4-DNAzyme for use with our CRISPR-Cas12a detection system. This visualization system has good prospects for deployment in field-based point-of-care detection. We used the antisense nucleic acid CatG4R as the detection probe, which showed stronger resistance to interference from components of the solution. CatG4R can also be designed as an RNA molecule for adaptation to Cas13a detection, thereby broadening the scope of the detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yufei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Erling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Weicai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiankai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hengliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
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Omata M, Hirotsu Y, Sugiura H, Maejima M, Nagakubo Y, Amemiya K, Hayakawa M, Tsutsui T, Kakizaki Y, Mochizuki H, Miyashita Y. The dynamic change of antibody index against Covid-19 is a powerful diagnostic tool for the early phase of the infection and salvage PCR assay errors. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2021; 54:830-838. [PMID: 33593710 PMCID: PMC7784537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, PCR assay is a golden standard for diagnosis of Covid-19. However, it needs nasopharyngeal swabs, expensive instruments and expertise. It even causes PCR errors. METHODS We validated the antibody assay (Roche) in 36 followed patients and 1879 controls (medical staffs). RESULTS Of 1879 medical staffs, only two (0.11%) were positive by Cut off Index (COI; 1.0) (mean ± SD, 0.094 ± 0.047). Thirty six patients were composed of three groups; Group A,4 from Diamond Princess cruise ship, Group B, 2 infected in Africa, and Group C, 30 infected in Japan. PCR assays were conducted at outside laboratories before and repeated in house after hospitalized. Of 36 at admission, positive antibody was seen in 4/4 from the ship, 0/2 from Africa, and 5/30 from Japan. Two from Africa showed the increase of COI and became positive on days 8 and 13. Thirty Japanese was divided in two groups, e.g., 23 showed dynamic increase of COI up to 84.4 within 3 days while active virus replication present (Group C). In remaining 7 (7/30, 23%) (Group C'), no rise of antibody nor positive in house PCR assays, indicative of false positive results of PCR at the beginning. CONCLUSION This antibody testing has a wide dynamic ranges of COI and, thus, could be utilized in the early infection phase. This may also compliment and even help to avoid possible PCR errors. Therefore, this can serve as a powerful diagnostic tool, needed in the frontline of the clinic and hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Omata
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan; The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Hirotsu
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sugiura
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Makoto Maejima
- Division of Microbiology in Clinical Laboratory, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagakubo
- Division of Microbiology in Clinical Laboratory, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan; Division of Genetics and Clinical Laboratory, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kenji Amemiya
- Division of Genetics and Clinical Laboratory, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Miyoko Hayakawa
- Central Clinical Laboratory, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Tsutsui
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Disease Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kakizaki
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Disease Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mochizuki
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan; Central Clinical Laboratory, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyashita
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Disease Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
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Sadeghitabar A, Maleki N, Armand M, Reza N. Comparative study between ECL and ELISA to determine the reliable range of Estradiol in the treatment of infertility. BIONATURA 2020. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2020.05.04.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol is one factor that can alter the outcome of the treatment of infertile couples following the application of in vitro fertilization techniques. Currently, the estradiol level is measured by two diagnostic methods Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Electrochemiluminescence (ECL). Accordingly, this study determines ELISA and ECL's sensitivity and consistency to measure different levels of estradiol and determine its reliable range and provide this information to laboratories and gynecologists. This study is performed on 250 patients of the Avicenna Fertility Center. The data of the study are analyzed in SPSS18 and MiniTab. Consent was obtained for experimentation with human subjects. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between these two methods. The results indicated a strong correlation between the two variables ECL and ELISA ( r= 0.735, P-value<0.001). High numbers indicate that the decrease and increase of one variable are proportional to the other variable's fluctuation.
This study shows that the results of estradiol obtained from both ECL and ELISA are similar. In the ELISA method, due to the linear values' limitation, samples with estradiol concentration above the highest standard level should be diluted and the dilution coefficient should then be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sadeghitabar
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Maleki
- Avicenna infertility department, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Armand
- Avicenna infertility department, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasiri Reza
- Avicenna infertility department, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Khodabandehloo M, Sharifi P. Seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus Antibodies by Electrochemiluminescence Method in Young Women Referred to the Clinical Laboratory, Sanandaj, Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ijer.2020.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Maternal primary and recurrent infection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) may be transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy and may have complications such as death or growth, along with the development retardation of the fetus and infant. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies against CMV in young women, Sanandaj, Iran. Methods: To this end, 90 women (15-40 years old) referring to a clinical laboratory were randomly selected and announced their informed consent to participate in this cross-sectional study. Demographic information and women’s data were collected, including pregnancy, history of abortion, and history of blood transfusion. Then, women’s sera were measured for CMV IgG and IgM antibodies using the electrochemiluminescence technique. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software. Results: The prevalence of IgG and IgM antibodies against CMV in women was 92.2% (95% CI = 86.5-97.8) and 0%, respectively. In addition, the average CMV IgG antibody level was about 137.52 ± 85.215 SD IU/mL. The results revealed a significant statistical association between IgG antibody and pregnancy (P value = 0.012) while there was no association between CMV IgG antibody and other demographic data. Conclusions: In general, high percentages of women had CMV IgG antibody whereas 7.8% of them were susceptible. They are expected to acquire CMV primary infection, and therefore, the screening of antibodies to CMV is suggested for prenatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazaher Khodabandehloo
- Ph.D, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Pezhman Sharifi
- M.Sc, Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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Rapid and Sensitive Multiplex Assay for the Detection of B. anthracis Spores from Environmental Samples. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030164. [PMID: 32120986 PMCID: PMC7157734 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt and accurate detection of Bacillus anthracis spores is crucial in the event of intentional spore dissemination in order to reduce the number of expected casualties. Specific identification of these spores from environmental samples is both challenging and time-consuming. This is due to the high homology with other Bacillus species as well as the complex composition of environmental samples, which further impedes assay sensitivity. Previously, we showed that a short incubation of B.anthracis spores in a defined growth medium results in rapid germination, bacterial growth, and secretion of toxins, including protective antigen. In this work, we tested whether coupling the incubation process to a newly developed immune-assay will enable the detection of secreted toxins as markers for the presence of spores in environmental samples. The new immune assay is a flow cytometry-based multiplex that simultaneously detects a protective antigen, lethal factor, and edema factor. Our combined assay detects 1 × 103–1 × 104/mL spores after a 2 h incubation followed by the ~80 min immune-multiplex detection. Extending the incubation step to 5 h increased assay sensitivity to 1 × 102/mL spore. The protocol was validated in various environmental samples using attenuated or fully virulent B. anthracis spores. There was no substantial influence of contaminants derived from real environmental samples on the performance of the assay compared to clean samples, which allow the unequivocal detection of 3 × 103/mL and 3 × 102/mL spores following 2 and 5 hour’s incubation, respectively. Overall, we propose this method as a rapid, sensitive, and specific procedure for the identification of B. anthracis spores in environmental samples.
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Zasada AA. Detection and Identification of Bacillus anthracis: From Conventional to Molecular Microbiology Methods. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E125. [PMID: 31963339 PMCID: PMC7023132 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and reliable identification of Bacillus anthracis is of great importance, especially in the event of suspected deliberate release of anthrax spores. However, the identification of B. anthracis is challenging due to its high similarity to closely related species. Since Amerithrax in 2001, a lot of effort has been made to develop rapid methods for detection and identification of this microorganism with special focus on easy-to-perform rapid tests for first-line responders. This article presents an overview of the evolution of B. anthracis identification methods from the time of the first description of the microorganism until the present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra A Zasada
- Department of Sera and Vaccines Evaluation, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
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Chan SK, Rahumatullah A, Lai JY, Lim TS. Naïve Human Antibody Libraries for Infectious Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1053:35-59. [PMID: 29549634 PMCID: PMC7120739 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many countries are facing an uphill battle in combating the spread of infectious diseases. The constant evolution of microorganisms magnifies the problem as it facilitates the re-emergence of old infectious diseases as well as promote the introduction of new and more deadly variants. Evidently, infectious diseases have contributed to an alarming rate of mortality worldwide making it a growing concern. Historically, antibodies have been used successfully to prevent and treat infectious diseases since the nineteenth century using antisera collected from immunized animals. The inherent ability of antibodies to trigger effector mechanisms aids the immune system to fight off pathogens that invades the host. Immune libraries have always been an important source of antibodies for infectious diseases due to the skewed repertoire generated post infection. Even so, the role and ability of naïve antibody libraries should not be underestimated. The naïve repertoire has its own unique advantages in generating antibodies against target antigens. This chapter will highlight the concept, advantages and application of human naïve libraries as a source to isolate antibodies against infectious disease target antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Khim Chan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Anizah Rahumatullah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jing Yi Lai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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Rapid detection methods for Bacillus anthracis in environmental samples: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 93:1411-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3845-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Cui Y, Gong X, Zhu S, Li Y, Su W, Yang Q, Chang J. An effective modified method to prepare highly luminescent, highly stable water-soluble quantum dots and its preliminary application in immunoassay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13461b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
The discovery of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and its development as a means of detection is truly a success story. Although studies describing ECL were published in the early 1960s, most studies using ECL as a means of detection were not widely published until the mid 1990s. Incorporating ECL into assays provides increased sensitivity, several logs of dynamic range and the ability to electronically control the reaction. These characteristics provide advantages over assays that rely on radioisotopic labels, fluorescence and enzymatic activity. There have been many areas of science that have benefited from the use of ECL, including environmental microbiology, virology, neurobiology, molecular biology and immunology. ECL has improved the understanding and treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and even sleep apnea disorders. Drug development has also benefited from ECL via improved assessment of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and determining immune responses against protein-based therapeutics. This review provides an overview of ECL chemistry and principles with a more detailed emphasis on the applications of ECL-based assays in different areas of science and medicine. The primary purpose of this review is to provide an in-depth discussion of the impact that ECL-based analysis has had on microbiology, immunology, virology, neurodegenerative diseases, molecular biology and drug development. Examples of ECL-based bioanalysis in each of these fields are discussed in conjunction with an overview of ECL principles and instrumentation.
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Laczka O, Maesa JM, Godino N, del Campo J, Fougt-Hansen M, Kutter JP, Snakenborg D, Muñoz-Pascual FX, Baldrich E. Improved bacteria detection by coupling magneto-immunocapture and amperometry at flow-channel microband electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3633-40. [PMID: 21392960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the first immunosensing system reported for the detection of bacteria combining immunomagnetic capture and amperometric detection in a one-step sandwich format, and in a microfluidic environment. Detection is based on the electrochemical monitoring of the activity of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), an enzyme label, through its catalysis of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in the presence of the mediator hydroquinone (HQ). The enzymatic reaction takes place in an incubation micro-chamber where the magnetic particles (MPs) are confined, upstream from the working electrode. The enzyme product is then pumped along a microchannel, where it is amperometrically detected by a set of microelectrodes. This design avoids direct contact of the biocomponents with the electrode, which lowers the risk of electrode fouling. The whole assay can be completed in 1h. The experiments performed with Escherichia coli evidenced a linear response for concentrations ranging 10(2)-10(8) cell ml(-1), with a limit of detection of 55 cells ml(-1) in PBS, without pre-enrichment steps. Furthermore, 100 cells ml(-1) could be detected in milk, and with negligible interference by non-target bacteria such as Pseudomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Laczka
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 - Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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A novel bifunctional europium chelate applied in quantitative determination of human immunoglobin G using time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Anal Biochem 2011; 409:244-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Distinguishing Tropical Infectious Diseases from Bioterrorism. TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PRINCIPLES, PATHOGENS AND PRACTICE 2011. [PMCID: PMC7150159 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3935-5.00125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Miniaturised hybrid immunoassay for high sensitivity analysis of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:2601-6. [PMID: 21145226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An ultra-sensitive sandwich ELISA was developed for detection of AFM1 in milk. The assay involved the immobilization of rat monoclonal antibody of AFM1 in 384 microtiter plate to capture AFM1 antigen. This was detected by tracer secondary rabbit poly-clonal antibody labelled with horseradish peroxidase upon addition of a luminol-based substrate. Milk samples with different fat percentage were analyzed after pre-treatment. Linear range of AFM1 detection 250-6.25 pg/mL was achieved in 3% fat milk. The miniaturised assay (10 μL) enabled ultra trace analysis of AFM1 in milk with much improved lower limit of detection at 0.005 pg/mL. A sensitive magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) based ELISA was also developed and coupled with micro plate ELISA for analysis in milk. The hybrid-assay, by coupling the 1°Ab immobilized MNPs column with microwell plate assay enabled simultaneous measurement of low (0.5 pg/mL) and high AFM1 contamination (200 pg/mL). The most promising feature of this MNPs-ELISA is the small column size, high capture efficiency and lower cost over other reported materials. The proposed assay can be deployed for simultaneous analysis and monitoring of AFM1 in milk.
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Immunomagnetic quantitative immuno-PCR for detection of less than one HIV-1 virion. J Virol Methods 2009; 157:122-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang B, Liang X, Hao L, Cheng J, Gong X, Liu X, Ma G, Chang J. Quantum dots/particle-based immunofluorescence assay: Synthesis, characterization and application. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 94:45-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 09/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Baldrich E, Muñoz FX. Enzyme shadowing: using antibody–enzyme dually-labeled magnetic particles for fast bacterial detection. Analyst 2008; 133:1009-12. [DOI: 10.1039/b805536j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Distinguishing Tropical Infectious Diseases from Bioterrorism. TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2006. [PMCID: PMC7152372 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-443-06668-9.50124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Floriano PN, Christodoulides N, Romanovicz D, Bernard B, Simmons GW, Cavell M, McDevitt JT. Membrane-based on-line optical analysis system for rapid detection of bacteria and spores. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 20:2079-88. [PMID: 15741078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 08/06/2004] [Accepted: 08/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report here the adaptation of our electronic microchip technology towards the development of a new method for detecting and enumerating bacterial cells and spores. This new approach is based on the immuno-localization of bacterial spores captured on a membrane filter microchip placed within a flow cell. A combination of microfluidic, optical, and software components enables the integration of staining of the bacterial species with fully automated assays. The quantitation of the analyte signal is achieved through the measurement of a collective response or alternatively through the identification and counting of individual spores and particles. This new instrument displays outstanding analytical characteristics, and presents a limit of detection of approximately 500 spores when tested with Bacillus globigii (Bg), a commonly used simulant for Bacillus anthracis (Ba), with a total analysis time of only 5 min. Additionally, the system performed well when tested with real postal dust samples spiked with Bg in the presence of other common contaminants. This new approach is highly customizable towards a large number of relevant toxic chemicals, environmental factors, and analytes of relevance to clinical chemistry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre N Floriano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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21
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Abstract
Botulism is a deadly disease caused by ingestion of the preformed neurotoxin produced from the anaerobic spore-forming bacteria Clostridium botulinum. Botulinum neurotoxins are the most poisonous toxins known and have been a concern in the food industry for a long time. Therefore, rapid identification of botulinum neurotoxin using molecular and biochemical techniques is an essential component in the establishment of coordinated laboratory response systems and is the focus of current research and development. Because of the extreme toxicity of botulinum neurotoxin, some confirmatory testing with the mouse bioassay is still necessary, but rapid methods capable of screening large numbers of samples are also needed. This review is focused on the development of several detection methods for botulinum neurotoxins in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi K Sharma
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, USA.
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22
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Zheng H, Zu Y. Emission of Tris(2,2‘-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) by Coreactant Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence: From O2-Insensitive to Highly O2-Sensitive. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:12049-53. [PMID: 16852486 DOI: 10.1021/jp050350d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe the influence of dissolved oxygen on the emission of Ru(bpy)3(2+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) by electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) with tertiary amine as coreactant in aqueous solutions. The significance of the reactions between molecular oxygen and the ECL intermediate reducing radicals has been demonstrated for the first time. By varying the experimental conditions, the oxygen effect on different ECL routes of the Ru(bpy)3(2+)/tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) system was examined. When coreactant direct oxidation played a predominant role in producing ECL, the maximum emission intensity, especially that of the low-oxidation-potential (LOP) ECL, could change from O2-insensitive to highly O2-sensitive with decreasing TPrA concentration. This behavior can be interpreted as follows: A large excess of intermediate reducing radicals was produced at high [TPrA], and the dissolved oxygen within the ECL reaction layer was completely reduced by these radicals and exerted no quenching effect on the emission. At low [TPrA], however, coreactant oxidation generated a relatively small amount of reducing intermediates, and molecular oxygen acted as an interceptor, destroying the intermediates before they participated in the ECL pathways, which led to the obvious reduction of the emission intensity. In the latter case, the less efficient LOP ECL route was more remarkably affected. When ECL was generated primarily via the catalytic route at high [Ru(bpy)3(2+)], the reactions consuming the intermediate radicals by O2 became insignificant, and he drop of emission intensity in the presence of oxygen could mainly be ascribed to the excited-state quenching. A similar oxygen effect was also observed for the Ru(bpy)3(2+)/triethylamine (TEA) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huzhi Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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23
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Fox A, Stewart GC, Waller LN, Fox KF, Harley WM, Price RL. Carbohydrates and glycoproteins of Bacillus anthracis and related bacilli: targets for biodetection. J Microbiol Methods 2003; 54:143-52. [PMID: 12782370 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(03)00095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The spore is the form released in a bioterrorism attack. There is a real need for definition of new targets for Bacillus anthracis that might be incorporated into emerging biodetection technologies. Particularly of interest are macromolecules found in B. anthracis that are (1) spore-specific, (2) readily accessible on the spore surface and (3) distinct from those present in related organisms. One of the few biochemical methods to identify the spores of B. anthracis is based on the presence of rhamnose and 3-O-methyl rhamnose as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Related organisms additionally contain 2-O-methyl rhamnose and fucose. Carbohydrates and glycoproteins of the B. cereus group of organisms and the related B. subilis group are reviewed here. It is hypothesized that the spore-specific carbohydrate is a component of the newly described glycoprotein of the exosporium of B. anthracis. Further work to define the protein and carbohydrate components of the glycoprotein of B. anthracis could be highly useful in developing new technologies for rapid biodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Fox
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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24
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Peruski AH, Peruski LF. Immunological methods for detection and identification of infectious disease and biological warfare agents. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 10:506-13. [PMID: 12853377 PMCID: PMC164256 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.4.506-513.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Harwood Peruski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Northwest Center, Gary, Indiana 46408, USA.
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25
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Fox A. Report of the "Bioterrorism Workshop." Duke University Thomas Center on April 2-4, 2002, organized by US Army Research Office. J Microbiol Methods 2002; 51:247-54. [PMID: 12223285 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(02)00085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Fox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable molecular procedure for the detection of Escherichia coli in milk. METHODS AND RESULTS Robust and expeditious DNA extraction and PCR techniques were evaluated using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) detection of biotin-labelled amplicons to facilitate optimal detection of E. coli DNA. CONCLUSIONS It was found that 5 E. coli colony-forming units (cfu) could be detected per PCR reaction using the PCR-ELISA system, equating to a sensitivity of detection of 100 E. coli cfu ml(-1) pasteurized milk. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This approach should facilitate evaluation of milk contamination and enable rapid detection of E. coli mastitis, leading to correct deployment of relevant antibiotic therapy and improved animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Daly
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland
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Naimushin AN, Soelberg SD, Nguyen DK, Dunlap L, Bartholomew D, Elkind J, Melendez J, Furlong CE. Detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B at femtomolar levels with a miniature integrated two-channel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2002; 17:573-84. [PMID: 11959480 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(02)00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors offer the capability for continuous real-time monitoring. The commercial instruments available have been large in size, expensive, and not amenable to field applications. We report here an SPR sensor system based on a prototype two-channel system similar to the single channel Spreeta devices. This system is an ideal candidate for field use. The two-channel design provides a reference channel to compensate for bulk refractive index (RI), non-specific binding and temperature variations. The SPR software includes a calibration function that normalizes the response from both channels, thus enabling accurate referencing. In addition, a temperature-controlled enclosure utilizing a thermo-electric module based on the Peltier effect provides the temperature stability necessary for accurate measurements of RI. The complete SPR sensor system can be powered by a 12V battery. Pre-functionalized, disposable, gold-coated thin glass slides provide easily renewable sensor elements for the system. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB), a small protein toxin was directly detectable at sub-nanomolar levels and with amplification at femtomolar levels. A regeneration procedure for the sensor surface allowed for over 60 direct detection cycles in a 1-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei N Naimushin
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. USA
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Zhou B, Wirsching P, Janda KD. Human antibodies against spores of the genus Bacillus: a model study for detection of and protection against anthrax and the bioterrorist threat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:5241-6. [PMID: 11959974 PMCID: PMC122754 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.082121599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A naive, human single-chain Fv (scFv) phage-display library was used in bio-panning against live, native spores of Bacillus subtilis IFO 3336 suspended in solution. A direct in vitro panning and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based selection afforded a panel of nine scFv-phage clones of which two, 5B and 7E, were chosen for further study. These two clones differed in their relative specificity and affinity for spores of B. subtilis IFO 3336 vs. a panel of spores from 11 other Bacillus species/strains. A variety of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay protocols indicated these scFv-phage clones recognized different spore epitopes. Notably, some spore epitopes markedly changed between the free and microtiter-plate immobilized state as revealed by antibody-phage binding. An additional library selection procedure also was examined by constructing a Fab chain-shuffled sublibrary from the nine positive clones and by using a subtractive panning strategy to remove crossreactivity with B. licheniformis 5A24. The Fab-phage clone 52 was improved compared with 5B and was comparable to 7E in binding B. subtilis IFO 3336 vs. B. licheniformis 5A24, yet showed a distinctive crossreactivity pattern with other spores. We also developed a method to directly detect individual spores by using fluorescently labeled antibody-phage. Finally, a variety of "powders" that might be used in deploying spores of B. anthracis were examined for antibody-phage binding. The strategies described provide a foundation to discover human antibodies specific for native spores of B. anthracis that can be developed as diagnostic and therapeutic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Veal DA, Deere D, Ferrari B, Piper J, Attfield PV. Fluorescence staining and flow cytometry for monitoring microbial cells. J Immunol Methods 2000; 243:191-210. [PMID: 10986415 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(00)00234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Large numbers of microbiological samples are analysed annually using traditional culture-based techniques. These techniques take hours to days to yield a result, are tedious and are not suitable for non-culturable microorganisms. Further, culture-based techniques do not provide real-time information on the physiological status of the organism in situ which is important in the industrial manufacture of many microbial products. Flow cytometry offers the prospect of real-time microbial analysis of individual microorganisms, without dependency on microbial culture. However, flow cytometry has not been extensively used as a tool for routine microbial analysis. This has been mainly due to the high cost and complexity of instrumentation, the need for trained flow cytometrists and the lack of assay kits with appropriate biological reagents for specific applications. Many modern instruments are now relatively simple to operate, due to improvements in the user-interface, and no longer need a specialist operator. However, most cytometers are still reliant on analogue technology first developed 20-30 years ago. The incorporation of modern, solid state opto-electronics combined with micro-fabrication and digital signal processing technology offers the prospect of simple to use, low cost and robust instruments suitable for microbial analyses. Advances are being made in the development of a range of biological reagents and these are now being formulated into simple to use kits for microbiological applications. Currently, these kits are largely restricted to simple analyses, for example to assay for total or viable numbers of microorganisms present. However, technologies are available to selectively label specific types of microorganisms. For example, fluorescent antibodies can be used to label microorganisms according to expression of particular antigens, fluorescent in situ hybridisation to label according to phylogeny and fluorogenic enzymatic substrates to label according to expression of specific enzyme activities. Reagents are also available that stain viruses sufficiently brightly to enable their direct detection in environments such as sea water. Microorganisms need to be detected in a variety of different matrices (e.g., water, mud, food, and beverages) and these matrices may be highly variable in nature (e.g., tap water compared to river water). Many matrices have high background autofluorescence (e.g., algae and minerals in water samples) or may bind non-specifically to the fluorescent biological reagents used (e.g., protein micelles in milk). Formulation of biological reagents and sample pre-treatments are critical to the development of suitable microbiological assays. Here, developments in instrumentation and biological reagents for microbiological applications are reviewed with specific examples from environmental or industrial microbiology. The broader considerations for the development of microbial assays for flow cytometry are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Veal
- Centre for Development of Fluorimetric Applications in Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, 2109, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Kijek TM, Rossi CA, Moss D, Parker RW, Henchal EA. Rapid and sensitive immunomagnetic-electrochemiluminescent detection of staphyloccocal enterotoxin B. J Immunol Methods 2000; 236:9-17. [PMID: 10699575 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive, rapid and reproducible detection of staphyloccocal enterotoxin B (SEB) in a range of different biological matrices was achieved using the ORIGEN((R)) Immunoassay System (Igen, Inc). The homologous immunoassay format consisted of a double antibody sandwich in which a biotinylated capture antibody, pre-bound to streptavidin-coated paramagnetic beads, was used to bind antigen from test samples. A detector antibody, labeled with ruthenium (II) tris-bipyridal chelate, was added and, when bound to the bead immunocomplex, generated light in the presence of an excess of tripropylamine. The light was detected and measured by the ORIGEN analyzer. The sensitivity of this assay was 1 pg of enterotoxin per ml of serum, urine, tissue, or buffer and was highly reproducible. Concentration curves generated from SEB standards produced consistently wide linear ranges (0.1-100 ng/ml), making quantitation possible with only two dilutions of sample (undiluted and 1:1000). The assay used 50 microl of sample per test and required a 30 min incubation period in addition to a 1 min per tube reading time (50 tubes maximum). This assay was significantly better in terms of sensitivity, linear range, and assay time than the standard microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and should permit early SEB detection in clinical samples, food, and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Kijek
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
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