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Ganassi S, Di Domenico C, Altomare C, Grazioso P, Di Cillo P, Pietrantonio L, De Cristofaro A. Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against Philaenus spumarius, the vector of Xylella fastidosa. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:4585-4593. [PMID: 38769855 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylella fastidiosa is an important causative agent of Olive Quick Decline Syndrome in the Apulia region of Italy. The current study evaluated the bioefficacy of three entomopathogenic fungal strains: Beauveria bassiana SGB7004, Metarhizium robertsii SGB1K, and Akanthomyces lecanii SGB4711 against Philaenus spumarius the main vector of this pathogen, under laboratory conditions. Pathogenicity bioassays were performed by dipping nymphs and adults of P. spumarius in an aqueous suspension of powdered fungal culture (PFC) or conidial suspension (CS) of the three fungal strains. RESULTS Both B. bassiana SGB7004 and M. robertsii SGB1K affected the viability of nymphs, resulting in more than 80% mortality at 48 h post treatment, while the effect of A. lecanii SGB4711 was not statistically significant. On adults, all three biocontrol strains were effective in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The PFCs of B. bassiana SGB7004, M. robertsii SGB1K, and A. lecanii SGB4711 at the highest concentration tested (120 mg mL-1) resulted in 97%, 83% and 27% mortality at the trial endpoint (120 h), respectively. Mycelial growth was observed on 38.5%, 37.0% and 61.5% of dead insects treated with B. bassiana SGB7004 (2.3 × 108 CFU mL-1), M. robertsii SGB1K (3.8 × 106 CFU mL-1) and A. lecanii SGB4711 (5.4 × 108 CFU mL-1), respectively. None of the PFCs of the tested strains was pathogenic when injected into nymph spittle. CONCLUSIONS Beauveria bassiana SGB7004 and M. robertsii SGB1K significantly affected the survival of P. spumarius nymphs and adults, while A. lecanii SGB4711 was not effective on nymphs and only slightly effective against adults. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ganassi
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Carmela Di Domenico
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Pasqualina Grazioso
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio De Cristofaro
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Hajji-Hedfi L, Hlaoua W, Rhouma A, Al-Judaibi AA, Arcos SC, Robertson L, Ciordia S, Horrigue-Raouani N, Navas A, Abdel-Azeem AM. Biological and proteomic analysis of a new isolate of the nematophagous fungus lecanicillium sp. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:108. [PMID: 37081392 PMCID: PMC10116813 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our continuing search for biologically active natural enemies from North of Africa with special reference to Tunisian fungi, our teamwork screened fungi from different ecological habitats in Tunisia. Our previous study on the comparative effectiveness of filamentous fungi in the biocontrol of Meloidogyne javanica, a taxon (Lecanicillium) showed high potentiality against M. javanica. We undertook the present study to evaluate the ability and understand the mechanism of this fungal parasite as a biological control candidate against the root-knot nematode M. javanica. This study used in vitro bioassays with fungal filtrate cultures, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, and isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) methodology to characterize the biological and molecular features of this fungus. RESULTS The microscopic and SEM observation revealed that Lecanicillium sp. exhibited exceptional hyperparasitism against M. javanica eggs. The hyphae of this fungi penetrated the eggs, causing destructive damage to the outer eggshell. The exposure to five concentrations of Lecanicillium sp. filtrate cultures showed high inhibition of egg hatching, which increases depending on the exposure time; the best results are recorded at 50%, 75%, and 100% dilutions after seven days of exposure. The SEM observation of nematode-parasitized eggs and juveniles suggests that the production of lytic enzymes degrades the egg cuticle and fungal hyphae penetrate unhatched M.javanica juveniles. Forty-seven unique proteins were identified from the Lecanicillium sp. isolate. These proteins have signalling and stress response functions, bioenergy, metabolism, and protein synthesis and degradation. CONCLUSION Collectively, Lecanicillium sp. had ovicidal potentiality proved by SEM and proteomic analysis against root-knot nematode' eggs. This study recommended applying this biological control candidate as a bio-agent on vegetable crops grown in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobna Hajji-Hedfi
- Regional Centre of Agricultural Research of Sidi Bouzid, CRRA, Gafsa Road Km 6, B.P. 357, Sidi Bouzid, 9100, Tunisia.
| | - Wassila Hlaoua
- Department of Plant Protection and Biological Sciences, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Abdelhak Rhouma
- Regional Centre of Agricultural Research of Sidi Bouzid, CRRA, Gafsa Road Km 6, B.P. 357, Sidi Bouzid, 9100, Tunisia
| | - Awatif A Al-Judaibi
- Department of Biological Sciences-Microbiology Section, Faculty of Science, Jeddah University, Jeddah, 21959, Saudi Arabia
| | - Susana Cobacho Arcos
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lee Robertson
- Dpto Protección Vegetal. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias. Carretera de la Coruña, Km 7, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Najet Horrigue-Raouani
- Department of Plant Protection and Biological Sciences, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Alfonso Navas
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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Bhat AA, Shakeel A, Waqar S, Handoo ZA, Khan AA. Microbes vs. Nematodes: Insights into Biocontrol through Antagonistic Organisms to Control Root-Knot Nematodes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:451. [PMID: 36771535 PMCID: PMC9919851 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are sedentary endoparasites that cause severe economic losses to agricultural crops globally. Due to the regulations of the European Union on the application of nematicides, it is crucial now to discover eco-friendly control strategies for nematode management. Biocontrol is one such safe and reliable method for managing these polyphagous nematodes. Biocontrol agents not only control these parasitic nematodes but also improve plant growth and induce systemic resistance in plants against a variety of biotic stresses. A wide range of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoans live in their natural mode as nematode antagonists. Various review articles have discussed the role of biocontrol in nematode management in general, but a specific review on biocontrol of root-knot nematodes is not available in detail. This review, therefore, focuses on the biocontrol of root-knot nematodes by discussing their important known antagonists, modes of action, and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Ameen Bhat
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Adnan Shakeel
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Sonia Waqar
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Zafar Ahmad Handoo
- Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Northeast Area, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Abrar Ahmed Khan
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Xie T, Jiang L, Li J, Hong B, Wang X, Jia Y. Effects of Lecanicillium lecanii strain JMC-01 on the physiology, biochemistry, and mortality of Bemisia tabaci Q-biotype nymphs. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7690. [PMID: 31576242 PMCID: PMC6752192 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lecanicillium lecanii is an entomopathogenic fungi, which was isolated from insects suffering from disease. Now, it is an effective bio-control resource that can control agricultural pests such as whitefly and aphids. There are many studies on the control of various agricultural pests by L. lecanii, but no report on its control of Bemisia tabaci biotype-Q exists. In this work, we studied the susceptibility of B. tabaci Q-biotype (from Ningxia, China) to L. lecanii JMC-01 in terms of nymph mortality and the changes in detoxifying protective enzymes activities. Methods B. tabaci nymphs were exposed to L. lecanii JMC-01 conidia by immersion with the host culture. Mortality was assessed daily for all nymph stages. The detoxifying and protective enzyme activity changes, weight changes, and fat, and water contents of the nymphs were determined spectrophotometrically. Results All instars of B. tabaci died after being infested with 1 × 108 conidia/mL. The 2nd-instar nymphs were the most susceptible, followed by the 3rd-instar nymphs. The corrected cumulative mortality of the 2nd- and 3rd-instar nymphs was 82.22% and 75.55%, respectively. The levels of detoxifying and protective enzymes initially increased and then decreased. The highest activities of carboxylesterase, acetylcholinesterase, peroxidase, and catalase occurred on the 3rd day, reaching 10.5, 0.32, 20, and 6.3 U/mg prot, respectively. These levels were 2.2-, 4.3-, 2.4-, and 1.4-fold the control levels, respectively. The highest activities of glutathione-S transferase and superoxide dismutase on the 2nd day were, respectively, 64 and 43.5 U/mg prot. These levels were, respectively, 2.7 and 1.1-fold that of the control level. The water and fat content in the infected B. tabaci nymphs decreased and differed significantly from the control levels. The weight increased continuously in the first 24 h, decreasing thereafter. At 72 h, the infestation level was about 0.78-fold that of the control level. Conclusions The studied L. lecanii JMC-01 strain is pathogenic to the B. tabaci Q-biotype. This strain interferes with the normal functioning of detoxifying and protective enzymes, and is also involved in the disruption of normal physiological metabolism in B. tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xie
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Jianshe Li
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Bo Hong
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xinpu Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yanxia Jia
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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Abstract
Microbial biopesticides include several microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, baculoviruses, and nematode-associated bacteria acting against invertebrate pests in agro-ecosystems. The biopesticide sector is experiencing a significant growth and many discoveries are being developed into new biopesticidal products that are fueling a growing global market offer. Following a few decades of successful use of the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and a few other microbial species, recent academic and industrial efforts have led to the discovery of new microbial species and strains, and of their specific toxins and virulence factors. Many of these have, therefore, been developed into commercial products. Bacterial entomopathogens include several Bacillaceae, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Yersinia, Burkholderia, Chromobacterium, Streptomyces, and Saccharopolyspora species, while fungi comprise different strains of Beauveria bassiana, B. brongniartii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Verticillium, Lecanicillium, Hirsutella, Paecilomyces, and Isaria species. Baculoviruses are species-specific and refer to niche products active against chewing insects, especially Lepidopteran caterpillars. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) mainly include species in the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema associated with mutualistic symbiotic bacteria belonging to the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus. An updated representation of the current knowledge on microbial biopesticides and of the availability of active substances that can be used in integrated pest management programs in agro-ecosystems is reported here.
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Corradi da Silva ML, Exposti DT, Vasconcelos AF, Alexandre SM, Silveira JL, Ducatti DR. Glucogalactan: A polysaccharide isolated from the cell-wall of Verticillium Lecanii. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:1353-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ghikas DV, Kouvelis VN, Typas MA. Phylogenetic and biogeographic implications inferred by mitochondrial intergenic region analyses and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and B. brongniartii. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:174. [PMID: 20553589 PMCID: PMC2896372 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Beauveria are cosmopolitan with a variety of different insect hosts. The two most important species, B. bassiana and B. brongniartii, have already been used as biological control agents of pests in agriculture and as models for the study of insect host - pathogen interactions. Mitochondrial (mt) genomes, due to their properties to evolve faster than the nuclear DNA, to contain introns and mobile elements and to exhibit extended polymorphisms, are ideal tools to examine genetic diversity within fungal populations and genetically identify a species or a particular isolate. Moreover, mt intergenic region can provide valuable phylogenetic information to study the biogeography of the fungus. RESULTS The complete mt genomes of B. bassiana (32,263 bp) and B. brongniartii (33,920 bp) were fully analysed. Apart from a typical gene content and organization, the Beauveria mt genomes contained several introns and had longer intergenic regions when compared with their close relatives. The phylogenetic diversity of a population of 84 Beauveria strains -mainly B. bassiana (n = 76) - isolated from temperate, sub-tropical and tropical habitats was examined by analyzing the nucleotide sequences of two mt intergenic regions (atp6-rns and nad3-atp9) and the nuclear ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 domain. Mt sequences allowed better differentiation of strains than the ITS region. Based on mt and the concatenated dataset of all genes, the B. bassiana strains were placed into two main clades: (a) the B. bassiana s. l. and (b) the "pseudobassiana". The combination of molecular phylogeny with criteria of geographic and climatic origin showed for the first time in entomopathogenic fungi, that the B. bassiana s. l. can be subdivided into seven clusters with common climate characteristics. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that mt genomes and in particular intergenic regions provide molecular phylogeny tools that combined with criteria of geographic and climatic origin can subdivide the B. bassiana s.l. entomopathogenic fungi into seven clusters with common climate characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri V Ghikas
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15701, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassili N Kouvelis
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15701, Athens, Greece
| | - Milton A Typas
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15701, Athens, Greece
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Kuo HC, Su YL, Yang HL, Chen TY. Establishment and Application of PCR-SSCP Profile for Molecular Typing ofCordycepsFungi. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/08905430802458354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Potential of Lecanicillium spp. for management of insects, nematodes and plant diseases. J Invertebr Pathol 2008; 98:256-61. [PMID: 18423483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fungi in the genus Lecanicillium (formerly classified as the single species Verticillium lecanii) are important pathogens of insects and some have been developed as commercial biopesticides. Some isolates are also active against phytoparasitic nematodes or fungi. Lecanicillium spp. use both mechanical forces and hydrolytic enzymes to directly penetrate the insect integument and the cell wall of the fungal plant pathogen. In addition to mycoparasitism of the plant pathogen, the mode of action is linked to colonization of host plant tissues, triggering an induced systemic resistance. Recently it was demonstrated that development of Lecanicillium hybrids through protoplast fusion may result in strains that inherit parental attributes, thereby allowing development of hybrid strains with broader host range and other increased benefits, such as increased viability. Such hybrids have demonstrated increased virulence against aphids, whiteflies and the soybean cyst nematode. Three naturally occurring species of Lecanicillium, L. attenuatum, L. longisporum, and an isolate that could not be linked to any presently described species based on rDNA sequences have been shown to have potential to control aphids as well as suppress the growth and spore production of Sphaerotheca fuliginea, the causal agent of cucumber powdery mildew. These results suggest that strains of Lecanicillium spp. may have potential for development as a single microbial control agent effective against several plant diseases, pest insects and plant parasitic nematodes due to its antagonistic, parasitic and disease resistance inducing characteristics. However, to our knowledge, no Lecanicillium spp. have been developed for control of phytopathogens or phytoparasitic nematodes.
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Kouvelis VN, Sialakouma A, Typas MA. Mitochondrial gene sequences alone or combined with ITS region sequences provide firm molecular criteria for the classification of Lecanicillium species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 112:829-44. [PMID: 18501578 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The recent revision of Verticillium sect. Prostrata led to the introduction of the genus Lecanicillium, which comprises the majority of the entomopathogenic strains. Sixty-five strains previously classified as Verticillium lecanii or Verticillium sp. from different geographical regions and hosts were examined and their phylogenetic relationships were determined using sequences from three mitochondrial (mt) genes [the small rRNA subunit (rns), the NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1 (nad1) and 3 (nad3)] and the ITS region. In general, single gene phylogenetic trees differentiated and placed the strains examined in well-supported (by BS analysis) groups of L. lecanii, L. longisporum, L. muscarium, and L. nodulosum, although in some cases a few uncertainties still remained. nad1 was the most informative single gene in phylogenetic analyses and was also found to contain group I introns with putative open reading frames (ORFs) encoding for GIY-YIG endonucleases. The combined use of mt gene sequences resolved taxonomic uncertainties arisen from ITS analysis and, alone or in combination with ITS sequences, helped in placing uncharacterised Verticillium lecanii and Verticillium sp. firmly into Lecanicillium species. Combined gene data from all the mt genes and all the mt genes and the ITS region together, were very similar. Furthermore, a relaxed correlation with host specificity -- at least for Homoptera -- was indicated for the rns and the combined mt gene sequences. Thus, the usefulness of mt gene sequences as a convenient molecular tool in phylogenetic studies of entomopathogenic fungi was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassili N Kouvelis
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistemiopolis, Athens, Greece
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Kouvelis VN, Ghikas DV, Edgington S, Typas MA, Moore D. Molecular characterization of isolates of Beauveria bassiana obtained from overwintering and summer populations of Sunn Pest (Eurygaster integriceps). Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 46:414-20. [PMID: 18290810 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine whether isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana are more closely associated to their summer hosts compared with overwintering hosts, with recently developed molecular tools based on mitochondrial regions. METHODS AND RESULTS Primers for the traditional ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and two mitochondrial intergenic regions, namely, nad3-atp9 and atp6-rns, were used. All amplified products were sequenced, aligned and Neighbour-Joining (NJ), parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic inference analyses were performed. The isolates examined were grouped with very good support into three distinct groups, two of them showed geographical correlation, but no clear association to their host. CONCLUSIONS The mitochondrial intergenic regions used were more informative than the nuclear ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences. The sequence variability observed, that allowed the phylogenetic placement of the isolates into distinct groups, depended on the geographical origin of the isolates and can be exploited for designing group-specific and isolate-specific primers for their genetic fingerprinting. No clear associations with summer Sunn Pest populations were observed. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Studies on the genetic variability of biocontrol agents like B. bassiana are indispensable for the development of molecular tools for their future monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Kouvelis
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Shinya R, Watanabe A, Aiuchi D, Tani M, Kuramochi K, Kushida A, Koike M. Potential of Verticillium lecanii (Lecanicillium spp.) hybrid strains as biological control agents for soybean cyst nematode: Is protoplast fusion an effective tool for development of plant-parasitic nematode control agents? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3725/jjn.38.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kuo HC, Su YL, Yang HL, Huang IC, Chen TY. Differentiation ofCordyceps Sinensisby a PCR-Single-Stranded Conformation Polymorphism-Based Method and Characterization of the Fermented Products in Taiwan. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/08905430600709461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ghikas DV, Kouvelis VN, Typas MA. The complete mitochondrial genome of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae: gene order and trn gene clusters reveal a common evolutionary course for all Sordariomycetes, while intergenic regions show variation. Arch Microbiol 2006; 185:393-401. [PMID: 16552580 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-006-0104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae, with a total size of 24,673 bp, was one of the smallest known mtDNAs of Pezizomycotina. It contained the 14 typical genes coding for proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation, the two rRNA genes, a single intron that harbored an intronic ORF coding for a putative ribosomal protein (rps) within the large rRNA gene (rnl), and a set of 24 tRNA genes which recognized codons for all amino acids, except proline and valine. Gene order comparison with all known mtDNAs of Sordariomycetes illustrated a highly conserved genome organization for all the protein- and rRNA-coding genes, as well as three clusters of tRNA genes. By considering all mitochondrial essential protein-coding genes as one unit a phylogenetic study of these small genomes strongly supported the common evolutionary course of Sordariomycetes (100% bootstrap support) and highlighted the advantages of analyzing small genomes (mtDNA) over single genes. In addition, comparative analysis of three intergenic regions demonstrated sequence variability that can be exploited for intra- and inter-specific identification of Metarhizium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri V Ghikas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistemiopolis, 15701 Athens, Greece
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Lee SY, Nakajima I, Ihara F, Kinoshita H, Nihira T. Cultivation of Entomopathogenic Fungi for the Search of Antibacterial Compounds. Mycopathologia 2005; 160:321-5. [PMID: 16244901 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-005-0179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi are a rich source of natural bioactive compounds. To establish cultivation conditions which facilitate the production of bioactive compounds and to select good genera among entomopathogenic fungi as the producer, 47 typical entomopathogenic fungi were tested for their ability to produce antibiotic activity. Thirty-eight strains (81%) and 30 strains (64%) of these fungi produced either anti-Bacillus compounds or anti-Staphylococcus compounds, respectively, indicating that the majority of the entomopathogenic fungi tested possessed the ability to produce antibacterial compounds. Using 9 representative strains (Aschersonia sp. HF724, Beauveria bassiana HF338, Cordyceps ramosopulvinata HF746, Metarhizium anisopliae HF293, Metarhizium flavoviride HF698, Nomuraea rileyi HF588, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus HF254, Paecilomyces tenuipes HF419, and Verticillium lecanii HF238), the cultivation conditions in liquid medium were surveyed with respect to the cultivation procedure and medium composition, particularly in terms of the presence or absence of insect-derived materials. At 26 degrees C, M. anisopliae HF293, N. rileyi HF588, and V. lecanii HF238 strains produced clear antibiotic activity against Bacillus and Saccharomyces, but only in the presence of insect-derived materials, suggesting that the production of antibacterial/antifungal compounds by entomopathogenic fungi is triggered by the presence of insect-derived materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Young Lee
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Kuo HC, Su YL, Yang HL, Chen TY. Identification of Chinese medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis by PCR-single-stranded conformation polymorphism and phylogenetic relationship. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:3963-8. [PMID: 15884824 DOI: 10.1021/jf0482562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Fungi belonging to the Cordyceps species have long been used as food and herbal medicines in Asia and are especially popular as commercially available powdered supplements. Despite this acceptance and use, little is known of the phylogenetic relationships of the genus. Presently, the neighbor-joining method based on the ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, and ITS2 regions was used to construct a phylogenetic tree of 17 Cordyceps isolates. Five major groups were evident. Cordyceps sinensis was less closely related to 15 Cordyceps species but shared a closer relationship with Cordyceps agriota. PCR-single-stranded conformational polymorphism was applied to differentiate seven Cordyceps isolates: five were different from those used to construct the phylogenetic tree, based on differences in the internal spacer 2 (ITS2). The length of ITS2, amplified by primers 5.8SR and ITS4, vary between 334 and 400 bp. This segment could be used for intraspecies classification or detection of mutations and represents potential novel means of identification of this fungal genus in herbal medicines and in quality control applications in the fermentation industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Che Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Castrillo LA, Roberts DW, Vandenberg JD. The fungal past, present, and future: Germination, ramification, and reproduction. J Invertebr Pathol 2005; 89:46-56. [PMID: 16039305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kouvelis VN, Ghikas DV, Typas MA. The analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Lecanicillium muscarium (synonym Verticillium lecanii) suggests a minimum common gene organization in mtDNAs of Sordariomycetes: phylogenetic implications. Fungal Genet Biol 2004; 41:930-40. [PMID: 15341915 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2003] [Accepted: 07/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) of the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium muscarium (synonym Verticillium lecanii) with a total size of 24,499-bp has been analyzed. So far, it is the smallest known mitochondrial genome among Pezizomycotina, with an extremely compact gene organization and only one group-I intron in its large ribosomal RNA (rnl) gene. It contains the 14 typical genes coding for proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation, the two rRNA genes, one intronic ORF coding for a possible ribosomal protein (rps), and a set of 25 tRNA genes which recognize codons for all amino acids, except alanine and cysteine. All genes are transcribed from the same DNA strand. Gene order comparison with all available complete fungal mtDNAs-representatives of all four Phyla are included-revealed some characteristic common features like uninterrupted gene pairs, overlapping genes, and extremely variable intergenic regions, that can all be exploited for the study of fungal mitochondrial genomes. Moreover, a minimum common mtDNA gene order could be detected, in two units, for all known Sordariomycetes namely nad1-nad4-atp8-atp6 and rns-cox3-rnl, which can be extended in Hypocreales, to nad4L-nad5-cob-cox1-nad1-nad4-atp8-atp6 and rns-cox3-rnl nad2-nad3, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of all fungal mtDNA essential protein-coding genes as one unit, clearly demonstrated the superiority of small genome (mtDNA) over single gene comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassili N Kouvelis
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistemiopolis, Athens 157 01, Greece
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Fargues J, Bon MC. Influence of temperature preferences of two Paecilomyces fumosoroseus lineages on their co-infection pattern. J Invertebr Pathol 2004; 87:94-104. [PMID: 15579318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to clarify the epidemiological potential of entomopathogenic fungi for insect pest control, the role of the temperature as one environmental constraint was investigated on the pattern of co-infection of Galleria mellonella by two distinct lineages of a hyphomycete, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. The distribution of conidial populations collected on cadavers of hosts co-infected under 20 regimes, ranging from 13 to 35 degrees C, was examined. The apparent temperature tolerance of both fungal isolates was related to their in vitro colony growth and their in vivo sporulation ability. The conidial populations were characterized by molecular markers based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS-RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) contrasting profiles in combination with the conidial size. This study allowed a different temperature profile was identified for each isolate. Under most temperature regimes, only one lineage prevailed upon the infected insect; whereas both lineages coexisted at 20-25 and 25-25 degrees C. When one haplotype dominated, the displacement of the other one depended on its temperature tolerance. These results suggest that more consideration should be given to population-genetics analyses for evaluating the adaptability of microbial control agents to targeted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fargues
- Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations (CBGP), INRA, Campus International Agropolis de Baillarguet, CS 30 016, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex, France.
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