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Kumari N, Ahirwar R, Yadav A, Ramakrishnan L, Sagar SK, Mondal PR. ACE Gene I/D Polymorphism and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Cross Sectional Study of Rural Population. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:1008-1020. [PMID: 37507644 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The D allele has been identified as being linked to cardiovascular disease since the discovery of an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the ACE gene, this polymorphism has been found to have significant associations with a variety of cardiovascular risk factors. Recent findings indicate a rising prevalence of metabolic disorders among rural populations in developing nations. Research on health matters has been predominantly focused on urban populations, with relatively less attention given to their rural counterparts Hence, the present study attempts to estimate the prevalence of ACE gene I/D polymorphism and explore its association with various cardiovascular risk factors among Rural Yadav population from India. In the present study, 207 (Male 47, Female 160) members of the Yadav community participated in the cross-sectional study. All the socio-demographic factors, somatometric (anthropometric) variables, and the intravenous blood was collected and Physiological (blood pressure), and biochemical (fasting glucose and lipid profile) parameters were measured as recommended by the American Heart Association, allele-specific PCR of the ACE gene I/D polymorphism was carried out, the PCR products were genotyped on 2% agarose gel Electrophoresis and ACE gene polymorphism was analysed for its association with various cardiovascular risk factors. Among the analysed individuals, 34 (16.4%) were found to have the II genotype, 58 (28.0%) had the ID genotype, and 115 (55.6%) had the DD genotype. The allele frequency of the I allele was found to be 0.31, and the frequency of the D allele was 0.69. The frequency of the DD genotype was found to be significantly higher among individuals with high TC, high TG, and low non-HDL levels (p value < 0.05). When considered collectively, the findings of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that the DD genotype of ACE polymorphism represents a correlation with cardiovascular disease risk factors in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kumari
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Rajeev Ahirwar
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Amarjeet Yadav
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Lakshmy Ramakrishnan
- Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Surender Kumar Sagar
- Department of Zoology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110036, India
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Hadian B, Zafarmohtashami A, Chaghervand Z, Nouryazdan N. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and hypertension disease. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1165-1169. [PMID: 32401071 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1762225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which is important for controlling haemostasis in the body, can increase the development of essential hypertension (HTN). Various surveys have shown that ACE I/D polymorphism that influences ACE activity, a key component of RAS, has been known to be associated with the risk of HTN. The goal of this study was to investigate the correlation between ACE (I/D) polymorphism and HTN.Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 102 patients and 104 healthy individuals. The two groups were matched by age and sex. Informed consent was prepared for the study. The demographic data were collected using a questionnaire. White blood cells (WBCs) and then DNA were extracted from whole blood. After this, the PCR test was performed using specific primers. PCR products were examined using 1% agarose gel. Individuals with genotype II having a band of 490 bp, ID two band of 490 bp and 190 bp, and individuals with DD genotype, have a band in region 190 bp.Results: The average age of the patients was 52.7 ± 7.5 years. A significant difference was seen in the distribution of DD, II and I/D genotypes of ACE polymorphism between the essential hypertensive patients (44.1, 10.8, and 45.1%) and their ethnically matched healthy control (61.5, 3.8, and 24.6%, respectively). Our study showed an increased risk of disease in people with II genotype in comparison to ID and DD genotypes (0.46 (0.1-1.75) and 0.26 (0.05-0.94), respectively).Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that ACEI/D polymorphism is characterised with greater risk of essential HTN in the Lorestan province. II genotype increased the relative risk of essential HTN in the population. In the future, more investigations with more samples size are recommended for the better study of genetic factors in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Hadian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Azita Zafarmohtashami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Zeinab Chaghervand
- Internal Ward, Social Security Hospital, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Negar Nouryazdan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Association of angiotensin converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism with essential hypertension in south Indian population. Genes Dis 2016; 3:159-163. [PMID: 30258884 PMCID: PMC6146176 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic, environmental and demographic factors contribute to the development of essential hypertension. Genetic polymorphism of Rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has been extensively studied to determine the genetic susceptibility to hypertension. The insertion/deletion (I/D) angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphism has been established as a cardiovascular risk factor in some population, but its association with essential hypertension is controversial. This study sought to determine the association of I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene in south Indian essential hypertensive subjects. A total of 208 clinically diagnosed essential hypertensive patients without any associated diseases and 220 healthy control subjects were included in this study. Distribution and allelic frequency of Insertion (I) and Deletion (D) polymorphism at the 287 base pair Alu repeat sequence in the intron 16 of ACE gene were analyzed. The distribution of II, ID, DD genotypes of ACE gene was 28.3%, 32.6% and 38.9% respectively in essential hypertensive patients and to 53.6%, 26.3% and 20% in controls. The allele frequency for D allele is 0.58 in essential hypertension as compared to 0.34 of control subjects. The genotype and allele frequency of ACE gene polymorphism is significantly differed in patients when compared to controls. In conclusion, the I/D polymorphism of ACE gene is associated with Indian essential hypertension.
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Patnaik M, Pati P, Swain SN, Mohapatra MK, Dwibedi B, Kar SK, Ranjit M. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 gene polymorphisms with essential hypertension in the population of Odisha, India. Ann Hum Biol 2013; 41:145-52. [PMID: 24112034 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2013.837195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a serious health issue worldwide and essential hypertension, which includes 90-95% of the cases, is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Identification of these factors may help in control of this disease. The Insertion/Deletion (I/D) polymorphism in Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene and rs2106809 (C > T) polymorphism in Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) gene have been reported to be associated with essential hypertension in different populations. AIM To investigate the association of ACE I/D and ACE2 rs2106809 polymorphisms with essential hypertension in the population of Odisha, an eastern Indian state. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 246 hypertensives (159 males and 87 females) and 274 normotensives (158 males and 116 females) were enrolled in the study. Detailed anthropometric data, tobacco, alcohol and food habits were recorded and 2 ml of venous blood was collected for biochemical and genetic analysis. RESULTS The DD genotype of ACE and TT genotype of ACE2 were significantly high among female hypertensives, while T allele of ACE2 was linked to male hypertensives. In the male population, alcohol was also identified as a potential risk factor. CONCLUSION Among females, ACE I/D and ACE2 rs2106809 polymorphisms, while among males, ACE2 rs2106809 polymorphism and alcohol consumption are associated with essential hypertension in the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Patnaik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Regional Medical Research Centre , Bhubaneswar , India
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Choudhury I, Jothimalar R, Patra AK. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism and its Association with Hypertension in South Indian Population. Indian J Clin Biochem 2012; 27:265-9. [PMID: 26405385 PMCID: PMC4577519 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-012-0217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension, a well known risk factor for various cardiovascular, peripheral vascular and renal events is an important public health challenge. Renin angiotensin system (RAS) being the most vital pathogenic mechanism of hypertension is mediated by a key component; the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The present study was aimed to know the relationship of ACE gene polymorphism and the possible risk of development of hypertension in south Indian population. The study included 101 clinically diagnosed hypertensive patients without any associated disease condition and 81 age and sex matched apparently healthy controls. Genotyping was performed using a polymerase chain reaction, (PCR) amplification of the intron 16 fragment harboring the 287 bp Alu repeat sequence. Three possible genotypes D/D, I/I homozygous and I/D heterozygous were analyzed where the D/D genotypes corresponds to higher ACE levels (D-Deletion, I-Insertion). The PCR products were separated on 2 % agarose gel. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS.15 software program. We found a significance in frequency of D/D genotype in the hypertensive patients compared to the control group (p = 0.0005, odd's ratio = 4.157). This suggested that ACE (D/D) genotypes are more prone for the development of hypertension. This is relatively a pilot study; but nevertheless may assist in identifying the pathophysiological cause of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Choudhury
- />Department of Biochemistry, Padmashree Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune, 411018 Maharashtra India
| | - R. Jothimalar
- />Department of Biochemistry, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Porur, Chennai, 600116 India
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Demirel Y, Dogan S, Uludag A, Silan C, Atik S, Silan F, Ozdemir O. Combined Effect of Factor V Leiden, MTHFR, and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (Insertion/Deletion) Gene Mutations in Hypertensive Adult Individuals: A Population-Based Study from Sivas and Canakkale, Turkey. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 15:785-91. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yeltekin Demirel
- Department of Family Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Sezai Dogan
- Department of Family Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Uludag
- Department of Medical Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Coskun Silan
- Department of Pharmacology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Sinem Atik
- Department of Medical Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Fatma Silan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Ozturk Ozdemir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Sameer AS, Syeed N, Tak SA, Bashir S, Nissar S, Siddiqi MA. ACE I/D Polymorphism in Hypertensive Patients of Kashmiri Population. Cardiol Res 2010; 1:1-7. [PMID: 28352369 PMCID: PMC5358231 DOI: 10.4021/cr101e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene in humans has an insertion-deletion (I/D) polymorphic state in intron 16 on chromosome 17q23. This polymorphism has been widely investigated in different diseases. In this study we aimed to investigate the ACE I/D genotype frequency in hypertensive cases in Kashmiri population. Materials and Methods We designed a case control study, where 52 hypertensive cases were studied for ACE I/D polymorphism against 150 age/sex matched controls taken from general population. The polymorphisms of ACE gene were investigated using polymerase chain reaction for detection of ACE I/D genotype. Fisher’s Chi square test was used for calculation of P value and OR. Results We found the frequency of ACE DD genotype to be 46.15% (24/52), II 23.07% (12/52) and DI 30.77% (16/52) in 52 hypertensive cases. Conclusions The ACE I/D genotype is positively associated with hypertension in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Syed Sameer
- Departments of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, 190011, India; Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Nidda Syeed
- Departments of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, 190011, India
| | - Shahid A Tak
- Departments of Cardiology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Samina Bashir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kashmri University, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Saniya Nissar
- Departments of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, 190011, India; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kashmri University, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Mushtaq A Siddiqi
- Departments of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, 190011, India
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Gupta S, Agrawal BK, Goel RK, Sehajpal PK. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in hypertensive rural population of Haryana, India. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2009; 2:150-4. [PMID: 20009302 PMCID: PMC2776360 DOI: 10.4103/0974-2700.55323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential hypertension is a complex genetic disorder influenced by diverse environmental factors. Of the various physiological pathways affecting the homeostasis of blood pressure, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is known to play a critical role. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) is a significant component of RAS and an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in its gene has been implicated in predisposition to hypertension. OBJECTIVE The present study is aimed to determine the association, if any, of ACE I/D polymorphism with essential hypertension in a rural population of Haryana, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS The blood samples were collected from the patients visiting M. M. Institute of Medical Sciences, Mullana, Haryana. DNA from the patients (106) and control (110) specimens were isolated, amplified by PCR and analyzed employing agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the distribution of DD, II and I/D genotypes of ACE polymorphism in essential hypertensive patients (28.8, 25.5, and 46.2%) and their ethnically matched normal control (24.5, 30, and 45.5), respectively. The two groups also presented with very similar allelic frequencies and were also found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that ACE I/D polymorphism is not a risk factor for essential hypertension in the hitherto unstudied rural population of Haryana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, M. M. University, Mullana, Haryana, India
| | - Bimal K Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, M. M. Institute of Medical Sciences, M. M. University, Mullana, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh K Goel
- Department of Pharmacology, Punjabi university, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Prabodh K Sehajpal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritstar, Punjab, India
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Chikhladze NM, Samedova KF, Sudomoina MA, Min K, Koliadina JA, Litonova GN, Favorov AV, Chazova IE, Favorova OO. Comparative genetic analysis of different forms of low-renin arterial hypertension. Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893308040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bae Y, Park C, Han J, Hong YJ, Song HH, Shin ES, Lee JE, Han BG, Jang Y, Shin DJ, Yoon SK. Interaction between GNB3 C825T and ACE I/D polymorphisms in essential hypertension in Koreans. J Hum Hypertens 2006; 21:159-66. [PMID: 17066084 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1002110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Essential hypertension (EH) is considered a typical polygenic disease, so the evaluation of gene-gene interactions rather than the determination of single gene effects is crucial to understanding any genetic influences. The G-protein beta3-subunit (GNB3) 825T allele, associated with enhanced G-protein signalling, is a strong candidate for interactions with polymorphisms, such as insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene. We investigated whether there is an association between GNB3 C825T and ACE I/D polymorphisms for the development of EH. We carried out a case-control study of 688 hypertensive and 924 normotensive subjects recruited from South Korea. The GNB3 C825T and ACE I/D genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods, respectively. The distributions of alleles and genotypes for the GNB3 C825T and ACE I/D polymorphisms were not found to be significantly associated with hypertensive status in either males or females. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the GNB3 825T allele carriers were positively associated with EH in males (odds ratio (OR) for TT/CT, 1.459; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.048-2.033, P=0.0255). In analysis of gene-gene interaction, we found that there was a significant interaction between the GNB3 825T and ACE D alleles (P<0.05). OR for EH was significantly higher in 825T allele carriers with ACE D allele (OR, 1.490; 95% CI, 1.117-1.987, P=0.0067). A significant interaction between the GNB3 825T and the ACE D alleles may contribute to the predisposing effect for the development of EH in Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bae
- Cardiovascular Genome Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yoo JH. Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is associated with essential hypertension in men born during the Pacific War. Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126:899-905. [PMID: 15869784 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Age is a strong risk factor for hypertension in relation to vascular aging. Additional etiological factors include: lifestyle, genetic factors, and their interactions. The aim of this study is to examine whether an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with essential hypertension in Korean born during the Pacific War. A total of 13,914 healthy subjects (8261 men, 5653 women) aged 20-79 years were examined. Subjects with abnormal renal, thyroid dysfunction, or electrolyte levels were excluded. Logistic regression analysis showed increased risk (OR=1.15; 95% CI, 1.01-1.31) in men, but not in women (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.89-1.26). However, after adjustment for age, obesity, cholesterol, alcohol consumption, and diabetes mellitus, increased risk in men was not significant (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.98-1.42). Analyzed according to birth-year, DD genotype showed increased risk for hypertension in only a subgroup of men (adjusted OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.16-2.09; p = 0.001), born during the Pacific War (1941-1945 year). Findings suggest that the ACE DD genotype plays a role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension, in conjunction with adverse environmental conditions in early life, with sex-related difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Center for Clinical Research, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-ku, Seoul 135-710, South Korea.
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Importancia de la valoración del fondo de ojo en el paciente hipertenso. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1889-1837(04)71819-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Since the discovery of the polymorphism in the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and the consequences of this polymorphism on the activity levels of the enzyme, numerous association studies have been performed. However, these investigations do not often adhere to the most stringent criteria for such studies. The initial study reporting a positive association of the ACE polymorphism and myocardial infarction showed an increased risk of the DD genotype. This initial association was eventually refuted by a large, well conducted association study, which found a risk ratio of 1.02 after combining their own data with all published data. Although such large, well conducted association studies have not been performed in left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, the association between DD genotype and hypertrophy is more convincing with a 192% excess risk of LV hypertrophy in untreated hypertensives. The role of ACE genotype in LV growth is well established, especially in athletes. In heart failure, large studies or meta-analyses have not been performed, because most studies have selected different end-points. This hampers a proper meta-analysis of the results obtained in associations with heart failure. As most association studies do not fulfill the criteria for good association studies and use too small sample sizes, it remains important to perform a meta-analysis to add meaning to the results of such studies. Above all, it is important to obey the rules set for association studies, large sample size, small P values, report associations that make biological sense and alleles that affect the gene product in a physiologically meaningful way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jop H van Berlo
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Maastricht, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, P. Debyelaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Sohni YR, Burke JP, Dyck PJ, O'Kane DJ. Microfluidic chip-based method for genotyping microsatellites, VNTRs and insertion/deletion polymorphisms. Clin Biochem 2003; 36:35-40. [PMID: 12554058 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(02)00420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a method to genotype variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) and insertion/deletion polymorphisms using an integrated microfluidic chip-based system. We used this method to analyze a) a highly polymorphic pentanucleotide repeat (CCTTT)(n) locus within the 5'-putative promoter region of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene (iNOS5) which is associated with diabetic complications and infectious diseases; b) a bi-allelic 27 bp VNTR region within intron 4 of endothelial nitric oxide gene (eNOS27) which is associated with hypertension in type 2 diabetes patients with coronary heart disease and excess risk of advanced diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes patients and c) an insertion/deletion polymorphism within the gene encoding angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE/ID) which is associated with cardiovascular pathology and nitric oxide activity, and is in strong linkage disequilibrium with functional variants. Following amplifications, samples were mixed with gel-dye and markers and loaded into commercially available microfluidic chips designed for DNA sizing applications. In the study (N = 230), 95 (41%) of the DNA samples were homozygous and 135 (59%) were heterozygous for the iNOS5 repeats. For eNOS27, 173 (75%) of the genotyped DNA samples were homozygous for the larger 4b allele and the remaining 57 samples (25%) were heterozygous (4b/4a). No DNA samples were homozygous for the shorter 4a allele with four 27 bp repeats. In case of ACE/ID, 47 (20%) of the DNA samples were homozygous for the insertion, 65 (28%) were homozygous for the deletion and the remaining 118 (51%) were heterozygous. The results obtained were verified by analyzing random amplicons using bi-directional sequencing and GeneScan 3.0 analyses with 100% concordance being observed. Using the microfluidic chip-based method, separation and DNA sizing and genotyping are rapidly accomplished. The DNA fragments are resolved clearly and the system allows quantitation. Finally, the microfluidic chip-based method may be used for both large- and small-scale genotyping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youvraj R Sohni
- Translational Genomics Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Morshed M, Khan H, Akhteruzzaman S. Association between angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and hypertension in selected individuals of the Bangladeshi population. BMB Rep 2002; 35:251-4. [PMID: 12297007 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2002.35.3.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic factors that contribute to the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) are poorly understood. It is likely that multiple genes that act independently or synergistically contribute to the development of CAD and the outcome. Recently, an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the human angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene, a major component of the reninangiotensin system (RAS), was identified. The association of the ACE gene D allele with essential hypertension and CAD has been reported in the African-American, Chinese, and Japanese populations. However, other studies have failed to detect such an association. It has been suggested that these inconsistencies may be due to the difference in backgrounds of the population characteristics. In the present study, we investigated the I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene in 103 subjects of both sexes, consisting of 59 normal controls and 44 patients with hypertension. The allele and genotype frequency were significantly different between the hypertensive and control groups (p < 0.01). Among the three ACE I/D variants, the DD genotype was associated with the highest value of the mean systolic blood pressure [SBP] and mean diastolic blood pressure [DBP] (p = < 0.05) in men, but not in women. In the overall population, the mean SBP and DBP was highest in DD subjects, intermediate in I/D subjects, and the least in II subjects
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboob Morshed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
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Chatterjee S, Chattopadhyay S, Hope-Ross M, Lip PL, Chattopadhya S. Hypertension and the eye: changing perspectives. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16:667-75. [PMID: 12420190 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2000] [Accepted: 07/25/2002] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Systemic hypertension is a common condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Hypertension confers cardiovascular risk by causing target-organ damage that includes retinopathy in addition to heart disease, stroke, renal insufficiency and peripheral vascular disease. The recognition of hypertensive retinopathy is important in cardiovascular risk stratification of hypertensive individuals. This review reevaluates the changing perspectives in the pathophysiology, classification and prognostic significance of fundal lesions in hypertensives.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chatterjee
- The Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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Zaman MM, Yoshiike N, Date C, Yokoyama T, Matsumura Y, Ikemoto S, Tanaka H. Angiotensin converting enzyme genetic polymorphism is not associated with hypertension in a cross-sectional sample of a Japanese population: the Shibata Study. J Hypertens 2001; 19:47-53. [PMID: 11204304 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200101000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The studies on the association of deletion/ insertion (D/I) polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene with blood pressure and hypertension reported contradictory results. Because there was no population-based study in Japan, we examine the hypothesized association in a cross-sectional sample of a Japanese cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS The blood pressure of 464 men and 876 women aged 40-80 years was measured, and their DNA was analyzed for ACE D/I genotypes. The prevalence of the D allele was 38.7 and 39.2% in men and women, respectively (overall 39%). There was a tendency for higher covariate (age, body mass index, albuminuria, hematocrit, alcohol consumption, smoking, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease and antihypertensive medication) adjusted mean levels of diastolic blood pressure for the DD genotype in men but not in women. However, this tendency disappeared after dichotomization of blood pressure into diagnostic categories (normotension and hypertension). Results did not differ when the subjects were divided into two age groups (< or = 59 and > or = 60 years). Covariate-adjusted odds ratios for hypertension for presence of the D allele were close to the null value of one. ACE genetic variation accounted for only 0.1 and 0.7% of the inter-individual variation in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men. These estimates were 0.2 and 0.1%, respectively, in women. CONCLUSION Although there is a tendency of higher diastolic blood pressure in men with DD genotypes, there is no convincing evidence that ACE genotypes are associated with hypertension in this Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Zaman
- National Center for Control of Rheumatic Fever and Heart Diseases, Bangladesh.
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Clark CJ, Davies E, Anderson NH, Farmer R, Friel EC, Fraser R, Connell JM. alpha-adducin and angiotensin I-converting enzyme polymorphisms in essential hypertension. Hypertension 2000; 36:990-4. [PMID: 11116113 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.36.6.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on two genes that have previously been implicated in hypertension and may influence renal sodium handling, adducin, and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). We compared their polymorphic frequencies and interaction in patients with essential hypertension (n=128) and individually age- and gender-matched normotensive control subjects. The alpha-adducin G460W polymorphism was genotyped by DNA amplification and restriction digestion. The ACE I/D polymorphism was assayed by a triple-primer method, with a "nested" polymerase chain reaction primer situated completely within the insertion sequence of the I: allele. The distributions of genotypes and alleles for the two polymorphisms were not significantly different between the case and control populations, and the cross-classification of cases by alpha-adducin and ACE genotype gave a distribution similar to that of control subjects. We have previously reported that the distributions of genotypes for two linked polymorphisms in the aldosterone synthase gene (one in the steroidogenic factor-1 [SF-1] binding site and the other an intronic conversion [IC]) were significantly different between this cohort of essential hypertensives and matched control subjects. The cross-classification of cases by alpha-adducin and SF-1, alpha-adducin and IC, ACE and SF-1, and ACE and IC genotype gave a distribution similar to that of control subjects. Hence, no evidence was found to suggest an association between either the alpha-adducin G460W or the ACE I/D polymorphism and hypertension in a careful case-control study. Furthermore, the alpha-adducin G460W, ACE I/D, and aldosterone synthase SF-1 and IC polymorphisms do not appear to interact in our hypertensive population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Clark
- MRC Blood Pressure Group, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland
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Nakahara K, Matsushita S, Matsuoka H, Inamatsu T, Nishinaga M, Yonawa M, Aono T, Arai T, Ezaki Y, Orimo H. Insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene affects heart weight. Circulation 2000; 101:148-51. [PMID: 10637201 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.101.2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin (Ang) II, a major regulatory factor for left ventricular mass, is generated from Ang I by ACE. ACE levels are associated with an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the ACE gene. The ACE polymorphism should result in varied Ang II concentrations and hence affect left ventricular mass. We therefore investigated whether ACE genotype is a predictor of heart weight. METHODS AND RESULTS From 693 consecutive patients autopsied between 1994 and 1998 in our hospital, patients with valvular disease, myocardial infarction, or cardiomyopathy were excluded. The remaining 443 autopsy patients were the subjects of our study. The heart weight at autopsy was corrected for body surface area. Genomic DNA was purified from the kidney, and ACE genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Heart weight in the DD genotype (249. 9+/-49.9 g/m(2)) was significantly higher than that in the ID (230. 0+/-51.2 g/m(2); P<0.05) and II (226.8+/-49.8 g/m(2); P<0.01) genotypes. Heart weight was also positively related to age (r=0.145, P<0.0001) and coronary stenosis index (r=0.147, P=0.0019). Multiple regression analysis showed that a history of hypertension (P<0.0001), age (P=0.0001), and DD genotype (P=0.0154) were independent predictors of heart weight. CONCLUSIONS ACE genotype predicts cardiac mass; however, it was less effective than epigenetic factors such as hypertension or age.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakahara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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Tan KT, Dempsey A, Liew CC. Cardiac genes and gene databases for cardiovascular disease genetics. Curr Hypertens Rep 1999; 1:51-8. [PMID: 10981042 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-999-0073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genes play a very important role in the etiology of hypertension. This paper reviews the current pool of candidate genes for human hypertension. Some of the genes studied in rat models of hypertension are also discussed. The methods for studying the genetics of hypertension are reviewed. A discussion of the role of cardiac gene libraries and gene databases in the characterization of cardiovascular disease is also included. This review is concluded by a discussion on the future role of genomics and cardiovascular gene databases in medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medicine, The Centre for Cardiovascular Research, The Toronto Hospital Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L5, Canada
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Berglund L. A recurrent theme with a new spin: ACE polymorphism and cardiovascular disease. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1998; 131:485-6. [PMID: 9626982 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(98)90055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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