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Gu L, Wang Z, Liu L, Luo J, Pan Y, Sun L, Wang H, Zhang WB. Association between mixed aldehydes and bone mineral density based on four statistical models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:31631-31646. [PMID: 36450965 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24373-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes as an environmental pollutant may lead to oxidative stress, which is an important mechanism in the development of osteoporosis. This suggests a possible link between aldehyde exposure and osteoporosis. Considering the mixed nature of aldehyde exposure and the interactions between different aldehydes, we explored for the first time the associations between mixed six aldehydes (benzaldehyde, butyraldehyde, heptanal, hexanal, isovaleraldehyde, and propionaldehyde) and BMD in three populations (men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women) by applying four statistical models: quantile g-computation (qgcomp) model, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model, generalized linear regression model (GLM), and generalized additive model (GAM), based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014. We found that mixed aldehydes could significantly reduce BMD in men, with hexanaldehyde and propanaldehyde having the greatest negative qgcomp model and BKMR model weights, also confirmed by GLM. The associations between isopentanaldehyde and propanaldehyde and femoral BMD in men were non-linear and had threshold effects as derived from the BKMR model and GAM. The associations turned positive when the concentrations of isopentanaldehyde and propanaldehyde exceeded their respective inflection points. To conclude, our study might provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, and hexanaldehyde and propanaldehyde should be more regulated to prevent osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Gu
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Luwei Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jiayi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lian Sun
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wei-Bing Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Department of Stomatology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Department of Stomatology, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Department of Stomatology, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Suzhou, China.
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Bhavnani BR, Stanczyk FZ. Pharmacology of conjugated equine estrogens: efficacy, safety and mechanism of action. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 142:16-29. [PMID: 24176763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oral conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) are the most used estrogen formulation for postmenopausal hormone therapy either alone or in combination with a progestin. CEE is most commonly used for the management of early menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, vaginitis, insomnia, and mood disturbances. Additionally, if used at the start of the menopausal phase (age 50-59 years), CEE prevents osteoporosis and may in some women reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). There appears to be a common mechanism through which estrogens can protect against CVD and AD. CEE is a natural formulation of an extract prepared from pregnant mares' urine. The product monogram lists the presence of only 10 estrogens consisting of the classical estrogens, estrone and 17β-estradiol, and a group of unique ring B unsaturated estrogens such as equilin and equilenin. The ring B unsaturated estrogens are formed by an alternate steroidogenic pathway in which cholesterol is not an obligatory intermediate. Both the route of administration and structure of these estrogens play a role in the overall pharmacology of CEE. In contrast to 17β-estradiol, ring B unsaturated estrogens express their biological effects mainly mediated by the estrogen receptor β and not the estrogen receptor α. All estrogen components of CEE are antioxidants, and some ring B unsaturated estrogens have several fold greater antioxidant activity than estrone and 17β-estradiol. The cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects of CEE appear to be, to some extent, due to its ability to prevent the formation of oxidized LDL and HDL, and by inhibiting or modulating some of the key proteases involved in programmed cell death (apoptosis) induced by the excess neurotransmitter glutamate and other neurotoxins. Selective combinations of ring B unsaturated estrogens have the potential of being developed as novel therapeutic agents for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease in both aging women and men. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Menopause'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagu R Bhavnani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto and The Keenan Research Center of Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1W8.
| | - Frank Z Stanczyk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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Wirfält E, Mattisson I, Gullberg B, Olsson H, Berglund G. Fat From Different Foods Show Diverging Relations With Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women. Nutr Cancer 2005; 53:135-43. [PMID: 16573374 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5302_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to explore previous findings within the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort (Sweden) that omega6-fatty acid intakes are positively associated with breast cancer risk among women 50 yr of age and older and specifically examine relations between breast cancer risk and fat from different food groups. Incident breast cancer cases (n = 237) were matched to controls (n = 673) on age and screening date. A modified diet history method, a structured questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements provided data. Fat-food variables from 24 food groups were computed. Conditional logistic regression examined breast cancer risk associated with energy-adjusted exposure categories of fat-food variables. Fat from fermented milk products was negatively associated with breast cancer risk (trend, P = 0.003). The highest quartiles of vegetable oil-based dietary fats (odds ratio, OR = 1.74; confidence interval, CI = 1.12-2.72) and dried soup powders (OR = 1.59; CI = 1.04-2.43) showed positive associations. Dietary fiber did not influence associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Wirfält
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, University Hospital of Malmö, Malmö, Sweden.
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Amunugama M, Clifford CD, Gutman PM, Soltani M, Karunaratne S, Venkatachalam K, Pernecky SJ, Holmes HLS. Measurement of Hexanal Production by Myoglobin-Induced Lipid Peroxidation Using a Miniature Incubator and Cryofocusing Inlet System with Gas Chromatography and Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Gestl SA, Green MD, Shearer DA, Frauenhoffer E, Tephly TR, Weisz J. Expression of UGT2B7, a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase implicated in the metabolism of 4-hydroxyestrone and all-trans retinoic acid, in normal human breast parenchyma and in invasive and in situ breast cancers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:1467-79. [PMID: 11943730 PMCID: PMC1867225 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation, mediated by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), affects the actions and disposition of diverse endo- and xenobiotics. In the case of catecholestrogens (CEs), glucuronidation is likely to block their oxidation to quinone estrogens that are the putative mediators of CEs' actions as initiators of cancers. The goal of this study was to determine whether UGT2B7, the isoenzyme with a high affinity for 4-hydroxyestrone, is expressed in human breast parenchyma. Glucuronidation of 4-hydroxyestrone has relevance to breast carcinogenesis because quinone metabolites of 4-hydroxylated CEs can form potentially mutagenic depurinating DNA adducts, and because in breast tissue estrone is likely to be the predominant estrogen available for 4-hydroxylation. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, immunoblot analyses, and assays of glucuronidation of 4-hydroxyestrone, we show that UGT2B7 is expressed in human mammary epithelium, and that its expression is dramatically reduced in invasive breast cancers. In many in situ carcinomas, however, 4-hydroxyestrone immunostaining was not only preserved but even more intense than in normal mammary epithelium. The finding of reduced UGT2B7 protein and glucuronidation of 4-hydroxyestrone in invasive cancers suggests a tumor-suppressor function for the enzyme. Recent identification of all-trans retinoic acid as a substrate of UGT2B7 suggests that this function includes the generation of retinoyl-beta-glucuronide, a potent mediator of actions of retinoids important for maintaining epithelia in a differentiated state. Current knowledge does not provide any ready explanation for the apparent increase in UGT2B7 expression in carcinomas in situ. However, this finding, together with reduced immunostaining at loci showing breach of the basement membrane (microinvasion), suggests involvement of UGT2B7-catalyzed reaction(s) in protection against invasion of surrounding tissue by cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley A Gestl
- Departments of Obstetrics andGynecology andPathology, Pennsylvania State UniversityCollege of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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