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Managuli RS, Raut SY, Reddy MS, Mutalik S. Targeting the intestinal lymphatic system: a versatile path for enhanced oral bioavailability of drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:787-804. [PMID: 30025212 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1503249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The major challenge of first pass metabolism in oral drug delivery can be surmounted by directing delivery toward intestinal lymphatic system (ILS). ILS circumvents the liver and transports drug directly into systemic circulation via thoracic duct. Lipid and polymeric nanoparticles are transported into ILS through lacteal and Peyer's patches. Moreover, surface modification of nanoparticles with ligand which is specific for Peyer's patches enhances the uptake of drugs into ILS. Bioavailability enhancement by lymphatic uptake is an advantageous approach adopted by scientists today. Therefore, it is important to understand clear insight of ILS in targeted drug delivery and challenges involved in it. AREAS COVERED Current review includes an overview of ILS, factors governing lymphatic transport of nanoparticles and absorption mechanism of lipid and polymeric nanoparticles into ILS. Various ligands used to target Peyer's patch and their conjugation strategies to nanoparticles are explained in detail. In vitro and in vivo models used to assess intestinal lymphatic transport of molecules are discussed further. EXPERT OPINION Although ILS offers a versatile pathway for nanotechnology based targeted drug delivery, extensive investigations on validation of the lymphatic transport models and on the strategies for gastric protection of targeted nanocarriers have to be perceived in for excellent performance of ILS in oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Suresh Managuli
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal Karnataka State , India
| | - Sushil Yadaorao Raut
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal Karnataka State , India
| | - Meka Sreenivasa Reddy
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal Karnataka State , India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal Karnataka State , India
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Chaudhary S, Garg T, Murthy RSR, Rath G, Goyal AK. Development, optimization and evaluation of long chain nanolipid carrier for hepatic delivery of silymarin through lymphatic transport pathway. Int J Pharm 2015; 485:108-21. [PMID: 25735668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) with three different lipid combinations (solid lipid:liquid lipid) were prepared through emulsification and ultrasonication using a Box-Behnken design. From the design, the best lipid combination was glyceryl monostearate and oleic acid, which gives particle of smaller size (223.73 ± 43.39nm) with high drug entrapment efficiency (78.65 ± 2.2%). In vitro release studies show that 84.60 ± 5.66% of drug was released in 24h. In vivo studies revealed that drug absorption occurs through lymphatic pathway as only 5.008 ± 0.011μg/ml of peak plasma concentration was achieved in blood plasma in presence of chylomicron inhibitor. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) for silymarin loaded NLC was found to be 25.565 ± 0.969μg/ml as compared to silymarin suspension whose Cmax was found to be 14.050 ± 0.552 μg/ml, this confirms 2-fold increase in relative bioavailability. In vivo studies revealed that 19.268 ± 1.29μg of drug reaches to liver in 2h whereas negligible drug concentration reported in other organs. It was concluded that drug loaded NLCs was beneficial for targeting liver or other lymphatic disorders through lymphatic transport pathway. Finally, the main purpose of modifying lymphatic transport system was successfully achieved through NLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutics, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Tarun Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - R S R Murthy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- Department of Pharmaceutics, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Amit K Goyal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India.
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Lu WJ, Yang Q, Yang L, Lee D, D'Alessio D, Tso P. Chylomicron formation and secretion is required for lipid-stimulated release of incretins GLP-1 and GIP. Lipids 2012; 47:571-80. [PMID: 22297815 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are incretins produced in the intestine that play a central role in glucose metabolism and insulin secretion. Circulating concentrations of GLP-1 and GIP are low and can be difficult to assay in rodents. These studies utilized the novel intestinal lymph fistula model we have established to investigate the mechanism of lipid-stimulated incretin secretion. Peak concentrations of GLP-1 and GIP following an enteral lipid stimulus (Liposyn) were significantly higher in intestinal lymph than portal venous plasma. To determine whether lipid-stimulated incretin secretion was related to chylomicron formation Pluronic L-81 (L-81), a surfactant inhibiting chylomicron synthesis, was given concurrently with Liposyn. The presence of L-81 almost completely abolished the increase in lymph triglyceride seen with Liposyn alone (P < 0.001). Inhibition of chylomicron formation with L-81 reduced GLP-1 secretion into lymph compared to Liposyn stimulation alone (P = 0.034). The effect of L-81 relative to Liposyn alone had an even greater effect on GIP secretion, which was completely abolished (P = 0.004). These findings of a dramatic effect of L-81 on lymph levels of GLP-1 and GIP support a strong link between intestinal lipid absorption and incretin secretion. The relative difference in the effect of L-81 on the two incretins provides further support that nutrient-stimulation of GIP and GLP-1 is via distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell J Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Au WS, Lu LW, Tam S, Ko OKH, Chow BKC, He ML, Ng SS, Yeung CM, Liu CC, Kung HF, Lin MC. Pluronic L-81 ameliorates diabetic symptoms in db/db mice through transcriptional regulation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:2987-94. [PMID: 19554651 PMCID: PMC2702106 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To test whether oral L-81 treatment could improve the condition of mice with diabetes and to investigate how L-81 regulates microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) activity in the liver.
METHODS: Genetically diabetic (db/db) mice were fed on chow supplemented with or without L-81 for 4 wk. The body weight, plasma glucose level, plasma lipid profile, and adipocyte volume of the db/db mice were assessed after treatment. Toxicity of L-81 was also evaluated. To understand the molecular mechanism, HepG2 cells were treated with L-81 and the effects on apolipoprotein B (apoB) secretion and mRNA level of the MTP gene were assessed.
RESULTS: Treatment of db/db mice with L-81 significantly reduced and nearly normalized their body weight, hyperphagia and polydipsia. L-81 also markedly decreased the fasting plasma glucose level, improved glucose tolerance, and attenuated the elevated levels of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride. At the effective dosage, little toxicity was observed. Treatment of HepG2 cells with L-81 not only inhibited apoB secretion, but also significantly decreased the mRNA level of the MTP gene. Similar to the action of insulin, L-81 exerted its effect on the MTP promoter.
CONCLUSION: L-81 represents a promising candidate in the development of a selective insulin-mimetic molecule and an anti-diabetic agent.
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Abstract
Intestinal monoacylglycerol (MG) metabolism is well known to involve its anabolic reesterification to triacylglycerol (TG). We recently provided evidence for enterocyte MG hydrolysis and demonstrated expression of the monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) gene in human intestinal Caco-2 cells and rodent small intestinal mucosa. Despite the large quantities of MG derived from dietary TG, the regulation of MG metabolism in the intestine has not been previously explored. In the present studies, we examined the mRNA expression, protein expression, and activities of the two known MG-metabolizing enzymes, MGL and MGAT2, in C57BL/6 mouse small intestine, as well as liver and adipose tissues, during development and under nutritional modifications. Results demonstrate that MG metabolism undergoes tissue-specific changes during development. Marked induction of small intestinal MGAT2 protein expression and activity were found during suckling. Moreover, while substantial levels of MGL protein and activity were detected in adult intestine, its regulation during ontogeny was complex, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation of expression. In addition, during the suckling period MG hydrolytic activity is likely to derive from carboxyl ester lipase rather than MGL. In contrast to intestinal MGL, liver MGL mRNA, protein and activity all increased 5-10-fold during development, suggesting that transcriptional regulation is the primary mechanism for hepatic MGL expression. Three weeks of high fat feeding (40% kcal) significantly induced MGL expression and activity in small intestine relative to low fat feeding (10% kcal), but little change was observed upon starvation, suggesting a role for MGL in dietary lipid assimilation following a high fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyoun Chon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Yin Xiu Zhou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Joseph L Dixon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901.
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Neeli I, Siddiqi SA, Siddiqi S, Mahan J, Lagakos WS, Binas B, Gheyi T, Storch J, Mansbach CM. Liver fatty acid-binding protein initiates budding of pre-chylomicron transport vesicles from intestinal endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:17974-17984. [PMID: 17449472 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610765200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate-limiting step in the transit of absorbed dietary fat across the enterocyte is the generation of the pre-chylomicron transport vesicle (PCTV) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This vesicle does not require coatomer-II (COPII) proteins for budding from the ER membrane and contains vesicle-associated membrane protein 7, found in intestinal ER, which is a unique intracellular location for this SNARE protein. We wished to identify the protein(s) responsible for budding this vesicle from ER membranes in the absence of the requirement for COPII proteins. We chromatographed rat intestinal cytosol on Sephacryl S-100 and found that PCTV budding activity appeared in the low molecular weight fractions. Additional chromatographic steps produced a single major and several minor bands on SDS-PAGE. By tandem mass spectroscopy, the bands contained both liver and intestinal fatty acid-binding proteins (L- and I-FABP) as well as four other proteins. Recombinant proteins for each of the six proteins identified were tested for PCTV budding activity; only L-FABP and I-FABP (23% the activity of L-FABP) were active. The vesicles generated by L-FABP were sealed, contained apolipoproteins B48 and AIV, were of the same size as PCTV on Sepharose CL-6B, and by electron microscopy, excluded calnexin and calreticulin but did not fuse with cis-Golgi nor did L-FABP generate COPII-dependent vesicles. Gene-disrupted L-FABP mouse cytosol had 60% the activity of wild type mouse cytosol. We conclude that L-FABP can select cargo for and bud PCTV from intestinal ER membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Neeli
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Shadab A Siddiqi
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Shahzad Siddiqi
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - James Mahan
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38104
| | - William S Lagakos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Bert Binas
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Tarun Gheyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152
| | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901.
| | - Charles M Mansbach
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38104.
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Moghimi SM, Hunter AC. Poloxamers and poloxamines in nanoparticle engineering and experimental medicine. Trends Biotechnol 2000; 18:412-20. [PMID: 10998507 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(00)01485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poloxamers and poloxamine nonionic surfactants have diverse applications in various biomedical fields ranging from drug delivery and medical imaging to management of vascular diseases and disorders. Although this is a progressive, rapidly advancing field in biotechnology, the future will depend on the recognition and rectification of a range of toxicity issues, which have to be addressed but have frequently been ignored until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Moghimi
- The Molecular Targeting and Polymer Toxicology Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Cockcroft Building, University of Brighton, BN2 4GJ., Brighton, UK.
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