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Wilson MP, Kentache T, Althoff CR, Schulz C, de Bettignies G, Mateu Cabrera G, Cimbalistiene L, Burnyte B, Yoon G, Costain G, Vuillaumier-Barrot S, Cheillan D, Rymen D, Rychtarova L, Hansikova H, Bury M, Dewulf JP, Caligiore F, Jaeken J, Cantagrel V, Van Schaftingen E, Matthijs G, Foulquier F, Bommer GT. A pseudoautosomal glycosylation disorder prompts the revision of dolichol biosynthesis. Cell 2024; 187:3585-3601.e22. [PMID: 38821050 PMCID: PMC11250103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Dolichol is a lipid critical for N-glycosylation as a carrier for activated sugars and nascent oligosaccharides. It is commonly thought to be directly produced from polyprenol by the enzyme SRD5A3. Instead, we found that dolichol synthesis requires a three-step detour involving additional metabolites, where SRD5A3 catalyzes only the second reaction. The first and third steps are performed by DHRSX, whose gene resides on the pseudoautosomal regions of the X and Y chromosomes. Accordingly, we report a pseudoautosomal-recessive disease presenting as a congenital disorder of glycosylation in patients with missense variants in DHRSX (DHRSX-CDG). Of note, DHRSX has a unique dual substrate and cofactor specificity, allowing it to act as a NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase and as a NADPH-dependent reductase in two non-consecutive steps. Thus, our work reveals unexpected complexity in the terminal steps of dolichol biosynthesis. Furthermore, we provide insights into the mechanism by which dolichol metabolism defects contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Wilson
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Takfarinas Kentache
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Charlotte R Althoff
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Céline Schulz
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Geoffroy de Bettignies
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Gisèle Mateu Cabrera
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Loreta Cimbalistiene
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Birute Burnyte
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Grace Yoon
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory Costain
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandrine Vuillaumier-Barrot
- AP-HP, Biochimie Métabolique et Cellulaire and Département de Génétique, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, and Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, INSERM U1149, CRI, Paris, France
| | - David Cheillan
- Service Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire - Hospices Civils de Lyon; Laboratoire Carmen - Inserm U1060, INRAE UMR1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Daisy Rymen
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucie Rychtarova
- Laboratory for Study of Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Hansikova
- Laboratory for Study of Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marina Bury
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Joseph P Dewulf
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Francesco Caligiore
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Cantagrel
- Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Emile Van Schaftingen
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium.
| | - Gert Matthijs
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - François Foulquier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Guido T Bommer
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium.
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Kentache T, Althoff CR, Caligiore F, Souche E, Schulz C, Graff J, Pieters E, Stanley P, Contessa JN, Van Schaftingen E, Matthijs G, Foulquier F, Bommer GT, Wilson MP. The N-glycosylation defect in Lec5 and Lec9 CHO cells is caused by absence of the DHRSX gene. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.18.599300. [PMID: 38948797 PMCID: PMC11212957 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.18.599300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Glycosylation-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines have been instrumental in the discovery of N-glycosylation machinery. Yet, the molecular causes of the glycosylation defects in the Lec5 and Lec9 mutants have been elusive, even though for both cell lines a defect in dolichol formation from polyprenol was previously established. We recently found that dolichol synthesis from polyprenol occurs in three steps consisting of the conversion of polyprenol to polyprenal by DHRSX, the reduction of polyprenal to dolichal by SRD5A3 and the reduction of dolichal to dolichol, again by DHRSX. This led us to investigate defective dolichol synthesis in Lec5 and Lec9 cells. Both cell lines showed increased levels of polyprenol and its derivatives, concomitant with decreased levels of dolichol and derivatives, but no change in polyprenal levels, suggesting DHRSX deficiency. Accordingly, N-glycan synthesis and changes in polyisoprenoid levels were corrected by complementation with human DHRSX but not with SRD5A3. Furthermore, the typical polyprenol dehydrogenase and dolichal reductase activities of DHRSX were absent in membrane preparations derived from Lec5 and Lec9 cells, while the reduction of polyprenal to dolichal, catalyzed by SRD5A3, was unaffected. Long-read whole genome sequencing of Lec5 and Lec9 cells did not reveal mutations in the ORF of SRD5A3, but the genomic region containing DHRSX was absent. Lastly, we established the sequence of Chinese hamster DHRSX and validated that this protein has similar kinetic properties to the human enzyme. Our work therefore identifies the basis of the dolichol synthesis defect in CHO Lec5 and Lec9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takfarinas Kentache
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute & WELRI, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte R. Althoff
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 – UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F- 59000 Lille, France
| | - Francesco Caligiore
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute & WELRI, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erika Souche
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Céline Schulz
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 – UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F- 59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Graff
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute & WELRI, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Pieters
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Pamela Stanley
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph N. Contessa
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Emile Van Schaftingen
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute & WELRI, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Matthijs
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - François Foulquier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 – UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F- 59000 Lille, France
| | - Guido T. Bommer
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute & WELRI, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthew P. Wilson
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Hirao K, Ono R, Manabe Y, Masui S, Atomi H, Fukase K. Total Syntheses of C60- and C100-Dolichols. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11549-11559. [PMID: 32786646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
C60- and C100-dolichols were synthesized. A Z-selective Wittig reaction was achieved with high selectivity in a microflow system to realize the scalable supply of the Z-isoprene unit. An isoprene chain was efficiently elongated by an SN2-type coupling between allyl sulfone and allyl chloride using t-BuOK. These key reactions enabled the efficient syntheses of dolichols. This study will pave the way for the functional studies of dolichols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Hirao
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Risako Ono
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Seiji Masui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Atomi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.,Core for Medicine and Science Collaborative Research and Education, Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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4
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Welti M, Hülsmeier AJ. Ethanol-induced impairment in the biosynthesis of N-linked glycosylation. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:754-62. [PMID: 24243557 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency in N-linked protein glycosylation is a long-known characteristic of alcoholic liver disease and congenital disorders of glycosylation. Previous investigations of ethanol-induced glycosylation deficiency demonstrated perturbations in the early steps of substrate synthesis and in the final steps of capping N-linked glycans in the Golgi. The significance of the biosynthesis of N-glycan precursors in the endoplasmic reticulum, however, has not yet been addressed in alcoholic liver disease. Ethanol-metabolizing hepatoma cells were treated with increasing concentrations of ethanol. Transcript analysis of genes involved in the biosynthesis of N-glycans, activity assays of related enzymes, dolichol-phosphate quantification, and analysis of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides were performed. Upon treatment of cells with ethanol, we found a decrease in the final N-glycan precursor Dol-PP-GlcNAc(2) Man(9) Glc(3) and in C95- and C100-dolichol-phosphate levels. Transcript analysis of genes involved in N-glycosylation showed a 17% decrease in expression levels of DPM1, a subunit of the dolichol-phosphate-mannose synthase, and an 8% increase in RPN2, a subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase. Ethanol treatment decreases the biosynthesis of dolichol-phosphate. Consequently, the formation of N-glycan precursors is affected, resulting in an aberrant precursor assembly. Messenger RNA levels of genes involved in N-glycan biosynthesis are slightly affected by ethanol treatment, indicating that the assembly of N-glycan precursors is not regulated at the transcriptional level. This study confirms that ethanol impairs N-linked glycosylation by affecting dolichol biosynthesis leading to impaired dolichol-linked oligosaccharide assembly. Together our data help to explain the underglycosylation phenotype observed in alcoholic liver disease and congenital disorders of glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Welti
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Hartley MD, Imperiali B. At the membrane frontier: a prospectus on the remarkable evolutionary conservation of polyprenols and polyprenyl-phosphates. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 517:83-97. [PMID: 22093697 PMCID: PMC3253937 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain polyprenols and polyprenyl-phosphates are ubiquitous and essential components of cellular membranes throughout all domains of life. Polyprenyl-phosphates, which include undecaprenyl-phosphate in bacteria and the dolichyl-phosphates in archaea and eukaryotes, serve as specific membrane-bound carriers in glycan biosynthetic pathways responsible for the production of cellular structures such as N-linked protein glycans and bacterial peptidoglycan. Polyprenyl-phosphates are the only form of polyprenols with a biochemically-defined role; however, unmodified or esterified polyprenols often comprise significant percentages of the cellular polyprenol pool. The strong evolutionary conservation of unmodified polyprenols as membrane constituents and polyprenyl-phosphates as preferred glycan carriers in biosynthetic pathways is poorly understood. This review surveys the available research to explore why unmodified polyprenols have been conserved in evolution and why polyprenyl-phosphates are universally and specifically utilized for membrane-bound glycan assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D. Hartley
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Narasaki CT, Toman R. Lipopolysaccharide of Coxiella burnetii. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 984:65-90. [PMID: 22711627 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4315-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is considered to be one of the major determinants of virulence expression and infection of virulent Coxiella burnetii. The LPSs from virulent phase I (LPS I) and from avirulent phase II (LPS II) bacteria were investigated for their chemical composition, structure and biological properties. LPS II is of rough (R) type in contrast to LPS I, which is phenotypically smooth (S) and contains a noticeable amount of two sugars virenose (Vir) and dihydrohydroxystreptose (Strep), which have not been found in other LPSs and can be considered as unique biomarkers of the bacterium. Both sugars were suggested to be located mostly in terminal positions of the O-specific chain of LPS I (O-PS I) and to be involved in the immunobiology of Q fever. There is a need to establish a more detailed chemical structure of LPS I in connection with prospective, deeper studies on mechanisms of pathogenesis and immunity of Q fever, its early and reliable diagnosis, and effective prophylaxis against the disease. This will also help to better understanding of host-pathogen interactions and contribute to improved modulation of pathological reactions which in turn are prerequisite for research and development of vaccines of new type. A fundamental understanding of C. burnetii LPS biosynthesis is still lacking. The intracellular nature of the bacterium, lack of genetic tools and its status as a selected agent have made elucidating basic physiological mechanisms challenging. The GDP-β-D-Vir biosynthetic pathway proposed most recently is an important initial step in this endeavour. The current advanced technologies providing the genetic tools necessary to screen C. burnetii mutants and propagate isogenic mutants might speed the discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Narasaki
- Center Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M University Health Science, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Jones MB, Rosenberg JN, Betenbaugh MJ, Krag SS. Structure and synthesis of polyisoprenoids used in N-glycosylation across the three domains of life. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:485-94. [PMID: 19348869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
N-linked protein glycosylation was originally thought to be specific to eukaryotes, but evidence of this post-translational modification has now been discovered across all domains of life: Eucarya, Bacteria, and Archaea. In all cases, the glycans are first assembled in a step-wise manner on a polyisoprenoid carrier lipid. At some stage of lipid-linked oligosaccharide synthesis, the glycan is flipped across a membrane. Subsequently, the completed glycan is transferred to specific asparagine residues on the protein of interest. Interestingly, though the N-glycosylation pathway seems to be conserved, the biosynthetic pathways of the polyisoprenoid carriers, the specific structures of the carriers, and the glycan residues added to the carriers vary widely. In this review we will elucidate how organisms in each basic domain of life synthesize the polyisoprenoids that they utilize for N-linked glycosylation and briefly discuss the subsequent modifications of the lipid to generate a lipid-linked oligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith B Jones
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Maeda Y, Kinoshita T. Dolichol-phosphate mannose synthase: Structure, function and regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:861-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hartman MC, Jiang S, Rush JS, Waechter CJ, Coward JK. Glycosyltransferase mechanisms: impact of a 5-fluoro substituent in acceptor and donor substrates on catalysis. Biochemistry 2007; 46:11630-8. [PMID: 17883281 PMCID: PMC2556460 DOI: 10.1021/bi700863s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions a new carbohydrate-carbohydrate bond is formed between a carbohydrate acceptor and the carbohydrate moiety of either a sugar nucleotide donor or lipid-linked saccharide donor. It is currently believed that most glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions occur via an electrophilic activation mechanism with the formation of an oxocarbenium ion-like transition state, a hypothesis that makes clear predictions regarding the charge development on the donor (strong positive charge) and acceptor (minimal negative charge) substrates. To better understand the mechanism of these enzyme-catalyzed reactions, we have introduced a strongly electron-withdrawing group (fluorine) at C-5 of both donor and acceptor substrates in order to explore its effect on catalysis. In particular, we have investigated the effects of the 5-fluoro analogues on the kinetics of two glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions mediated by UDP-GlcNAc:GlcNAc-P-P-Dol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (chitobiosyl-P-P-lipid synthase, CLS) and beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-beta-1,4 galactosyltransferase (GalT). The 5-fluoro group has a marked effect on catalysis when inserted into the UDP-GlcNAc donor, with the UDP(5-F)-GlcNAc serving as a competitive inhibitor of CLS rather than a substrate. The (5-F)-GlcNAc beta-octyl glycoside acceptor, however, is an excellent substrate for GalT. Both of these results support a weakly associative transition state for glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions that proceed with inversion of configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C.T. Hartman
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055
| | - Songmin Jiang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0001
| | - Jeffrey S. Rush
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0001
| | - Charles J. Waechter
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0001
| | - James K. Coward
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Phone: 734-936-2843. FAX: 734-647-4865. E-mail:
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Bickel T, Lehle L, Schwarz M, Aebi M, Jakob CA. Biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Alg13p and Alg14p form a complex required for the formation of GlcNAc(2)-PP-dolichol. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:34500-6. [PMID: 16100113 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506358200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum is an essential protein modification and highly conserved in evolution from yeast to man. Here we identify and characterize two essential yeast proteins having homology to bacterial glycosyltransferases, designated Alg13p and Alg14p, as being required for the formation of GlcNAc(2)-PP-dolichol (Dol), the second step in the biosynthesis of the unique lipid-linked core oligosaccharide. Down-regulation of each gene led to a defect in protein N-glycosylation and an accumulation of GlcNAc(1)-PP-Dol in vivo as revealed by metabolic labeling with [(3)H]glucosamine. Microsomal membranes from cells repressed for ALG13 or ALG14, as well as detergent-solubilized extracts thereof, were unable to catalyze the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-GlcNAc to [(14)C]GlcNAc(1)-PP-Dol, but did not impair the formation of GlcNAc(1)-PP-Dol or GlcNAc-GPI. Immunoprecipitating Alg13p from solubilized extracts resulted in the formation of GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol but required Alg14p for activity, because an Alg13p immunoprecipitate obtained from cells in which ALG14 was down-regulated lacked this activity. In Western blot analysis it was demonstrated that Alg13p, for which no well defined transmembrane segment has been predicted, localizes both to the membrane and cytosol; the latter form, however, is enzymatically inactive. In contrast, Alg14p is exclusively membrane-bound. Repression of the ALG14 gene causes a depletion of Alg13p from the membrane. By affinity chromatography on IgG-Sepharose using Alg14-ZZ as bait, we demonstrate that Alg13-myc co-fractionates with Alg14-ZZ. The data suggest that Alg13p associates with Alg14p to a complex forming the active transferase catalyzing the biosynthesis of GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Bickel
- Lehrstuhl für Zellbiologie und Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Acosta-Serrano A, O'Rear J, Quellhorst G, Lee SH, Hwa KY, Krag SS, Englund PT. Defects in the N-linked oligosaccharide biosynthetic pathway in a Trypanosoma brucei glycosylation mutant. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2004; 3:255-63. [PMID: 15075256 PMCID: PMC387663 DOI: 10.1128/ec.3.2.255-263.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2003] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Concanavalin A (ConA) kills the procyclic (insect) form of Trypanosoma brucei by binding to its major surface glycoprotein, procyclin. We previously isolated a mutant cell line, ConA 1-1, that is less agglutinated and more resistant to ConA killing than are wild-type (WT) cells. Subsequently we found that the ConA resistance phenotype in this mutant is due to the fact that the procyclin either has no N-glycan or has an N-glycan with an altered structure. Here we demonstrate that the alteration in procyclin N-glycosylation correlates with two defects in the N-linked oligosaccharide biosynthetic pathway. First, ConA 1-1 has a defect in activity of polyprenol reductase, an enzyme involved in synthesis of dolichol. Metabolic incorporation of [3H]mevalonate showed that ConA 1-1 synthesizes equal amounts of dolichol and polyprenol, whereas WT cells make predominantly dolichol. Second, we found that ConA 1-1 synthesizes and accumulates an oligosaccharide lipid (OSL) precursor that is smaller in size than that from WT cells. The glycan of OSL in WT cells is apparently Man9GlcNAc2, whereas that from ConA 1-1 is Man7GlcNAc2. The smaller OSL glycan in the ConA 1-1 explains how some procyclin polypeptides bear a Man4GlcNAc2 modified with a terminal N-acetyllactosamine group, which is poorly recognized by ConA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Sorensen TK, Dyer PS, Fierro F, Laube U, Peberdy JF. Characterisation of the gptA gene, encoding UDP N-acetylglucosamine: dolichol phosphate N-acetylglucosaminylphosphoryl transferase, from the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus niger. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1619:89-97. [PMID: 12495819 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The production of asparagine (N)-linked oligosaccharides is of vital importance in the formation of glycosylated proteins in eukaryotes and is mediated by the dolichol pathway. As part of studies to allow manipulation of this pathway, the gene coding for the production of the enzyme UDP N-acetylglucosamine: dolichol phosphate N-acetylglucosaminylphosphoryl transferase (GPT), catalysing the first step in the assembly of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides, was cloned from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. Degenerate-PCR was used to amplify a 470-bp fragment of the gene, which was labelled as a probe to obtain a full-length clone from a genomic library of A. niger. This contained a 1557-bp open reading frame encoding a highly hydrophobic protein of 468 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 51.4 kDa. The gene contained two intron sequences and putative dolichol recognition sites (PDRSs) were present in the deduced amino acid sequence. Comparison with other eukaryotic GPTs revealed the A. niger GPT to share 45-47% identity with yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe) and 41-42% identity with mammals (mouse, hamster, human). Nested-PCR of a cDNA library was used to confirm the position of an intron. A complete cDNA clone of A. niger gpt was obtained by employing a recombinant PCR approach. This was used to rescue a conditional lethal mutant of S. cerevisiae carrying a dysfunctional gpt gene by heterologous expression, confirming that the gpt genes from A. niger and S. cerevisiae are functionally equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Kring Sorensen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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Schenk B, Fernandez F, Waechter CJ. The ins(ide) and out(side) of dolichyl phosphate biosynthesis and recycling in the endoplasmic reticulum. Glycobiology 2001; 11:61R-70R. [PMID: 11425794 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.5.61r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The precursor oligosaccharide donor for protein N-glycosylation in eukaryotes, Glc3Man9GlcNAc(2)-P-P-dolichol, is synthesized in two stages on both leaflets of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). There is good evidence that the level of dolichyl monophosphate (Dol-P) is one rate-controlling factor in the first stage of the assembly process. In the current topological model it is proposed that ER proteins (flippases) then mediate the transbilayer movement of Man-P-Dol, Glc-P-Dol, and Man5GlcNAc(2)-P-P-Dol from the cytoplasmic leaflet to the lumenal leaflet. The rate of flipping of the three intermediates could plausibly influence the conversion of Man5GlcNAc(2)-P-P-Dol to Glc3Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-P-P-Dol in the second stage on the lumenal side of the rough ER. This article reviews the current understanding of the enzymes involved in the de novo biosynthesis of Dol-P and other polyisoprenoid glycosyl carrier lipids and speculates about the role of membrane proteins and enzymes that could be involved in the transbilayer movement of the lipid intermediates and the recycling of Dol-P and Dol-P-P discharged during glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis, N-glycosylation, and O- and C-mannosylation reactions on the lumenal surface of the rough ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schenk
- Institute for Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Sharma CB, Knauer R, Lehle L. Biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides in yeast: the ALG3 gene encodes the Dol-P-Man:Man5GlcNAc2-PP-Dol mannosyltransferase. Biol Chem 2001; 382:321-8. [PMID: 11308030 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2001.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The formation of N-glycosidic linkages of glycoproteins involves the ordered assembly of the common Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 core-oligosaccharide on the lipid carrier dolichyl pyrophosphate. Whereas early mannosylation steps occur on the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum with GDP-Man as donor, the final reactions from Man5GlcNAc2-PP-Dol to Man9GlcNAc2-PP-Dol on the lumenal side use Dol-P-Man. We have investigated these later stages in vitro using a detergent-solubilized enzyme extract from yeast membranes. Mannosyltransfer from Dol-P-Man to [3H]Man5GlcNAc2-PP-Dol with formation of all intermediates up to Man9GlcNAc2-PP-Dol occured in a rapid, time- and protein-dependent fashion. We find that the initial reaction from Man5GlcNAc2-PP-Dol to Man6GlcNAc2-PP-Dol is independent of metal ions, but further elongations need Mn2+ that can be partly replaced by Mg2+ or Ca2+. Zn2+ or Cd2+ ions were found to inhibit formation of Man(7-9)GlcNAc2-PP-Dol, but do not affect synthesis of Man6GlcNAc2-PP-Dol. Extension did not occur when the acceptor was added as a free Man5GlcNAc2 oligosaccharide or when GDP-Man was used as mannosyl donor. The alg3 mutant was described to accumulate Man5GlcNAc2-PP-Dol. We expressed a functional active HA-epitope tagged ALG3 fusion and succeeded to selectively immunoprecipitate the Dol-P-Man:Man5GlcNAc2-PP-Dol mannosyltransferase activity from the other enzymes of the detergent extract involved in the subsequent mannosylation reactions. This demonstrates that Alg3p represents the mannosyltransferase itself and not an accessory protein involved in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Sharma
- Lehrstuhl für Zellbiologie und Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Regensburg, Germany
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Imbach T, Schenk B, Schollen E, Burda P, Stutz A, Grunewald S, Bailie NM, King MD, Jaeken J, Matthijs G, Berger EG, Aebi M, Hennet T. Deficiency of dolichol-phosphate-mannose synthase-1 causes congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ie. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:233-9. [PMID: 10642602 PMCID: PMC377434 DOI: 10.1172/jci8691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), formerly known as carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndromes, lead to diseases with variable clinical pictures. We report the delineation of a novel type of CDG identified in 2 children presenting with severe developmental delay, seizures, and dysmorphic features. We detected hypoglycosylation on serum transferrin and cerebrospinal fluid beta-trace protein. Lipid-linked oligosaccharides in the endoplasmic reticulum of patient fibroblasts showed an accumulation of the dolichyl pyrophosphate Man(5)GlcNAc(2) structure, compatible with the reduced dolichol-phosphate-mannose synthase (DolP-Man synthase) activity detected in these patients. Accordingly, 2 mutant alleles of the DolP-Man synthase DPM1 gene, 1 with a 274C>G transversion, the other with a 628delC deletion, were detected in both siblings. Complementation analysis using DPM1-null murine Thy1-deficient cells confirmed the detrimental effect of both mutations on the enzymatic activity. Furthermore, mannose supplementation failed to improve the glycosylation status of DPM1-deficient fibroblast cells, thus precluding a possible therapeutic application of mannose in the patients. Because DPM1 deficiency, like other subtypes of CDG-I, impairs the assembly of N-glycans, this novel glycosylation defect was named CDG-Ie.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Imbach
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Quellhorst GJ, O'Rear JL, Cacan R, Verbert A, Krag SS. Nonglucosylated oligosaccharides are transferred to protein in MI8-5 Chinese hamster ovary cells. Glycobiology 1999; 9:65-72. [PMID: 9884408 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/9.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A CHO mutant MI8-5 was found to synthesize Man9-GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol rather than Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol as the oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate in N-glycosylation of proteins. MI8-5 cells were incubated with labeled mevalonate, and the prenol was found to be dolichol. The mannose-labeled oligosaccharide released from oligosaccharide-lipid of MI8-5 cells was analyzed by HPLC and alpha-mannosidase treatment, and the data were consistent with a structure of Man9GlcNAc2. In addition, MI8-5 cells did not incorporate radioactivity into oligosaccharide-lipid during an incubation with tritiated galactose, again consistent with MI8-5 cells synthesizing an unglucosylated oligosaccharide-lipid. MI8-5 cells had parental levels of glucosylphosphoryldolichol synthase activity. However, in two different assays, MI8-5 cells lacked dolichol-P-Glc:Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol glucosyltransferase activity. MI8-5 cells were found to synthesize glucosylated oligosaccharide after they were transfected with Saccharomyces cerevisiae ALG 6, the gene for dolichol-P-Glc:Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol glucosyltransferase. MI8-5 cells were found to incorporate mannose into protein 2-fold slower than parental cells and to approximately a 2-fold lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Quellhorst
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street,Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Quellhorst GJ, Piotrowski JS, Steffen SE, Krag SS. Identification of Schizosaccharomyces pombe prenol as dolichol-16,17. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 244:546-50. [PMID: 9514857 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The identity of the prenol involved in N-linked glycosylation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was unknown. In order to determine the identity of the prenol, S. pombe cells were incubated with a metabolic precursor of prenol, tritiated mevalonolactone. The cells incorporated only a modest amount of label, about 1000 dpm per million cells, into base-stable lipid and only 1% of that radioactivity was incorporated into prenol. We found by normal phase silica HPLC and more directly by the lack of reactivity with MnO2 that the labeled lipid was predominantly dolichol, not polyprenol. Reverse phase HPLC demonstrated that in S. pombe dolichol ranged between 14 and 18 isoprene units with dolichol-16,17 being the most abundant prenol. This dolichol is of an intermediate length, between the dolichol of S. cerevisiae and that of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Quellhorst
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Krag
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Reduced utilization of Man5GlcNAc2-P-P-lipid in a Lec9 mutant of Chinese hamster ovary cells: Analysis of the steps in oligosaccharide-lipid assembly. J Cell Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19971101)67:2<201::aid-jcb5>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Quellhorst GJ, Hall CW, Robbins AR, Krag SS. Synthesis of dolichol in a polyprenol reductase mutant is restored by elevation of cis-prenyl transferase activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 343:19-26. [PMID: 9210642 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CHB11-1-3 is a glycosylation mutant of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, isolated by screening mutagenized cells for those with decreased intracellular lysosomal enzyme activity [C. W. Hall et al. (1986) Mol. Cell. Biochem. 72, 35-45]. CHB11-1-3 synthesizes the lipid polyprenol, the metabolic precursor of dolichol, rather than dolichol, indicating a defect in polyprenol reductase. This defect was demonstrated previously in Lec9 CHO mutants, and cell fusion experiments confirmed that CHB11-1-3 is a member of this complementation group. A revertant of CHB11-1-3, CHBREV, isolated for its ability to grow at 39 degrees C, synthesizes dolichol at near-normal levels. CHBREV is probably a second-site revertant, because it synthesizes three to four times as much polyprenol as CHB11-1-3 and exhibits a similar elevation in the specific activity of cis-prenyl transferase. This higher activity appears to reflect an increase in enzyme molecules rather than the presence of an activator or absence of an inhibitor. These results suggest that CHB11-1-3 is a "K(m)" mutant, because synthesis of higher amounts of the substrate of polyprenol reductase obviates the defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Quellhorst
- Department of Biochemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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