Determinants that target the integrase of phage HK022 into the mammalian nucleus

Site-specific recombination in Arabidopsis plants promoted by the Integrase protein of coliphage HK022

The gene encoding the wild type Integrase protein of coliphage HK022 was integrated chromosomally and expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Double-transgenic plants cloned with the int gene as well as with a T-DNA fragment carrying the proper att sites in a tandem orientation showed that Int catalyzed a site-specific integration reaction (attP x attB) as well as a site-specific excision reaction (attL x attR). The reactions took place without the need to provide any of the accessory proteins that are required by Int in the bacterial host. When expressed in tobacco plants a GFP-Int fusion exhibits a predominant nuclear localization.

Site-specific recombination in human cells catalyzed by the wild-type integrase protein of coliphage HK022

The activity of the Integrase (Int) protein encoded by coliphage HK022 was tested in a human cell culture. Plasmids were constructed as substrates that carry the sites of the integration reaction (attP and attB) or the sites of excision (attL and attR). The site-specific recombination reactions were monitored in cis and in trans configurations by the expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter. Cells cotransfected with the substrate plasmid(s) and with a plasmid that expresses the wild-type Int show efficient integration as well as excision in both configurations. The wild-type Int was active in the human cells without the need to supply the accessory proteins integration host factor (IHF) and excisionase (Xis) that are indispensable for the reaction in the bacterial host.