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Chimenti RV, Lehman-Chong AM, Sepcic AM, Engelhardt JD, Carriere JT, Bensley KA, Markashevsky A, Tu J, Stanzione JF, Lofland SE. Method for determining resin cure kinetics with low-frequency Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2023; 148:5698-5706. [PMID: 37823883 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01099f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing resin extent of cure kinetics is critical to understanding the structure-property-processing relationships of polymers. The disorder band present in the low-frequency region of the Raman spectrum is directly related to conformational entropy and the modulus of amorphous materials, both of which change as the resin polymerizes. Normalizing the disorder band to its shoulder (∼85 cm-1) provides structural conversion kinetics, which we can directly correlate to chemical conversion kinetics for methacrylate and epoxy-amine based resin systems. In addition to fitting both the structural and chemical conversion data to a phenomenological kinetic rate equation, we also demonstrate a relationship between the chemical and structural kinetics which appears to relate to the softness of the material. Lastly, we use the method to investigate a methacrylate/epoxy interpenetrating polymer network resin system. We find that the structural and chemical conversions occur simultaneously during the formation of the primary (methacrylate) network, but there is a lag between the two during the formation of the secondary (epoxy-amine) network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert V Chimenti
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
- Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Institute (AMMI), Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Alexandra M Lehman-Chong
- Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Institute (AMMI), Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Alyssa M Sepcic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Jamison D Engelhardt
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
- Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Institute (AMMI), Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - James T Carriere
- Coherent Inc., 850 East Duarte Road, Monrovia, California 91016, USA
| | - Kayla A Bensley
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Adam Markashevsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Jianwei Tu
- Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Institute (AMMI), Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Joseph F Stanzione
- Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Institute (AMMI), Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Samuel E Lofland
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
- Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Institute (AMMI), Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
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Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy has continued use as a powerful tool to characterize ionic liquids since the literature on room temperature molten salts experienced the rapid increase in number of publications in the 1990's. In the past years, infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopies have provided insights on ionic interactions and the resulting liquid structure in ionic liquids. A large body of information is now available concerning vibrational spectra of ionic liquids made of many different combinations of anions and cations, but reviews on this literature are scarce. This review is an attempt at filling this gap. Some basic care needed while recording IR or Raman spectra of ionic liquids is explained. We have reviewed the conceptual basis of theoretical frameworks which have been used to interpret vibrational spectra of ionic liquids, helping the reader to distinguish the scope of application of different methods of calculation. Vibrational frequencies observed in IR and Raman spectra of ionic liquids based on different anions and cations are discussed and eventual disagreements between different sources are critically reviewed. The aim is that the reader can use this information while assigning vibrational spectra of an ionic liquid containing another particular combination of anions and cations. Different applications of IR and Raman spectroscopies are given for both pure ionic liquids and solutions. Further issues addressed in this review are the intermolecular vibrations that are more directly probed by the low-frequency range of IR and Raman spectra and the applications of vibrational spectroscopy in studying phase transitions of ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Paschoal
- Laboratório de Espectroscopia Molecular, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo , Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz F O Faria
- Laboratório de Espectroscopia Molecular, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo , Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mauro C C Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Espectroscopia Molecular, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo , Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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Kalampounias AG, Yannopoulos SN, Steffen W, Kirillova LI, Kirillov SA. Short-time dynamics of glass-forming liquids: Phenyl salicylate (salol) in bulk liquid, dilute solution, and confining geometries. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1565325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kirillov SA, Kolomiyets TM. Disorder in Binary Polymer Systems near Their Critical Region Studied by Low-Frequency Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0016941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sviatoslav A. Kirillov
- Foundation of Research and TechnologyHellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering and High-Temperature Chemical Processes (ICE/HT-FORTH), P.O. Box 1414, 265 00 Patras, Greece
| | - Tatiana M. Kolomiyets
- Foundation of Research and TechnologyHellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering and High-Temperature Chemical Processes (ICE/HT-FORTH), P.O. Box 1414, 265 00 Patras, Greece
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