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Zaki M, Hairat S, Aazam ES. Scope of organometallic compounds based on transition metal-arene systems as anticancer agents: starting from the classical paradigm to targeting multiple strategies. RSC Adv 2019; 9:3239-3278. [PMID: 35518979 PMCID: PMC9060267 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07926a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of the clinically approved drug cisplatin started a new era in the design of metallodrugs for cancer chemotherapy. However, to date, there has not been much success in this field due to the persistence of some side effects and multi-drug resistance of cancer cells. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the design of metal chemotherapeutics using organometallic complexes due to their good stability and unique properties in comparison to normal coordination complexes. Their intermediate properties between that of traditional inorganic and organic materials provide researchers with a new platform for the development of more promising cancer therapeutics. Classical metal-based drugs exert their therapeutic potential by targeting only DNA, but in the case of organometallic complexes, their molecular target is quite distinct to avoid drug resistance by cancer cells. Some organometallic drugs act by targeting a protein or inhibition of enzymes such as thioredoxin reductase (TrRx), while some target mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. In this review, we mainly discuss organometallic complexes of Ru, Ti, Au, Fe and Os and their mechanisms of action and how new approaches improve their therapeutic potential towards various cancer phenotypes. Herein, we discuss the role of structure-reactivity relationships in enhancing the anticancer potential of drugs for the benefit of humans both in vitro and in vivo. Besides, we also include in vivo tumor models that mimic human physiology to accelerate the development of more efficient clinical organometallic chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehvash Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudia Arabia +91 8979086156, +966 561835672
| | - Suboot Hairat
- Department of Biotechnology, Wachemo University Hossana Ethiopia
| | - Elham S Aazam
- Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudia Arabia +91 8979086156, +966 561835672
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Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity studies of methoxy alkyl substituted metallocenes. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:122-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sun Q, Nie W, Borzov MV. 2-[(Cyclo-penta-1,3-dien-2-yl)diphenyl-meth-yl]-1-methyl-1H-imidazole. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o285-6. [PMID: 21579721 PMCID: PMC2979705 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809055561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C(22)H(20)N(2), (Ib), forms along with 2-[(cyclo-penta-1,3-dien-1-yl)diphenyl-meth-yl]-1-methyl-1H-imid-azole, (Ia), which differs with respect to the position of the double-bonds in the C(5)H(5) ring, in an approximately 3:7 ratio (Ia:Ib; NMR spectroscopy data). However, in a single crystal, only compound (Ib) is present. H atoms of the CH(2) group (C(5)H(5) ring) were found from the difference Fourier synthesis and refined isotropically using the riding model. Hypothesis on possible presence of the (Ia) isomer in crystal lattice (model with a C(5)H(5) ring disordered between two positions) was especially checked and rejected due to its inconsistency. In the crystal structure, no significant hydrogen-bonding inter-actions between the CH(2) groups of the C(5)H(5) rings and nonsubstituted N-atoms of the imidazole rings were observed. Despite the fact that the chemically achiral compound (I) crystallizes in a chiral space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), neither the absolute structure determination nor assignment of the inversion twinning was possible in the absence of a heavy atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, The North-West University of Xi'an, Tai Bai Bei avenue 229, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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Gómez-Ruiz S, Kaluđerović GN, Žižak Ž, Besu I, Juranić ZD, Prashar S, Fajardo M. Anticancer drugs based on alkenyl and boryl substituted titanocene complexes. J Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gómez-Ruiz S, Kaluđerović GN, Prashar S, Polo-Cerón D, Fajardo M, Žižak Ž, Sabo TJ, Juranić ZD. Cytotoxic studies of substituted titanocene and ansa-titanocene anticancer drugs. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:1558-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pampillón C, Claffey J, Strohfeldt K, Tacke M. Synthesis and cytotoxicity studies of new dimethylamino-functionalised and aryl-substituted titanocene anti-cancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:122-8. [PMID: 17412456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
From the carbolithiation of 6-N,N-dimethylamino fulvene (3a) and different lithiated aryl species [p-N,N-dimethylanilinyl lithium, p-anisyl lithium and 4-lithio-benzo[1.3]dioxole (2a-c)], the corresponding lithium cyclopentadienide intermediates 4a-c were formed. These three lithiated intermediates underwent a transmetallation reaction with TiCl4 resulting in dimethylamino-functionalised and aryl-substituted titanocenes 5a-c. When these titanocenes were tested against LLC-PK cells, the IC50 values obtained were of 54, 45 and 26microM for titanocenes 5a, b and c, respectively. The most cytotoxic titanocene in this paper, 5c is approximately 10 times less cytotoxic than cis-platin, which showed an IC50 value of 3.3microM, when tested on the LLC-PK cell line, but approximately 100 times better than titanocene dichloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Pampillón
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, The UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (CSCB), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Substituted titanocenes induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in human epidermoid carcinoma cells in vitro and exhibit antitumour activity in vivo. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:1234-41. [PMID: 17923871 PMCID: PMC2360460 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanocene compounds are a novel series of agents that exhibit cytotoxic effects in a variety of human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the antiproliferative activity of two titanocenes (Titanocenes X and Y) was evaluated in human epidermoid cancer cells in vitro. Titanocenes X and Y induce apoptotic cell death in epidermoid cancer cells, with IC50 values that are comparable to cisplatin. Characterisation of the cell death pathway induced by titanocene compounds in A431 cells revealed that apoptosis is preceded by cell cycle arrest and the inhibition of cell proliferation. The induction of apoptosis is dependent on the activation of caspase-3 and -7 but not caspase-8. Furthermore, the antitumour activity of Titanocene Y was tested in an A431 xenograft model of epidermoid cancer. Results indicate that Titanocene Y significantly reduced the growth of A431 xenografts with an antitumour effect similar to cisplatin. These results suggest that titanocenes represent a novel series of promising antitumour agents.
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Proliferative and antiproliferative effects in substituted titanocene anticancer drugs. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-007-0265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Synthesis and cytotoxicity studies of new dimethylamino-functionalised and heteroaryl-substituted titanocene anti-cancer drugs. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Beckhove P, Oberschmidt O, Hanauske AR, Pampillón C, Schirrmacher V, Sweeney NJ, Strohfeldt K, Tacke M. Antitumor activity of Titanocene Y against freshly explanted human breast tumor cells and in xenografted MCF-7 tumors in mice. Anticancer Drugs 2007; 18:311-5. [PMID: 17264764 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328010a6f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bis-[(p-methoxybenzyl)cyclopentadienyl] titanium dichloride, better known as Titanocene Y, is a newly synthesized transition metal-based anticancer drug. We studied the antitumor activity of Titanocene Y with concentrations of 2.1, 21 and 210 micromol/l against a freshly explanted human breast cancer, using an in-vitro soft agar cloning system. The sensitivity against Titanocene Y was highly remarkable in the breast cancer tumor in the full concentration range. Titanocene Y showed cell death induction at 2.1 micromol/l, well comparable to cisplatin, given at a concentration of 1.0 micromol/l. A further preclinical development of Titanocene Y was warranted and therefore an MCF-7 human breast cancer xenograft nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mouse model was used. Titanocene Y was given for 21 days at 30 mg/kg/day (75% of the maximum tolerable dose of Titanocene Y), which resulted in the reduction of the tumor volume to around one-third, whereas no mouse was lost because of the surprisingly low toxicity of Titanocene Y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Beckhove
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Abteilung Zelluläre Immunologie, Heidelberg, Germany
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Sweeney NJ, Claffey J, Müller-Bunz H, Pampillón C, Strohfeldt K, Tacke M. The synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of a series of benzodioxole substituted titanocenes. Appl Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fichtner I, Pampillón C, Sweeney NJ, Strohfeldt K, Tacke M. Anti-tumor activity of Titanocene Y in xenografted Caki-1 tumors in mice. Anticancer Drugs 2006; 17:333-6. [PMID: 16520662 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200603000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The benzyl-substituted unbridged titanocene bis-[(p-methoxybenzyl)cyclopentadienyl] titanium(IV) dichloride (Titanocene Y) was tested in vitro against human renal cancer cells (Caki-1), in which it showed an IC50 value of 36 x 10 mol/l. Titanocene Y was then given in vivo in doses of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/kg on 5 consecutive days to Caki-1-bearing mice, and it showed concentration-dependent and statistically significant tumor growth reduction with respect to a solvent-treated control cohort. The maximum tolerable dose of Titanocene Y was determined to be 40 mg/kg and it showed significantly better tumor volume growth reduction than cisplatin given at a dose of 2 mg/kg. This superior activity of Titanocene Y with respect to cisplatin will hopefully lead to clinical tests against metastatic renal cell cancer in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iduna Fichtner
- aMax Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Strohfeldt K, Müller-Bunz H, Pampillón C, Sweeney NJ, Tacke M. Glycol Methyl Ether and Glycol Amine Substituted Titanocenes as Antitumor Agents. Eur J Inorg Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200600586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Diheteroarylmethyl substituted titanocenes: A novel class of possible anti-cancer drugs. Inorganica Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2006.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pampillón C, Mendoza O, Sweeney NJ, Strohfeldt K, Tacke M. Diarylmethyl substituted titanocenes: Promising anti-cancer drugs. Polyhedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sweeney N, Gallagher WM, Müller-Bunz H, Pampillón C, Strohfeldt K, Tacke M. Heteroaryl substituted titanocenes as potential anti-cancer drugs. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:1479-86. [PMID: 16764931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
From the reaction of Super Hydride (LiBEt(3)H) with 6-(furyl)fulvene (1a), 6-(thiophenyl)fulvene (1b) or 6-(N-methyl-pyrrole)fulvene (1c) the corresponding lithium cyclopentadienide intermediates (2a-c) were obtained. These intermediates were reacted with titanium tetrachloride and bis-[(furyl-2-cyclopentadienylmethane)] titanium(IV) dichloride (3a) and bis-[(thiophenyl-2-cyclopentadienylmethane)] titanium(IV) dichloride (3b) and bis-[(N-methylpyrrole-2-cyclopentadienylmethane)] titanium(IV) dichloride (3c) were obtained and subsequently characterised by X-ray crystallography. When titanocenes 3a-c were tested against pig kidney (LLC-PK) cells inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of 1.6x10(-4)M, 1.5x10(-4)M and 9.1x10(-4)M, respectively, were observed. These values represent improved cytotoxicity against LLC-PK, when compared to their corresponding ansa substituted analogues and also in comparison to unsubstituted titanocene dichloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Sweeney
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, The UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (CSCB), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Oberschmidt O, Hanauske AR, Rehmann FJK, Strohfeldt K, Sweeney N, Tacke M. Activity of [1,2-di(cyclopentadienyl)-1,2-di(p-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-ethanediyl] titanium dichloride against tumor colony-forming units. Anticancer Drugs 2005; 16:1071-3. [PMID: 16222148 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200511000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
[1,2-di(cyclopentadienyl)-1,2-di(p-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-ethanediyl] titanium dichloride is a newly synthesized transition metal-based anti-cancer drug. We studied the anti-tumor activity of this drug (final concentrations: 25, 250 and 2,500 micromol/l) against freshly explanted human tumors, using an in vitro soft agar cloning system. A total of eight tumor samples were evaluated using 1-h exposures. Additionally, the breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7 was examined with regard to sensitivity. The tested compound was markedly active against one renal cancer sample, whereas other renal tumors were resistant. Concentration-dependent anti-tumor activity was demonstrated for all samples except for melanoma. At concentrations of 250 micromol/l or less, the compound was less active than cisplatin or equally active at 0.2 microg/ml, whereas at 2,500 micromol/l it showed a significant cytotoxic activity against a wide spectrum of tumor types. The highest activity was observed against renal carcinomas (three of three tumor specimens inhibited at 2,500 micromol/l). Sensitivity was also highly remarkable in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 inhibited in a range of 25-2,500 micromol/l, whereas melanoma cells seemed to be profoundly resistant. Further clinical development of this drug appears warranted because of the broad cytotoxic activity shown.
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Kelter G, Sweeney NJ, Strohfeldt K, Fiebig HH, Tacke M. In-vitro anti-tumor activity studies of bridged and unbridged benzyl-substituted titanocenes. Anticancer Drugs 2005; 16:1091-8. [PMID: 16222151 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200511000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The benzyl-substituted ansa-titanocenes [1,2-di(cyclopentadienyl)-1,2-di-(4-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)ethanediyl] titanium dichloride (Titanocene X) and [1,2-di(cyclopentadienyl)-1,2-bis(m-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanediyl] titanium dichloride (Titanocene Z), and the benzyl-substituted unbridged titanocene bis-[(p-methoxybenzyl)cyclopentadienyl] titanium(IV) dichloride (Titanocene Y) were tested on the growth of a wide variety of tumor cells in vitro on a panel of 36 human tumor cell lines containing 14 different tumor types investigated in a cellular proliferation assay. Titanocene Y with a mean IC50 value of 65.8 x 10 mol/l over the full panel of 36 cancer cell lines reaches the activity of cisplatin with 14.7 x 10 mol/l within a factor of 4, whereas Titanocene X and Z show significantly less cytotoxic activity. Titanocene Y is most effective on pleura mesothelioma, and uterine and renal cell cancer, where the IC50 values are comparable or significantly better than for cisplatin. In particular, in the case of renal cell cancer and pleura mesothelioma there is an obvious lack of chemotherapeutic reagents, which might be filled by Titanocene Y, where a very promising cytotoxic effect in comparison with cisplatin could be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Kelter
- Oncotest GmbH, Institute of Experimental Oncology, Freiburg, Germany
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Li B, Wang B, Xu S, Zhou X. Synthesis and structures of dinuclear iron, molybdenum and tungsten complexes derived from (PhCHCHPh)-coupled bis(cyclopentadiene). J Organomet Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sweeney NJ, Mendoza O, Müller-Bunz H, Pampillón C, Rehmann FJK, Strohfeldt K, Tacke M. Novel benzyl substituted titanocene anti-cancer drugs. J Organomet Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The first example of an ansa-bis(cyclopentadienyl)aluminum compound. X-ray crystallographic characterization of [Me4C2(C5H4)2Al-μ-Cl]2 and its monomeric THF and t-BuNC adducts. NMR spectroscopic characterization of the structures and fluxional behavior of these compounds in solution. Polyhedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rehmann FJK, Rous AJ, Mendoza O, Sweeney NJ, Strohfeldt K, Gallagher WM, Tacke M. A trimethoxyphenyl substituted ansa-titanocene: A possible anti-cancer drug. Polyhedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2005.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rehmann FJK, Cuffe LP, Mendoza O, Rai DK, Sweeney N, Strohfeldt K, Gallagher WM, Tacke M. Heteroaryl substitutedansa-titanocene anti-cancer drugs derived from fulvenes and titanium dichloride. Appl Organomet Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Brunker TJ, Arisandy C, Cowley AR, Rees LH, Barlow S, O’Hare D. Synthesis, structures and reactions of some metallocene alcohols. J Organomet Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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