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Holl MG, Pitts CR, Lectka T. Quest for a Symmetric [C-F-C] + Fluoronium Ion in Solution: A Winding Path to Ultimate Success. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:265-275. [PMID: 31877026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this Account, we chronicle our tortuous but ultimately fruitful quest to synthesize a [C-F-C]+ fluoronium ion in solution, thus providing the last piece of the organic halonium ion puzzle. Inspiration for the project can be traced all the way back to the graduate career of the corresponding author, wherein the analogy between a [C-H-C]+ "hydrido" bridge and a hypothetical [C-F-C]+ bridge was first noted. The earliest attempt to construct a bicyclo[5.3.3]tridecane-based fluoronium ion (based on the analogous hydrido bridged cation) proved to be synthetically difficult. A subsequent attempt involving a 1,8-substituted naphthalene ring was theoretically naïve in retrospect, and it resulted in a classical benzylic carbocation instead. A biphenyl-based substrate, although computationally sound, proved to be kinetically untenable. At last, after some tweaking (including a dead-end detour into a fluoraadamantane skeleton), we finally achieved success with a highly rigid, semicage precursor based on the decahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene system. This strained substrate possessed a triflate leaving group to enhance its solvolytic reactivity. Detailed isotopic labeling and kinetic studies supported the generation of a symmetrical [C-F-C]+ bridge; interesting solution behavior allowed the manipulation of the rate-determining step for solvolysis depending on solvent nucleophilicity. After initial generation as a transient intermediate, the fluoronium ion was later produced as a stable species in solution and was fully characterized by 19F, 1H, and 13C NMR, with the resultant species displaying evident Cssymmetry through coordination of a molecule of SbF5. This remarkable ion proved stable to -30 °C. We also address a disagreement surrounding the nomenclature of fluoronium ions in particular and its potential impact upon the naming of onium ions in general. We strove to highlight the dangers of confusing the arbitrary concept of calculated partial charge with IUPAC nomenclature. Finally, we discuss future directions, for example, the synthesis of a fluoronium ion in which fluorine resides within an aromatic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Gargiulo Holl
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Cody Ross Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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2
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Chen H, Chen Y, Tang X, Liu S, Wang R, Hu T, Gao L, Song Z. Rhodium-Catalyzed Reaction of Silacyclobutanes with Unactivated Alkynes to Afford Silacyclohexenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4695-4699. [PMID: 30742358 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A Rh-catalyzed reaction of silacyclobutanes (SCBs) with unactivated alkynes has been developed to form silacyclohexenes with high chemoselectivity. Good enantioselectivity at the stereogenic silicon center was achieved using a chiral phosphoramidite ligand. The resulting silacyclohexenes are useful scaffolds for synthesizing structurally attractive silacyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tang
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shunfa Liu
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Runping Wang
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tianbao Hu
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhenlei Song
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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3
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Chen H, Chen Y, Tang X, Liu S, Wang R, Hu T, Gao L, Song Z. Rhodium‐Catalyzed Reaction of Silacyclobutanes with Unactivated Alkynes to Afford Silacyclohexenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yi Chen
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tang
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Shunfa Liu
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Runping Wang
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Tianbao Hu
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Lu Gao
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhenlei Song
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Research Center for Drug Industrial Technology Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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4
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Mu QC, Chen J, Xia CG, Xu LW. Synthesis of silacyclobutanes and their catalytic transformations enabled by transition-metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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5
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Weisheim E, Bücker L, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Tridentate Lewis acids with phenyl substituted 1,3,5-trisilacyclohexane backbones. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:198-207. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new 1,3,5-trisilacyclohexane scaffold with axially orientated ethynyl groups provides opportunities to create new tridentate Lewis acids. Some examples of these Lewis acids have been synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Weisheim
- Bielefeld University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Centre for Molecular Materials CM2
- 33615 Bielefeld
| | - Lisa Bücker
- Bielefeld University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Centre for Molecular Materials CM2
- 33615 Bielefeld
| | - Beate Neumann
- Bielefeld University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Centre for Molecular Materials CM2
- 33615 Bielefeld
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Bielefeld University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Centre for Molecular Materials CM2
- 33615 Bielefeld
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Bielefeld University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Centre for Molecular Materials CM2
- 33615 Bielefeld
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Braunschweig H, Damme A, Dück K, Fuß M, Hörl C, Kramer T, Krummenacher I, Kupfer T, Paprocki V, Schneider C. Ansa-Complexes of [Mn(η 5-C 5H 5)(η 6-C 6H 6)]: Preparation, Characterization, and Reactivity of [ n]Manganoarenophanes ( n=1, 2, 3). Chemistry 2015; 21:14797-803. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Struble MD, Holl MG, Scerba MT, Siegler MA, Lectka T. Search for a Symmetrical C–F–C Fluoronium Ion in Solution: Kinetic Isotope Effects, Synthetic Labeling, and Computational, Solvent, and Rate Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11476-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Struble
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North
Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Maxwell Gargiulo Holl
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North
Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Michael T. Scerba
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North
Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North
Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North
Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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8
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Struble MD, Holl MG, Coombs G, Siegler MA, Lectka T. Synthesis of a Tight Intramolecular OH···Olefin Interaction, Probed by IR, 1H NMR, and Quantum Chemistry. J Org Chem 2015; 80:4803-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Struble
- Department
of Chemistry, New Chemistry Building, Johns Hopkins University, 3400
North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
| | - Maxwell Gargiulo Holl
- Department
of Chemistry, New Chemistry Building, Johns Hopkins University, 3400
North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
| | - Gavin Coombs
- Department
of Chemistry, New Chemistry Building, Johns Hopkins University, 3400
North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Department
of Chemistry, New Chemistry Building, Johns Hopkins University, 3400
North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department
of Chemistry, New Chemistry Building, Johns Hopkins University, 3400
North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
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9
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Struble MD, Scerba MT, Siegler M, Lectka T. Evidence for a Symmetrical Fluoronium Ion in Solution. Science 2013; 340:57-60. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1231247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Halonium ions, in which formally positively charged halogens (chlorine, bromine, and iodine) are equivalently attached to two carbon atoms through three-center bonds, are well established in the synthetic chemistry of organochlorides, bromides, and iodides. Mechanistic studies of these ions have generated numerous insights into the origins of stereoselectivity in addition and displacement reactions. However, it has not been clear whether fluorine can form a halonium ion in the same manner. We present chemical and theoretical evidence for the transient generation of a true symmetrical fluoronium ion in solution from an appropriately configured precursor.
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11
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Kozytska MV, Dudley GB. Siletanylmethyllithium: an ambiphilic organosilane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:3047-9. [PMID: 15959580 DOI: 10.1039/b503110a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The adjacent centres of electrophilicity and nucleophilicity lead to interesting chemical reactivity in the title reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya V Kozytska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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12
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Hyun JY, Kawakami Y. Silacyclobutane as “Carbanion Pump” in Anionic Polymerization. III. Synthesis of Di- and Tri-block Copolymer by “Diphenylsilacyclobutane–Potassium tert-Butoxide System”. Polym J 2004. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.36.856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Owens TR, Harrington CR, Pace TCS, Leigh WJ. Steric Effects on Silene Reactivity. The Effects of ortho-Methyl Substituents on the Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Reactions of 1,1-Diarylsilenes with Nucleophiles. Organometallics 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/om030594p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Owens
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Cameron R. Harrington
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Tamara C. S. Pace
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
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14
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Gusel'nikov LE. Hetero-π-systems from 2+2 cycloreversions. Part 1. Gusel'nikov–Flowers route to silenes and origination of the chemistry of doubly bonded silicon. Coord Chem Rev 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-8545(03)00104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Auner N, Grasmann M, Herrschaft B, Hummer M. Silaheterocycles 36 (1). Trichlorovinylsilane, lithium-tert-butyl, and 1,3-enynes: A versatile combination for the competitive formation of silacyclobutanes and silacyclobutenes. CAN J CHEM 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/v99-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Equimolar amounts of trichlorovinylsilane (9), lithium-tert-butyl, and 1,3-enynes were reacted to yield the corresponding isomeric silacyclobutanes and silacyclobutenes competitively. As reaction pathway the mixture 9/tBuLi is discussed to give a silene equivalent, Cl2Si=CHCH2tBu (10), yielding the four-membered ring silacycles by formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of 10 with the C=C double or the C=C triple bond of the 1,3-enyne. The relative ratio of the products formed depends on the polarity of the multiple bonds in the enyne, which is mainly determined by the substituent pattern. Thus, from the organosubstituted 1,3-enynes R1 C=C-C(R2)=CR3R4 (R1 = Me, Et, SiMe3, Ph; R2 = H, Me, Ph; R3=Me, OMe, Ph; R4=H; and R1C=C-R' (R' = 1-cyclohexenyl, cyclohexanevinylidyne)) and 9/tBuLi the silacyclobutanes 12, 13, and 15 and the silacyclobutenes 14,16-24, and 27 (from 10 and 3-hexyne) are prepared in a one-step synthesis and isolated from the reaction mixtures. The silacyclobutanes and -butenes are thermally stable and can be distilled under vacuo up to temperatures of about 150°C without decomposition. The experimental results are confirmed qualitatively by semiempiric calculations at the AM-1 level and their analysis using FMO theory. The solid state structure of the silacyclobutene 19 (C17H30Cl2Si2) has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffractometry. 19 is orthorhombic, space group P212121, a = 1030.94(2) pm, b = 1244.6(2) pm, c = 1605.5(3) pm, Z = 4.Key words: neopentylsilene, dichloroneopentylsilene, silacyclobutenes, silacyclobutanes, 1,3-enynes.
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16
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Auner N, Grobe J, Müller T, Rathmann HW. Transient Silenes and Their Dimethyl-d6 Ether Donor Complexes from the Gas-Phase Pyrolysis of Siletanes,. Organometallics 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/om0002778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Marie-Curie Strasse 11, 60439 Frankfurt, FRG, Fachinstitut für Anorganische Chemie der Humboldt Universität Berlin, Hessische Strasse 1-2, D-10115 Berlin, FRG, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 8, D-48149 Münster, FRG
| | - Josef Grobe
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Marie-Curie Strasse 11, 60439 Frankfurt, FRG, Fachinstitut für Anorganische Chemie der Humboldt Universität Berlin, Hessische Strasse 1-2, D-10115 Berlin, FRG, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 8, D-48149 Münster, FRG
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Marie-Curie Strasse 11, 60439 Frankfurt, FRG, Fachinstitut für Anorganische Chemie der Humboldt Universität Berlin, Hessische Strasse 1-2, D-10115 Berlin, FRG, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 8, D-48149 Münster, FRG
| | - Horst W. Rathmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Marie-Curie Strasse 11, 60439 Frankfurt, FRG, Fachinstitut für Anorganische Chemie der Humboldt Universität Berlin, Hessische Strasse 1-2, D-10115 Berlin, FRG, and Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 8, D-48149 Münster, FRG
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17
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Kerst C, Boukherroub R, Leigh WJ. Far-UV laser flash photolysis in solution. A study of the chemistry of 1,1-dimethylsilene in hydrocarbon solvents. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(97)00194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Leigh WJ, Bradaric CJ, Kerst C, Banisch JAH. Mechanistic Studies of the Reactions of Silicon−Carbon Double Bonds. Addition of Alcohols to 1,1-Diphenylsilene. Organometallics 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/om950953j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Christine J. Bradaric
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Corinna Kerst
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Jo-Ann H. Banisch
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
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19
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20
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Liao CX, Chen MW, Sun L, Weber WP. Synthesis, characterization, and platinum-catalyzed cross-linking of 1,4-bis(1-methyl-1-silacyclobutyl) benzene, co-oligo(1-silacyclobut-1-ylidene-1,4-phenylene), and co-oligo(1-silacyclobut-1-ylidene-4,4?-diphenylene). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00683930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Synthesis and characterization of poly(1-methyl-1-silabutane), poly(1-phenyl-1-silabutane) and poly(1-silabutane). Polym Bull (Berl) 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00294823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Auner N, Seidenschwarz C, Herdtweck E. Einfache Synthese von Si-funktionellen Silacyclobutenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19911030927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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24
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Auner N. Reaktionen Methyl- und Trimethylsubstituierter Vinylsilane- bzw. -Disilane mit LiBut. J Organomet Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(87)87158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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26
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27
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28
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Auner N, Grobe J. Silaethene. VII. Darstellung und Charakterisierung SiF-haltiger Silacyclobutane Silaethene. VII. Preparation and Characterization of Silacyclobutanes with SiF Groups. Z Anorg Allg Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19824850106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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30
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Green ML. The use of atoms of the group iv, v and vi transition metals for the synthesis of zerovalent arene compounds and related studies. J Organomet Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(00)88641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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32
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