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Ma F, Wei J, Hao L, Shan Q, Li H, Gao D, Jin Y, Sun P. Bioactive Proteins and their Physiological Functions in Milk. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:759-765. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190125104532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Milk is the basic food for infants and newborn animals, providing a rich source of proteins,
carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. Milk also provides nourishment for people of all ages due to its
abundant nutrients, and it is used in the manufacture of numerous health-related products. Milk contains
caseins and whey proteins as the two major protein classes. Caseins fall into four major types
known as αs1-, αs2-, β- and κ-casein, whereas whey proteins comprise a mixture of globular proteins
including β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, serum albumin, lactoferrin, and other bioactivators. The various
biological activities of these proteins are involved in preventing and treating numerous nutritional,
physiological and metabolic diseases. This article reviews the bioactivities and functions of milk proteins,
which may shed light on future application of milk bioactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingya Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liyuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Duo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuhang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Liu H, Guo M, Jiang Y, Cao Y, Qian Q, He X, Huang K, Zhang J, Xu W. Diagnosing and tracing the pathogens of infantile infectious diarrhea by amplicon sequencing. Gut Pathog 2019; 11:12. [PMID: 30992716 PMCID: PMC6451272 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-019-0292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metagenomic methods have been widely applied to study the relationship between gut microbiota and human health. To test whether metagenomic amplicon sequencing could be an effective method to diagnose and trace the pathogens of infantile infectious diarrhea, the fecal samples of 20 diarrheic and 13 healthy infants were collected. After 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing, diversity analyses were carried out. The relationship between the pathogens of the gut microbiota and geography of patients was analyzed. Results The diversity of the gut microbiota in diarrheic infants was significantly lower than that of the gut microbiota in healthy ones and that, the composition of gut microbiota in the diarrheic group was significantly different than that of the gut microbiota in the healthy group. The results also indicated that in some of the patients, the amounts of Escherichia coli were significantly increased in the diarrheic infants, which was in agreement with the result of the qPCR analysis. Using a geographical map, we found some patterns between pathogen source and geographical location. This is helpful for an early warning of the disease. Conclusions The method of using high-throughput DNA sequencing and a comprehensive and deep data analysis can be a new strategy to detect and trace pathogens in infantile infectious diarrhea. Trial registration Diagnosing and tracing the pathogens of infantile infectious diarrhea by amplicon sequencing, ChiCTR-DDD-1701088, Registered 16 March 2017-Retrospectively registered, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=18477
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- 1School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei China
| | - Mingzhang Guo
- 2Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanchunzi Jiang
- 2Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Cao
- 1School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei China
| | - Qingzeng Qian
- 1School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- 2Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- 2Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- 3Physical Education Department, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, Hebei China
| | - Wentao Xu
- 2Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,4Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083 China
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Hurley WL, Theil PK. Perspectives on immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk. Nutrients 2011; 3:442-74. [PMID: 22254105 PMCID: PMC3257684 DOI: 10.3390/nu3040442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins form an important component of the immunological activity found in milk and colostrum. They are central to the immunological link that occurs when the mother transfers passive immunity to the offspring. The mechanism of transfer varies among mammalian species. Cattle provide a readily available immune rich colostrum and milk in large quantities, making those secretions important potential sources of immune products that may benefit humans. Immune milk is a term used to describe a range of products of the bovine mammary gland that have been tested against several human diseases. The use of colostrum or milk as a source of immunoglobulins, whether intended for the neonate of the species producing the secretion or for a different species, can be viewed in the context of the types of immunoglobulins in the secretion, the mechanisms by which the immunoglobulins are secreted, and the mechanisms by which the neonate or adult consuming the milk then gains immunological benefit. The stability of immunoglobulins as they undergo processing in the milk, or undergo digestion in the intestine, is an additional consideration for evaluating the value of milk immunoglobulins. This review summarizes the fundamental knowledge of immunoglobulins found in colostrum, milk, and immune milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L. Hurley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Peter K. Theil
- Department of Animal Health and Bioscience, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark;
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Li‐Chan E, Kummer A, Losso JN, Nakai S. Survey of immunoglobulin G content and antibody specificity in cows’ milk from British Columbia. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09540109409354856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Li‐Chan
- a Department of Food Science , The University of British Columbia , 6650 North West Marine Drive, Vancouver, BC, V6T 174, Canada
| | - A. Kummer
- a Department of Food Science , The University of British Columbia , 6650 North West Marine Drive, Vancouver, BC, V6T 174, Canada
| | - J. N. Losso
- a Department of Food Science , The University of British Columbia , 6650 North West Marine Drive, Vancouver, BC, V6T 174, Canada
| | - S. Nakai
- a Department of Food Science , The University of British Columbia , 6650 North West Marine Drive, Vancouver, BC, V6T 174, Canada
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Kassaify ZG, Mine Y. Effect of food protein supplements on Salmonella enteritidis infection and prevention in laying hens. Poult Sci 2004; 83:753-60. [PMID: 15141832 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.5.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction of intestinal colonization of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) during the grow-out period is crucial to provide safer eggs, minimize economic losses, and reduce the spread of human salmonellosis. In the search for novel elimination and prevention methods based on feed supplementation, the effects of feed supplemented with nonimmunized egg yolk powder (did not contain anti-S. enteritidis antibodies), immunized egg yolk powder (with anti-S. enteritidis antibodies), egg yolk proteins, egg white, and skim milk powder were examined on laying hens. In the elimination study, the chickens were orally infected with SE then given a supplemented feed of 5, 10, or 15% (wt/wt) of each of the test samples. Fecal samples tested weekly showed an absence of SE after the first week of feeding nonimmunized egg yolk powder and a gradual decrease with the other samples. In the prevention study, Salmonella-free chickens were fed the supplemented feed for 4 wk and then infected orally. Fecal samples tested for 4 wk showed that SE was prevented from colonizing the intestinal tract throughout the test period by nonimmunized egg yolk powder, whereas the other samples only delayed the colonization. None of the fed supplements disrupted the balance of the intestinal microflora, and the counts in the feces remained constant. These results show that the administration of only 5.0% (wt/wt) of nonimmunized egg yolk powder can eliminate and prevent SE colonization in laying hens with no adverse effects. Furthermore, the present results indicate that hen egg yolk contains novel anti-adhesive or immunomodulatory components that may act to prevent SE infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z G Kassaify
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Sugita-Konishi Y, Ogawa M, Arai S, Kumagai S, Igimi S, Shimizu M. Blockade of Salmonella enteritidis passage across the basolateral barriers of human intestinal epithelial cells by specific antibody. Microbiol Immunol 2001; 44:473-9. [PMID: 10941930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2000.tb02522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies specific to Salmonella enteritidis (S.E.) were obtained from immunized egg yolk, and their protective effects against S.E. were studied by using monolayer-cultured human intestinal epithelial cells, Caco-2 and T84. The Salmonella adherence and entry to the cells were partially inhibited by the antibodies. The antibodies inhibited the decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of the intestinal epithelial monolayers and IL-8 secretion of the cells induced by S.E. invasion. Also, the antibodies blocked the penetration of bacteria through the cell layer although they did not inhibit the growth of bacteria in the cells. Confocal microscopic photographs revealed the bacteria in the infected monolayer cells were bound to antibodies. These results indicate that anti-S.E. antibodies may protect the cells from destruction induced by S.E. invasion in intestinal epithelial cells in addition to the partial inhibition of adhesion and invasion of S.E. at the cell surface. Passive antibodies against invasive bacteria would be useful to prevent the migration of S.E. to blood not only at the cell surface but also inside of intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sugita-Konishi
- Department of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
The immunoglobulins of bovine colostrum provide the major antimicrobial protection against microbial infections and confer a passive immunity to the newborn calf until its own immune system matures. The concentration in colostrum of specific antibodies against pathogens can be raised by immunising cows with these pathogens or their antigens. Immune milk products are preparations made of such hyperimmune colostrum or antibodies enriched from it. These preparations can be used to give effective specific protection against different enteric diseases in calves and suckling pigs. Colostral immunoglobulin supplements designed for farm animals are commercially available in many countries. Also, some immune milk products containing specific antibodies against certain pathogens have been launched on the market. A number of clinical studies are currently in progress to evaluate the efficacy of immune milks in the prevention and treatment of various human infections, including those caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria. Bovine colostrum-based immune milk products have proven effective in prophylaxis against various infectious diseases in humans. Good results have been obtained with products targeted against rotavirus, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Streptococcus mutans, Cryptosporidium parvum and Helicobacter pylori. Some successful attempts have been made to use immune milk in balancing gastrointestinal microbial flora. Immune milk products are promising examples of health-promoting functional foods, or nutraceuticals. This review summarises the recent progress in the development of these products and evaluates their potential as dietary supplements and in clinical nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Korhonen
- Agricultural Research Centre of Finland, Food Research, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Davidson
- Gastroenterology Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
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9
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Fast PE, Sawyer LA, Wescott SL. Clinical considerations in vaccine trials with special reference to candidate HIV vaccines. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1995; 6:97-134. [PMID: 7551256 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1823-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P E Fast
- Vaccine and Prevention Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Shimizu M, Nagashima H, Hashimoto K. Comparative studies in molecular stability of immunoglobulin G from different species. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 106:255-61. [PMID: 8243054 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(93)90297-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1. Molecular stability of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from chicken and four mammalian species (cow, goat, pig and rabbit) was compared from immunochemical and biochemical view-points. 2. IgG from cow, goat and pig showed similar stability against denaturation caused by heat, acid and denaturant treatments, while rabbit IgG was shown to be more resistant to all of the treatments than other mammalian IgGs, suggesting that rabbit IgG has a highly stable molecular structure. 3. The heat- and acid-stability of chicken IgG measured by immunochemical methods were similar to those of cow, goat and pig IgG. Conformational stability of chicken IgG measured by fluorometric and enzymatic methods, however, was lower than the mammalian IgGs, suggesting that chicken IgG has a more flexible and unstable molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shimizu
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan
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Döller PC. Vaccination of adults against travel-related infectious diseases, and new developments in vaccines. Infection 1993; 21:1-17. [PMID: 8449574 DOI: 10.1007/bf01739302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The number of people travelling to tropical or subtropical countries, whether for holidays or for business, is steadily increasing. Many of these travellers are at risk of acquiring an infectious disease. Protection against certain infectious diseases is possible by vaccination. Vaccinations required or recommended for adults are reviewed here. Progress in the refinement of available vaccines, as well as the development of new vaccines, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Döller
- Tropenklinik, Paul-Lechler-Krankenhaus, Tübingen, Germany
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12
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13
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Vaccinations contre les infections digestives. Med Mal Infect 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(05)81184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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