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Eley DS, Bansal V, Cloninger CR, Leung J. Temperament and character in an Australian sample: examining cross-sectional associations of personality with age, sex, and satisfaction with life. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15342. [PMID: 37193024 PMCID: PMC10183160 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Personality can influence how we interpret and react to our day-to-day life circumstances. Temperament and character are the primary dimensions of personality, and both are influenced genetically. Temperament represents our emotional core, while character reflects our goals and values as we develop through life. Research shows that where people live, their social, economic, and physical environment can influence attitudes and behaviors, and these have links to variations in personality traits. There are few studies that focus on Australian personality as temperament and character. Using an Australian general population sample, we examined the psychometric properties of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCIR140) and investigated the associations between TCIR140 traits with both sociodemographic variables and measures of well-being. In addition, we investigated differences in temperament and character between our Australian general population sample and published results of similar studies from other countries. Methods Australians (N = 1,510) completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCIR-140), the Positive and Negative Affect Scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) examined the TCIR-140 psychometrics. Correlation analyzes, independent sample t-tests and ANOVA with post-hoc comparisons analyzed the sample. Results Cronbach's alphas were high, ranging from α = 0.78-0.92, and the CFA confirmed two constructs of temperament and character. Females were higher in Harm Avoidance (p < 0.001), Reward Dependence (p < 0.001), and Cooperativeness (p < 0.001) compared to males, who were higher in Self-Directedness (p < 0.001). Age groups showed significant differences among all temperament and character traits (p < 0.001) except for Reward Dependence (p = 0.690). Young adults had the least resilient personality profile and poorest measures of well-being. Correlations with measures of temperament and character, well-being and affect were all in the expected direction. Conclusions Temperament and character are related to indicators of wellbeing and differs by age and sex. This Australian sample demonstrate a temperament that is high in Persistence and a character high in Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness with an overall postive affect and a general satisfaction with life. In comparison to other countries, Australians in this sample differ in levels of several traits, demonstrating a cautious and independent temperament with a character that is cooperative, industrious, and self-reliant. Young-adults in comparison to older groups have a temperament and character profile that is prone to negative emotions and a lower satisfaction with life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diann S. Eley
- Academy for Medical Education, Medical School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vikas Bansal
- Medical School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Janni Leung
- Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Personality traits and night eating syndrome in women with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:803-812. [PMID: 34059970 PMCID: PMC8933296 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous research suggests that eating disorders may be associated with certain personality profiles; however, there is limited research investigating associations with night eating syndrome (NES). This research suggests harm avoidance personality trait is higher in NES individuals than in the general population, however, evidence of associations with other personality traits is inconsistent. To understand which personality traits are associated with NES symptoms, the current study aimed to improve understanding of the relationship between NES symptoms and a range of personality traits, addressing limitations in the earlier literature in this area by controlling for common confounders. METHODS Baseline data were analysed from an outpatient psychotherapy trial for 111 women with bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder. Pre-treatment measures of personality traits (measured with the Temperament and character inventory-revised) and NES symptoms (measured with the Night eating questionnaire) were used. Regression analyses tested associations between these variables, adjusting for potential confounders, including age and ethnicity. RESULTS Low cooperativeness scores were associated with greater NES symptoms in the multivariable model (mean difference: - 0.10, 95% confidence intervals: - 0.20 to - 0.01, p = 0.033). There was weak evidence of associations between both high harm avoidance and low self-directedness personality traits and greater NES symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to the limited research measuring associations between a range of personality traits and NES, addressing limitations of previous research. Weak evidence for an association between high harm avoidance and low self-directedness and increased NES symptoms was found. A novel association was found between low cooperativeness and greater NES symptoms. Further research is needed to validate its presence in those with and without comorbid eating disorders and to examine the relative change in NES, eating disorder symptoms and personality scores in treatments focusing on cooperativeness. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV (cross-sectional data from a randomised controlled trial, CTB/04/08/139).
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Nardi AE, Cheniaux E, Mendlowicz MV, Carta MG, Hupfeld-Moreno D, Moreno RA. Homage for Hagop Souren Akiskal (1944-2021): Former co-Editor-in Chief of the Journal of Affective Disorders, a world-known charismatic psychiatrist and a creative researcher in mood disorders. J Affect Disord 2021; 287:350-351. [PMID: 33813255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio E Nardi
- Institute of Psychiatry. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Elie Cheniaux
- Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro & Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauro V Mendlowicz
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mauro G Carta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Koski TPK, Hintsanen M, Miettunen J, Ek E, Salo H, Jääskeläinen E, Ala-Mursula L. Temperament and Early Intentions to Retire: A Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study. J Occup Environ Med 2020; 61:136-143. [PMID: 30475312 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations between temperament traits and early retirement intentions. METHODS In the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, we analyzed early retirement intentions at the age 46 according to Cloninger temperament traits at the age 46 (n = 4409) and at the age 31 (n = 3226). Ordinal logistic regression analyses were used. Adjustments were made for marital status, education, work type, job satisfaction, perceived health, and mental health problems. RESULTS 11% of men and 9% of women had strong retirement intentions. Especially higher harm avoidance was associated with higher early retirement intentions in both sexes at the age of 46. A similar pattern of results, although with weaker associations, was found for temperament assessed at the age of 31. CONCLUSIONS Temperament and especially harm avoidance is related to early retirement intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi P K Koski
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu (Drs Koski, Miettunen, Jääskeläinen, Ek, Mr Salo, Dr Ala-Mursula); Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu (Drs Koski, Miettunen, Jääskeläinen); Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Education (Dr Hintsanen), University of Oulu, Oulu; Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä (Dr Ek), Finland
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Cavenagh A, Chatterjee S, Davies W. Behavioural and psychiatric phenotypes in female carriers of genetic mutations associated with X-linked ichthyosis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212330. [PMID: 30768640 PMCID: PMC6377116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) is a rare X-linked dermatological condition arising from deficiency for the enzyme steroid sulfatase (STS). STS is normally expressed in the brain, and males with XLI exhibit personality differences from males in the general population, and are at increased risk of developmental and mood disorders. As the STS gene escapes X-inactivation, female carriers of XLI-associated genetic mutations have reduced STS expression/activity relative to non-carrier females, and could manifest similar behavioural phenotypes to males with XLI. Additionally, as STS activity normally increases in female tissues towards late pregnancy and into the puerperium, carrier females could theoretically present with increased rates of postpartum psychopathology. Using a worldwide online survey comprising custom-designed demographic questionnaires and multiple validated psychological questionnaires, we collected detailed self-reported information on non-postpartum and postpartum behaviour in confirmed adult (>16yrs) female carriers of genetic mutations associated with XLI (n = 94) for statistical comparison to demographically-matched previously-published normative data from female controls (seven independent studies, 98≤n≤2562), adult males with XLI (n = 58), and to newly-obtained online survey data from a general population sample of mothers from the United Kingdom and United States of America (n = 263). The pattern of results in carrier females relative to controls was remarkably similar to that previously observed in males with XLI, with evidence for increased rates of developmental and mood disorders, and elevated levels of inattention, impulsivity, autism-related traits and general psychological distress. Carrier females exhibited a significantly elevated rate of postpartum mental health conditions (notably mild depression) relative to controls which could not be accounted for by social factors. Our data confirm the psychological profile associated with XLI-associated mutations, and suggest that female carriers may be at increased risk of psychopathology, including in the postpartum period. These findings are relevant to families affected by XLI, to clinicians involved in the care of these families, and to genetic counsellors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cavenagh
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sohini Chatterjee
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - William Davies
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Chatterjee S, Humby T, Davies W. Behavioural and Psychiatric Phenotypes in Men and Boys with X-Linked Ichthyosis: Evidence from a Worldwide Online Survey. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164417. [PMID: 27711218 PMCID: PMC5053497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) is a rare dermatological condition arising from deficiency for the enzyme steroid sulfatase (STS). Preliminary evidence in boys with XLI, and animal model studies, suggests that individuals lacking STS are at increased risk of developmental disorders and associated traits. However, the behavioural profile of children with XLI is poorly-characterised, and the behavioural profile of adults with XLI has not yet been documented at all. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using an online survey, advertised worldwide, we collected detailed self- or parent-reported information on behaviour in adult (n = 58) and younger (≤18yrs, n = 24) males with XLI for comparison to data from their non-affected brothers, and age/gender-matched previously-published normative data. The survey comprised demographic and background information (including any prior clinical diagnoses) and validated questionnaires assaying phenotypes of particular interest (Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale v1.1, Barrett Impulsiveness Scale-11, adult and adolescent Autism Quotient, Kessler Psychological Distress Scales, and Disruptive Behaviour Disorder Rating Scale). RESULTS Individuals with XLI generally exhibited normal sensory function. Boys with XLI were at increased risk of developmental disorder, whilst adults with the condition were at increased risk of both developmental and mood disorders. Both adult and younger XLI groups scored significantly more highly than male general population norms on measures of inattention, impulsivity, autism-related traits, psychological distress and disruptive behavioural traits. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that both adult and younger males with XLI exhibit personality profiles that are distinct from those of males within the general population, and suggest that individuals with XLI may be at heightened risk of psychopathology. The data are consistent with the notion that STS is important in neurodevelopment and ongoing brain function, and with previous work suggesting high rates of developmental disorders in boys with XLI. Our results suggest that individuals with XLI may require medical care from multidisciplinary teams, and should help to inform genetic counselling for the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Chatterjee
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Humby
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - William Davies
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Sovio U, King V, Miettunen J, Ek E, Laitinen J, Joukamaa M, Veijola J, Järvelin MR. Cloninger’s Temperament Dimensions, Socio-economic and Lifestyle Factors and Metabolic Syndrome Markers at Age 31 Years in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. J Health Psychol 2016; 12:371-82. [PMID: 17284500 DOI: 10.1177/1359105307074301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the association between temperament and metabolic syndrome markers. Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory and clinical examination were carried out in 1997 in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 ( N = 4364 respondents). Novelty seeking was positively associated with waist circumference in both genders. Systolic blood pressure was highest in men with high harm avoidance and low persistence scores and lowest in women with high reward dependence and high persistence scores. Childhood socio-economic status did not confound these associations. Smoking and alcohol consumption were associated with higher novelty seeking. Our results suggest that temperament is associated with metabolic syndrome markers and this association may be partly mediated by lifestyle factors and socio-economic status in adulthood.
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Gutierrez-Zotes A, Labad J, Martorell L, Gaviria A, Bayón C, Vilella E, Cloninger CR. The revised Temperament and Character Inventory: normative data by sex and age from a Spanish normal randomized sample. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1481. [PMID: 26713237 PMCID: PMC4690388 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. The psychometric properties regarding sex and age for the revised version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R) and its derived short version, the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-140), were evaluated with a randomized sample from the community. Methods. A randomized sample of 367 normal adult subjects from a Spanish municipality, who were representative of the general population based on sex and age, participated in the current study. Descriptive statistics and internal consistency according to α coefficient were obtained for all of the dimensions and facets. T-tests and univariate analyses of variance, followed by Bonferroni tests, were conducted to compare the distributions of the TCI-R dimension scores by age and sex. Results. On both the TCI-R and TCI-140, women had higher scores for Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness than men, whereas men had higher scores for Persistence. Age correlated negatively with Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness and positively with Harm Avoidance and Self-transcendence. Young subjects between 18 and 35 years had higher scores than older subjects in NS and RD. Subjects between 51 and 77 years scored higher in both HA and ST. The alphas for the dimensions were between 0.74 and 0.87 for the TCI-R and between 0.63 and 0.83 for the TCI-140. Conclusion. Results, which were obtained with a randomized sample, suggest that there are specific distributions of personality traits by sex and age. Overall, both the TCI-R and the abbreviated TCI-140 were reliable in the 'good-to-excellent' range. A strength of the current study is the representativeness of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Gutierrez-Zotes
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM , Ctra. de l'Institut Pere Mata, s/n, Reus , Spain
| | - Javier Labad
- Department of Psychiatry, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, I3PT, UAB . Sabadell, Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Ana Gaviria
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM , Ctra. de l'Institut Pere Mata, s/n, Reus , Spain
| | | | - Elisabet Vilella
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM , Ctra. de l'Institut Pere Mata, s/n, Reus , Spain
| | - C Robert Cloninger
- Departament of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , USA
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Zaninotto L, Souery D, Calati R, Di Nicola M, Montgomery S, Kasper S, Zohar J, Mendlewicz J, Robert Cloninger C, Serretti A, Janiri L. Temperament and character profiles in bipolar I, bipolar II and major depressive disorder: Impact over illness course, comorbidity pattern and psychopathological features of depression. J Affect Disord 2015; 184:51-9. [PMID: 26070046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies comparing temperament and character traits between patients with mood disorders and healthy individuals have yielded variable results. METHODS The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was administered to 101 bipolar I (BP-I), 96 bipolar II (BP-II), 123 major depressive disorder (MDD) patients, and 125 HS. A series of generalized linear models were performed in order to: (a) compare the TCI dimensions across groups; (b) test any effect of the TCI dimensions on clinical features of mood disorders; and (c) detect any association between TCI dimensions and the psychopathological features of a major depressive episode. Demographic and clinical variables were also included in the models as independent variables. RESULTS Higher Harm Avoidance was found in BP-II and MDD, but not in BP-I. Higher Self-Transcendence was found in BP-I. Our models also showed higher Self-Directedness in HS, either vs MDD or BP-II. No association was found between any TCI dimension and the severity of symptoms. Conversely, a positive association was found between Harm Avoidance and the overall burden of depressive episodes during lifetime. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional design and the heterogeneity of the sample may be the main limitations of our study. CONCLUSION In general, our sample seems to support the view of a similar profile of temperament and character between MDD and BP-II, characterized by high Harm Avoidance and low Self-Directedness. In contrast, patients with BP-I only exhibit high Self-Transcendence, having a near-normal profile in terms of Harm Avoidance or Self-Directedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Zaninotto
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuro-Motor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniel Souery
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Medicale, Université Libre de Bruxelles and Psy Pluriel, Centre Européen de Psychologie Medicale, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raffaella Calati
- INSERM U1061, University of Montpellier, FondaMental Foundation, Montpellier, France
| | - Marco Di Nicola
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Siegfried Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joseph Zohar
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - C Robert Cloninger
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuro-Motor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Janiri
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Gómez-Gil E, Gutiérrez F, Cañizares S, Zubiaurre-Elorza L, Monràs M, Esteva de Antonio I, Salamero M, Guillamón A. Temperament and character in transsexuals. Psychiatry Res 2013; 210:969-74. [PMID: 23958334 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate personality in transsexuals. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) profiles of 166 male-to-female (MF) and 88 female-to-male (FM) transsexuals were compared with those of a control group of males and females. MF and FM transsexuals scored significantly lower than males and females in RD4 (more independent) and C3 (more self-centeredness). MF transsexuals scored higher than males and females in HA4 (more fatigable), ST and ST3 (more spiritual acceptance), and lower in C5 (more opportunistic); moreover, they showed higher scores than males in RD1 (more sentimental) and lower than females in C (less cooperativeness). FM transsexuals scored lower than females in HA2 (more daring and confident), RD (less sentimental), and C5 (more opportunistic). Compared with FM, MF transsexuals scored higher on HA2 (more fearful), RD, RD1 (more sentimental), ST, ST2 and ST3 (more spiritual). All these differences were less than half a standard deviation except for C3. Data show that transsexuals and controls display a similar personality profile, even though there are some differential personality traits. Moreover, the personality profile of transsexuals was closer to the profile of subjects who shared their gender identity than those who shared their anatomical sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Gómez-Gil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut Clínic of Neurosciences/IDIBAPS Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
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Al-Halabí S, Herrero R, Sáiz PA, García-Portilla MP, Errasti JM, Corcoran P, Bascarán MT, Bousoño M, Lemos S, Bobes J. A cross-cultural comparison between Spain and the USA: temperament and character distribution by sex and age. Psychiatry Res 2011; 186:397-401. [PMID: 20800900 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Unified Biosocial Theory of Personality developed by Cloninger has been applied in different cultures. Distribution by age and sex of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) dimensions were assessed cross-culturally for samples in Spain and the USA. Three non-clinical samples were included: i) 404 participants from Asturias (Spain); ii) 240 participants from Burgos (Spain); and iii) 300 adults from St. Louis (USA). Each participant was assessed by means of the TCI. A significant negative correlation between NS and both HA (r=-0.329; P<0.01) and P (r=-0.217; P<0.01) was found in the study sample, as well as significant effects of age in NS, HA, RD, and C for women and in NS and HA for men, and also of sex in HA and RD. Personality dimensions for the two Spanish samples appear to be similar (differences in HA4 and RD) compared to those for the US sample (differences in NS, HA, RD and P). Findings support Cloninger's theory about differences between men and women, but not regarding the intercorrelations between temperament dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Al-Halabí
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
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Al-Halabí S, Herrero R, Saiz PA, Paz Garcia-Portilla M, Corcoran P, Teresa Bascaran M, Errasti JM, Lemos S, Bobes J. Sociodemographic factors associated with personality traits assessed through the TCI. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Premorbid personality in chronic fatigue syndrome as determined by the Temperament and Character Inventory. Compr Psychiatry 2010; 51:78-85. [PMID: 19932830 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), we examined personality characteristics in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) compared with healthy control subjects, and CFS patients with and without psychiatric diseases. There have been no previous reports assessing personality in CFS patients using the TCI. METHODS A total of 211 CFS patients and 90 control subjects completed the TCI and the Chalder Fatigue Scale questionnaires. RESULTS Compared with control subjects, CFS patients demonstrated significantly lower premorbid Novelty Seeking, and higher Harm Avoidance and persistence. The fatigue score for CFS patients with psychiatric diseases was higher than that for CFS patients without psychiatric diseases. Patients with CFS with psychiatric diseases showed lower premorbid Self-Directedness when compared with CFS patients without psychiatric diseases. The fatigue score was negatively correlated with premorbid Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness, and positively correlated with Harm Avoidance among CFS patients. CONCLUSION This study supported the stereotyped image of CFS patients as perfectionists, which is similar to the Persistence score, and neurotics, which is similar to the Harm Avoidance score. Patients displaying greater neuroticisms and poorer social and communication skills, similar to the Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness scores, tend to have intercurrent psychiatry diseases and show more severe symptoms of CFS.
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Loftus ST, Garno JL, Jaeger J, Malhotra AK. Temperament and character dimensions in bipolar I disorder: a comparison to healthy controls. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 42:1131-6. [PMID: 18191148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 11/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Research on phenotypic markers of vulnerability to bipolar disorder has focused on the identification of personality traits uniquely associated with the illness. To expand knowledge in this area, we compared Cloninger's seven temperament and character dimensions in 85 euthymic/subsyndromal bipolar I inpatients and outpatients and 85 age and sex matched community controls. We also examined associations between Cloninger's personality traits and mood state in the patient group. Bipolar subjects were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and Clinician-Administered Rating Scale for Mania. Controls received the SCID, a family psychiatric history questionnaire, and urine toxicology screen to confirm healthy status. Both groups competed the 240-item Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). A multivariate analysis of covariance, accounting for demographic factors, was conducted to compare the groups on the TCI. Bipolar I patients scored higher on harm avoidance, lower on self-directedness, and higher on self-transcendence compared to controls. Harm avoidance and self-directedness were correlated with residual depressive symptoms positively and negatively, respectively; persistence was correlated with residual manic symptoms; and selftranscendence was correlated with residual psychotic symptoms in patients. The results indicate that bipolar I subjects do possess personality traits that are significantly different from non-ill individuals. However, only a prospective, longitudinal study may determine whether these traits mark a vulnerability to the disorder, or represent the scarring effect of affective episodes and chronic subsyndromal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay T Loftus
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Department of Psychiatry Research, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, United States.
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Yamano E, Isowa T, Nakano Y, Matsuda F, Hashimoto-Tamaoki T, Ohira H, Kosugi S. Association study between reward dependence temperament and a polymorphism in the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene in a Japanese female population. Compr Psychiatry 2008; 49:503-7. [PMID: 18702937 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cloninger's theory is that specific dimensions of temperament are associated with single neurotransmitter systems, and it is based on neurophysiologic and genetic approaches to the human traits. It suggests that overexpression of temperament could cause psychiatric illness. Based on this theory, we examined the correlation between reward dependence (RD) trait, measured with the Temperament and Character Inventory, and 5 polymorphisms in genes of norepinephrine pathways, ADRB1, COMT, PNMT, SLC18A1, and SLC6A2, in 85 Japanese female nursing students. We found that rs3764351 in PNMT was significantly associated with RD on Fisher's exact test (P = .029, P(corr) = .236). When haplotype analysis was performed for rs3764351 and rs876493 polymorphisms in the 5' flanking region of PNMT, 3 haplotypes were identified. Rs3764351 itself appeared to be correlated with RD in the present study of a specific population, although we could not demonstrate an association between RD and any of the haplotypes. Our findings have implications for the understanding of temperament using neurophysiologic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Yamano
- Department of Genome Epidemiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Public Health, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Tavares H, Gentil V. Pathological gambling and obsessive-compulsive disorder: towards a spectrum of disorders of volition. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2008; 29:107-17. [PMID: 17639253 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462007000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathological gambling is proposed as a participant of an impulsive-compulsive spectrum related to obsessive-compulsive disorder. This study aims to contrast pathological gambling and obsessive-compulsive disorder regarding course, comorbidity, and personality, hence testing the validity of the impulsive-compulsive spectrum. METHOD 40 pathological gambling and 40 obsessive-compulsive disorder subjects matched to 40 healthy volunteers according to gender, age, and education were assessed with the Temperament Personality Questionnaire and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Psychiatric patients were also assessed for course and comorbidity data. RESULTS Obsessive-compulsive disorder presented an earlier onset, but the full syndrome took longer to evolve. Pathological gambling had higher comorbidity with substance-related disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder higher comorbidity with somatoform disorders. Gamblers scored higher than controls on the sub-factors Impulsiveness, Extravagance, Disorderliness, and Fear of Uncertainty. Obsessive-compulsive patients scored higher than controls on Fear of Uncertainty. Impulsiveness, Extravagance, and Disorderliness significantly correlated with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale total score, Fear of Uncertainty did not. DISCUSSION The course and comorbidity profiles of pathological gambling resemble an addiction and differ from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Pathological gambling combines impulsive and compulsive traits. Impulsivity and compulsivity should be regarded as orthogonal constructs, and as drives implicated in volition aspects of behavioral syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermano Tavares
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Cruz-Fuentes C, Blas C, Gonzalez L, Camarena B, Nicolini H. Severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms is related to self-directedness character trait in obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr 2004; 9:607-12. [PMID: 15273653 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852900002789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examined the psychobiological Temperament and Character model of personality on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients, as well as the relation of temperament and/or character dimensions on the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. METHODS Fifty-four subjects diagnosed with OCD, were assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory, the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive scale and the Hamilton Rating Scales for depression and anxiety. RESULTS Compared with controls, OCD subjects displayed increased harm avoidance and lower self-directedness and cooperativeness. Low self-directedness and high Hamilton depression scores were associated with increased severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. CONCLUSION The Temperament and Character profile of OCD patients characterized in the present study was in agreement with previous reports using the same personality model and can be linked to some of their behavioral features. Furthermore, our data provides support of the influence that some personality traits may have on the severity of OCD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruz-Fuentes
- Departamento de Genética Psiquiátrica, Instituto Mexicano de Psiquiátría Ramon de la Fuente, Mexico City, Mexico
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Martins SS, Lobo DSS, Tavares H, Gentil V. Pathological gambling in women: a review. REVISTA DO HOSPITAL DAS CLINICAS 2002; 57:235-42. [PMID: 12436181 DOI: 10.1590/s0041-87812002000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathological gambling was only recently recognized as a psychiatric disorder (DSM-III, APA, 1980). Most studies of pathological gambling include only male subjects. Despite the paucity of information, it is likely that at least one-third of pathological gamblers are women. The objective of this article is to review clinical and epidemiological characteristics of female gamblers as compared to their male counterparts. MEDLINE and PsycINFO were searched for investigational studies and reviews of the past 10 years on clinical (sociodemographic, course and progression, psychiatric comorbidities, genetics, and personality) and epidemiological aspects of female gamblers. Other relevant articles were also selected from reference lists. It is concluded that the current literature indicates some common characteristics in female and male gamblers, but it also indicates the possibility that each gender may carry etiopathogenic differences that when better understood should lead to improved treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Saboia Martins
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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