1
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Venkata SA, Hakobyan N, Yadav R, Pokhrel A, Jamal F, Oudit O, Boris A, Kay A. Simultaneous Thoracic Spine Metastatic Melanoma and Pre-existing Prostate Adenocarcinoma: A Unique Case Presentation and Literature Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e43429. [PMID: 37706116 PMCID: PMC10497177 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In melanoma patients, distant metastases frequently manifest in the skin, lung, brain, liver, bone, and intestine. Notably, bone metastasis predominantly occurs within the axial skeleton, with the lumbar and thoracic spines being the most affected regions. Conversely, prostate cancer often disseminates to the bone, lung, liver, pleura, and adrenal glands. The spinal column, particularly the lumbar region, frequently harbors metastases in prostate cancer cases. Given the proximity of axial lesions to the spinal cord, patients commonly experience pain, weakness, and urinary dysfunction. This article presents a compelling case report of a patient initially diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer, who later exhibited a metastatic lesion in the thoracic spine, subsequently identified as originating from acral melanoma on the plantar surface of the right foot. Histopathological examination confirmed the presence of acral melanoma in both the spine and the right foot. The patient received comprehensive treatment for advanced melanoma from a multidisciplinary team comprising medical and radiation oncologists. Considering the overlapping pathophysiology of prostate cancer and melanoma, simultaneous screening for both diseases in cases where one is detected could yield significant benefits, including enhanced morbidity and mortality outcomes and the facilitation of early detection for secondary malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Narek Hakobyan
- Internal Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Ruchi Yadav
- Hematology and Oncology, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Akriti Pokhrel
- Internal Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Fares Jamal
- Internal Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
- College of Medicine, Saba University School of Medicine, The Bottom, BES
| | - Omar Oudit
- Internal Medicine, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Avezbakiyev Boris
- Hematology and Oncology, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Arthur Kay
- Neurology, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
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2
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Ma M, Ghosh S, Tavernari D, Katarkar A, Clocchiatti A, Mazzeo L, Samarkina A, Epiney J, Yu YR, Ho PC, Levesque MP, Özdemir BC, Ciriello G, Dummer R, Dotto GP. Sustained androgen receptor signaling is a determinant of melanoma cell growth potential and tumorigenesis. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211509. [PMID: 33112375 PMCID: PMC7596884 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma susceptibility differs significantly in male versus female populations. Low levels of androgen receptor (AR) in melanocytes of the two sexes are accompanied by heterogeneous expression at various stages of the disease. Irrespective of expression levels, genetic and pharmacological suppression of AR activity in melanoma cells blunts proliferation and induces senescence, while increased AR expression or activation exert opposite effects. AR down-modulation elicits a shared gene expression signature associated with better patient survival, related to interferon and cytokine signaling and DNA damage/repair. AR loss leads to dsDNA breakage, cytoplasmic leakage, and STING activation, with AR anchoring the DNA repair proteins Ku70/Ku80 to RNA Pol II and preventing RNA Pol II-associated DNA damage. AR down-modulation or pharmacological inhibition suppresses melanomagenesis, with increased intratumoral infiltration of macrophages and, in an immune-competent mouse model, cytotoxic T cells. AR provides an attractive target for improved management of melanoma independent of patient sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Soumitra Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Tavernari
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Atul Katarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Clocchiatti
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Luigi Mazzeo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Justine Epiney
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Ru Yu
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Berna C Özdemir
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.,International Cancer Prevention Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Ciriello
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - G Paolo Dotto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,International Cancer Prevention Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
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3
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Caroppo F, Tadiotto Cicogna G, Messina F, Alaibac M. Association between melanoma and exposure to sex hormones in puberty: A possible window of susceptibility (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 14:66. [PMID: 33680457 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk factors for melanoma in adolescents are similar to those in adults; however, it remains unclear whether these risk factors are also associated with melanoma in children. Epidemiological studies in the literature have reported a logarithmic increase in melanoma incidence after the age of 10 years. This may, in part, reflect the acute and chronic exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation during childhood. However, it appears unlikely that the cumulative exposure to UV radiation alone could explain such a sharp increase in melanoma incidence at the beginning of adolescence. It has been suggested that circulating sex hormones, the levels of which increase during puberty, may play a role in melanoma initiation and progression in predisposed individuals through binding to specific sex steroid receptors. The association between a longer cumulative exposure to sex hormones and the risk of melanoma may be supported by the reported epidemiological association between melanoma and several other sex hormone-related types of cancer, such as breast and prostate cancer, in which the enhanced exposure to androgens and estrogens was found to be directly associated with pubertal onset. Therefore, determining the association between pubertal onset and melanoma development may improve the current understanding of melanoma pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caroppo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Messina
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, I-35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Alaibac
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, I-35128 Padova, Italy
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4
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Bellenghi M, Puglisi R, Pontecorvi G, De Feo A, Carè A, Mattia G. Sex and Gender Disparities in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1819. [PMID: 32645881 PMCID: PMC7408637 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the total incidence of cutaneous melanoma is higher in men than in women, with some differences related to ethnicity and age and, above all, sex and gender. Differences exist in respect to the anatomic localization of melanoma, in that it is more frequent on the trunk in men and on the lower limbs in women. A debated issue is if-and to what extent-melanoma development can be attributed to gender-specific behaviors or to biologically intrinsic differences. In the search for factors responsible for the divergences, a pivotal role of sex hormones has been observed, although conflicting results indicate the involvement of other mechanisms. The presence on the X chromosome of numerous miRNAs and coding genes playing immunological roles represents another important factor, whose relevance can be even increased by the incomplete X chromosome random inactivation. Considering the known advantages of the female immune system, a different cancer immune surveillance efficacy was suggested to explain some sex disparities. Indeed, the complexity of this picture emerged when the recently developed immunotherapies unexpectedly showed better improvements in men than in women. Altogether, these data support the necessity of further studies, which consider enrolling a balanced number of men and women in clinical trials to better understand the differences and obtain actual gender-equitable healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bellenghi
- Center for Gender-specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Rossella Puglisi
- Center for Gender-specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Giada Pontecorvi
- Center for Gender-specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Alessandra De Feo
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Carè
- Center for Gender-specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Gianfranco Mattia
- Center for Gender-specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (R.P.); (G.P.); (G.M.)
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5
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Ben-Batalla I, Vargas-Delgado ME, von Amsberg G, Janning M, Loges S. Influence of Androgens on Immunity to Self and Foreign: Effects on Immunity and Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1184. [PMID: 32714315 PMCID: PMC7346249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that sex hormones can directly and indirectly influence immune cell function. Different studies support a suppressive role of androgens on different components of the immune system by decreasing antibody production, T cell proliferation, NK cytotoxicity, and stimulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Androgen receptors have also been detected in many different cells of hematopoietic origin leading to direct effects of their ligands on the development and function of the immune system. The immunosuppressive properties of androgens could contribute to gender dimorphisms in autoimmune and infectious disease and thereby also hamper immune surveillance of tumors. Consistently, females generally are more prone to autoimmunity, while relatively less susceptible to infections, and have lower incidence and mortality of the majority of cancers compared to males. Some studies show that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) can induce expansion of naïve T cells and increase T-cell responses. Emerging clinical data also reveal that ADT might enhance the efficacy of various immunotherapies including immune checkpoint blockade. In this review, we will discuss the potential role of androgens and their receptors in the immune responses in the context of different diseases. A particular focus will be on cancer, highlighting the effect of androgens on immune surveillance, tumor biology and on the efficacy of anti-cancer therapies including emerging immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ben-Batalla
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - María Elena Vargas-Delgado
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunhild von Amsberg
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Janning
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Personalized Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sonja Loges
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Personalized Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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6
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Active repurposing of drug candidates for melanoma based on GWAS, PheWAS and a wide range of omics data. Mol Med 2019; 25:30. [PMID: 31221082 PMCID: PMC6584997 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-019-0098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drug repurposing is a swift, safe, and cheap drug discovery method. Melanoma disorders present low survival and high mortality rates and are challenging to diagnose and treat. Moreover, there is a high volume of worldwide investigations that are attempting to find melanoma-related genes of influence, which can be identified as responsive targets for reliable treatment. Method In this study, we used a wide range of data analyses to analyze over 1100 genes and proteins of influence with respect to cutaneous malignant melanoma. Our analysis included various investigational results from genome- and phenome-wide association studies (GWAS and PheWAS, respectively), biomedical, transcriptomic, and metabolomic datasets. We then researched the DrugBank for potential melanoma targets from the selected list. We excluded known melanoma targets to obtain a list of druggable proteins. We performed a precise analysis of the drugs’ pathogenesis and checked the expression profiles of the selected drugs having high associations with known anti-melanoma drugs. Result We found 35 drugs that interacted with 20 unique targets. These drugs appear to have high melanoma treatment potentials. We confirmed our results with previous studies and found supporting references for 30 of these drugs. In conclusion, this investigation can be applied to various diseases for the efficient and economical repurposing of various drug compounds. For further validation, the results may be applicable for in vivo tests and clinical trials.
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7
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Mota Garcia T, Hiyoshi A, Udumyan R, Sjöqvist H, Fall K, Montgomery S. Acne in late adolescence is not associated with a raised risk of subsequent malignant melanoma among men. Cancer Epidemiol 2017; 51:44-48. [PMID: 29032321 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the association of acne in late adolescence with the risk for subsequent malignant melanoma (MM) in men. METHODS Swedish register-based cohort study of 242,096 males born between 1952 and 1956, who took part in compulsory assessments for Swedish military conscription in late adolescence between 1969 and 1975, with subsequent diagnoses of MM (n=1,058) up to December 31, 2009. Covariates included measures of childhood circumstances and information from adolescence on presence of acne, physical fitness, cognitive function, body mass index (BMI), and a summary of diagnoses. Cox regression was used for the analysis. RESULTS In total 1,058 men were diagnosed with MM. Acne was not associated with subsequent MM, with an adjusted hazard ratio (and 95% confidence interval) of 0.95 (0.61 to 1.49). Men with parents who were agricultural workers, and men who lived in northern Sweden, had lower physical fitness, or lower cognitive function had a lower risk of MM. Overweight and obesity was associated with a raised risk, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.39 (1.14, 1.71). CONCLUSIONS Acne in late adolescence is unlikely to represent a raised risk for subsequent MM in men. Overweight or obesity was identified as a raised risk for MM, possibly due to the associated increased skin surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mota Garcia
- Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ayako Hiyoshi
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Ruzan Udumyan
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Hugo Sjöqvist
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Department of Statistics, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Katja Fall
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Scott Montgomery
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College, WC1E 6BT London, UK
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8
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Oliveira C, Lourenço GJ, Rinck-Junior JA, de Moraes AM, Lima CSP. Polymorphisms in apoptosis-related genes in cutaneous melanoma prognosis: sex disparity. Med Oncol 2017; 34:19. [PMID: 28050764 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-016-0868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) cells are resistant to apoptosis, and steroid hormones are involved in this process through regulation of TP53, MDM2, BAX, and BCL2 expression. We analyzed herein sex differences in outcomes of CM patients associated with TP53 c.215G>C, MDM2 c.309T>G, BAX c.-248G>A, and BCL2 c.-717C>A polymorphisms. DNA from 121 men and 116 women patients was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and enzymatic digestion assays. At 60 months of follow-up, shorter progression-free survival (PFS) was seen in males with MDM2 GG + BCL2 AA (20.0 vs. 62.6%, P = 0.0008) genotype. Men carriers of the genotype had poor PFS (HR 3.78, 95% CI 1.30-11.0) than others. For women, shorter PFS was associated with TP53 GC or CC (61.4 vs. 80.8%, P = 0.01) and TP53 GC or CC + MDM2 TG or GG (59.1 vs. 85.4%, P = 0.01) genotypes at the same time. Women carriers of the genotypes had poor PFS (HR 2.46, 95% CI 1.19-5.09; HR 9.49, 95% CI 1.14-78.50) than others, respectively. Our data present, for the first time, preliminary evidence that inherited abnormalities on TP53, MDM2 and BCL2 genes, enrolled in apoptosis pathways, have a pivotal role in differences of outcomes in women and men with CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming, 181, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Distrito de Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Jacob Lourenço
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming, 181, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Distrito de Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Rinck-Junior
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming, 181, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Distrito de Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Aparecida Machado de Moraes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming, 181, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Distrito de Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Carmen Silvia Passos Lima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Alexander Fleming, 181, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Distrito de Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-970, Brazil.
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9
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Lehrer S. Finasteride and dutasteride may reduce melanoma risk. Cancer 2015; 121:3558. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lehrer
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
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10
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A Possible Association between Melanoma and Prostate Cancer. Results from a Case-Control-Study. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:670-8. [PMID: 25884238 PMCID: PMC4491677 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7020670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma and prostate cancer are the fifth and first most common cancers in men within the United States, respectively. The association between the two cancers lies in the mutual androgen-dependence. However, the relationship between prostate cancer history and melanoma development remains to be further elucidated. We aim to determine the odds of history of prostate cancer among men with melanoma as compared to time-frame, clinic, and provider-matched controls without melanoma within a single academic surgical center. We present a case-control study comparing men treated for melanoma and non-melanoma cancer by a single provider between 2010 and 2014 within an academic dermatologic surgical center. Overall, there were nine cases of prostate cancer among the melanoma group and two cases amongst the controls—a statistically significant difference in both uni- and multivariable analyses (p = 0.057 [95% CI 1, 23.5], p = 0.042 [95% CI 1.1, 129], respectively). Body mass index, alcohol use, and skin type II were significant risk factors for melanoma (p = 0.011 [95% CI 1, 1.3], 0.005 [95% CI 1.4, 7], 0.025 [95% CI 1.1, 3.3], respectively). There were more immunosuppressed controls (p = 0.002); however, the melanoma patients had a significantly longer duration of immunosuppression (11.6 vs. 1.9 years, p < 0.001 [95% CI 0.03, 0.5]). Melanoma screenings for men should include questions on prostate cancer history. Prostate cancer patients may benefit from more frequent and comprehensive melanoma screening.
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11
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Sex disparities in melanoma outcomes: The role of biology. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Immunohistochemical expression of hormone receptors in melanoma of pregnant women, nonpregnant women, and men. Am J Dermatopathol 2014; 36:74-9. [PMID: 23812018 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3182914c64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The survival advantage of women over men with cutaneous melanoma and the reports of accelerated progression of melanoma during pregnancy have led to studies of the effect of hormones and hormone receptors on the development and progression of melanoma. However, the results are inconclusive. We therefore evaluated the expression of estrogen receptor α, estrogen receptor β, and androgen receptor in melanomas of stage- and age-matched pregnant women, nonpregnant women, and men by immunohistochemical analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissues. In addition, we also assessed the mitotic rate using the antiphosphohistone H3 antibody by immunohistochemistry. Our data showed a trend of more frequent expression of estrogen receptor β in the melanomas of pregnant patients than in the melanomas of male patients, without a significant difference observed between pregnant and nonpregnant women. However, no association between the expression of estrogen receptor β and survival was observed. The small cohort may have limited the statistical power of the study, and large-scale studies are needed to elucidate the potential role of estrogen receptor β as a prognostic marker of melanoma.
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13
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Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Semak I, Zbytek B, Pisarchik A, Li W, Zjawiony J, Tuckey RC. Cytochromes p450 and skin cancer: role of local endocrine pathways. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2014; 14:77-96. [PMID: 23869782 DOI: 10.2174/18715206113139990308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the largest body organ forming a metabolically active barrier between external and internal environments. The metabolic barrier is composed of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) that regulate its homeostasis through activation or inactivation of biologically relevant molecules. In this review we focus our attention on local steroidogenic and secosteroidogenic systems in relation to skin cancer, e.g., prevention, attenuation of tumor progression and therapy. The local steroidogenic system is composed of locally expressed CYPs involved in local production of androgens, estrogens, gluco- and mineralo-corticosteroids from cholesterol (initiated by CYP11A1) or from steroid precursors delivered to the skin, and of their metabolism and/or inactivation. Cutaneous 7-hydroxylases (CYP7A1, CYP7B1 and CYP39) potentially can produce 7-hydroxy/oxy-steroids/sterols with modifying effects on local tumorigenesis. CYP11A1 also transforms 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC)→22(OH)7DHC→20,22(OH)2-7DHC→7-dehydropregnenolone, which can be further metabolized to other 5,7- steroidal dienes. These 5,7-dienal intermediates are converted by ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) into secosteroids which show pro-differentiation and anti-cancer properties. Finally, the skin is the site of activation of vitamin D3 through two alternative pathways. The classical one involves sequential hydroxylation at positions 25 and 1 to produce active 1,25(OH)2D3, which is further inactivated through hydroxylation at C24. The novel pathway is initiated by CYP11A1 with predominant production of 20(OH)D3 which is further metabolized to biologically active but non-calcemic D3-hydroxyderivatives. Classical and non-classical (novel) vitamin D analogs show pro-differentiation, anti-proliferative and anticancer properties. In addition, melatonin is metabolized by local CYPs. In conclusion cutaneously expressed CYPs have significant effects on skin physiology and pathology trough regulation of its chemical milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert C Tuckey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, RM525, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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14
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Melanoma of non-sun exposed skin in a man with previous prostate cancer: recognition of a recently confirmed association. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2014; 4:125-9. [PMID: 24563423 PMCID: PMC4065282 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-014-0045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association of an increased risk to develop melanoma in patients with prostate cancer has recently been confirmed. Purpose The postulated etiologic relationship between prostate cancer and the subsequent occurrence of melanoma is discussed. Methods A man with previous prostate cancer who developed melanoma on the plantar surface of his left great toe is described and the possibility of high levels of endogenous androgens promoting not only prostate cancer, but also increased risk of melanoma are reviewed. Results Modification of the host immune response, alteration of chromosome telomere length, and/or imbalance of androgen level (presenting as severe teenage acne) are potential mechanisms whereby high levels of endogenous androgens may contribute to the association between prostate cancer and risk of melanoma. Conclusions An increased surveillance for melanoma should be considered in prostate cancer patients. Complete skin examination in men who have had prostate cancer—especially in those individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer prior to age 68 years—should regularly be performed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13555-014-0045-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Li WQ, Qureshi AA, Ma J, Goldstein AM, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Han J. Personal history of prostate cancer and increased risk of incident melanoma in the United States. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:4394-9. [PMID: 24190118 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.51.1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Steroid hormones, particularly androgens, play a major role in prostatic carcinogenesis. Personal history of severe acne, a surrogate for higher androgen activity, has been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (PCa), and one recent study indicated that severe teenage acne was a novel risk factor for melanoma. These findings suggest a possible relationship between PCa and risk of melanoma. We prospectively evaluated this association among US men. METHODS A total of 42,372 participants in the Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study (HPFS; 1986 to 2010) were included. Biennially self-reported PCa diagnosis was confirmed using pathology reports. Diagnosis of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) was self-reported biennially, and diagnosis of melanoma was pathologically confirmed. We sought to confirm the association in 18,603 participants from the Physicians' Health Study (PHS; 1982 to 1998). RESULTS We identified 539 melanomas in the HPFS. Personal history of PCa was associated with an increased risk of melanoma (multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.83; 95% CI, 1.32 to 2.54). Although we also detected a marginally increased risk of NMSC associated with PCa (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.995 to 1.16), the difference in the magnitude of the association between melanoma and NMSC was significant (P for heterogeneity = .002). We did not find an altered risk of melanoma associated with personal history of other cancers. The association between PCa and risk of incident melanoma was confirmed in the PHS (HR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.12 to 4.21). CONCLUSION Personal history of PCa is associated with an increased risk of melanoma, which may not be entirely a result of greater medical scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qing Li
- Wen-Qing Li and Alisa M. Goldstein, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD; Wen-Qing Li, Abrar A. Qureshi, Jing Ma, Edward L. Giovannucci, Meir J. Stampfer, and Jiali Han, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Edward L. Giovannucci and Meir J. Stampfer, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Jiali Han, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; and Jiali Han, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Prostate stem cell antigen DNA vaccination breaks tolerance to self-antigen and inhibits prostate cancer growth. Mol Ther 2009; 17:1101-8. [PMID: 19337234 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is a cell surface antigen expressed in normal human prostate and over expressed in prostate cancer. Elevated levels of PSCA protein in prostate cancer correlate with increased tumor stage/grade, with androgen independence and have higher expression in bone metastases. In this study, the PSCA gene was isolated from the transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate cell line (TRAMPC1), and a vaccine plasmid construct was generated. This plasmid PSCA (pmPSCA) was delivered by intramuscular electroporation (EP) and induced effective antitumor immune responses against subcutaneous TRAMPC1 tumors in male C57 BL/6 mice. The pmPSCA vaccination inhibited tumor growth, resulting in cure or prolongation in survival. Similarly, the vaccine inhibited metastases in PSCA expressing B16 F10 tumors. There was activation of Th-1 type immunity against PSCA, indicating the breaking of tolerance to a self-antigen. This immunity was tumor specific and was transferable by adoptive transfer of splenocytes. The mice remained healthy and there was no evidence of collateral autoimmune responses in normal tissues. EP-assisted delivery of the pmPSCA evoked strong specific responses and could, in neoadjuvant or adjuvant settings, provide a safe and effective immune control of prostate cancer, given that there is significant homology between human and mouse PSCA.
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Tiwari-Pandey R, Ram Sairam M. Modulation of Ovarian Structure and Abdominal Obesity in Curcumin- and Flutamide-treated Aging FSH-R Haploinsufficient Mice. Reprod Sci 2009; 16:539-50. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719109332822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Tiwari-Pandey
- Molecular Reproduction Research Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (Affiliated to Université de Montréal), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - M. Ram Sairam
- Molecular Reproduction Research Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (Affiliated to Université de Montréal), Montréal, Québec, Canada,
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Zitvogel L, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, André F, Tesniere A, Kroemer G. The anticancer immune response: indispensable for therapeutic success? J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1991-2001. [PMID: 18523649 DOI: 10.1172/jci35180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the impact of tumor immunology on the clinical management of most cancers is still negligible, there is increasing evidence that anticancer immune responses may contribute to the control of cancer after conventional chemotherapy. Thus, radiotherapy and some chemotherapeutic agents, in particular anthracyclines, can induce specific immune responses that result either in immunogenic cancer cell death or in immunostimulatory side effects. This anticancer immune response then helps to eliminate residual cancer cells (those that fail to be killed by chemotherapy) or maintains micrometastases in a stage of dormancy. Based on these premises, in this Review we address the question, How may it be possible to ameliorate conventional therapies by stimulating the anticancer immune response? Moreover, we discuss the rationale of clinical trials to evaluate and eventually increase the contribution of antitumor immune responses to the therapeutic management of neoplasia.
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Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J. Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation. Physiol Rev 2004; 84:1155-228. [PMID: 15383650 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1367] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents interacting via pathways activated by receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms, in hormonal, auto-, para-, or intracrine fashion. Because of the multidirectional nature and heterogeneous character of the melanogenesis modifying agents, its controlling factors are not organized into simple linear sequences, but they interphase instead in a multidimensional network, with extensive functional overlapping with connections arranged both in series and in parallel. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortins and ACTH, whereas among the negative regulators agouti protein stands out, determining intensity of melanogenesis and also the type of melanin synthesized. Within the context of the skin as a stress organ, melanogenic activity serves as a unique molecular sensor and transducer of noxious signals and as regulator of local homeostasis. In keeping with these multiple roles, melanogenesis is controlled by a highly structured system, active since early embryogenesis and capable of superselective functional regulation that may reach down to the cellular level represented by single melanocytes. Indeed, the significance of melanogenesis extends beyond the mere assignment of a color trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Slominski
- Dept. of Pathology, Suite 599, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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