1
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Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Attia SM, Bakheet SA, Shahid M, Rehman MU, Alanazi MM, Alhamed AS, Ibrahim KE, Albekairi NA, Ahmad SF. CCR1 antagonist J-113863 corrects the imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in a SJL/J mouse model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152245. [PMID: 35868215 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), an immune-mediated and neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), is characterized by infiltrating myelin-reactive T lymphocytes and demyelinating lesions. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a well-established animal model used to study MS. To explore the impact of chemokine receptor CCR1 blockade in EAE and the underlying mechanisms, we used CCR1 antagonist J-113863 in PLP139-151-induced EAE in SJL/J mice. Following EAE induction, mice were treated with J-113863 (10 mg/kg) daily from day 14 until day 25. We investigated the effect of J-113863 on expression levels of GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-10, IL-27 in CD4+ spleen cells, using flow cytometry. We also analyzed the effect of J-113863 on GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-10, IL-27 mRNA and protein expression levels using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis in brain tissues. J-113863 treatment decreased the populations of CD4+GM-CSF+ and CD4+IL-6+ cells and increased CD4+IL-27+ and CD4+IL-10+ cells in the spleen. J-113863 had a suppressive effect on the mRNA and protein expression levels of GM-CSF, and IL-6 in the brain tissue. On the other hand, J-113863 treatment increased the mRNA and protein expression of IL-10 and IL-27 in the brain tissue. Our results highlighted J-113863's potential role in suppressing pro-inflammatory expression and up-regulating anti-inflammatory mediators, which could represent a beneficial alternative approach to MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mudassar Shahid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneeb U Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alhamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A Albekairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Heng AHS, Han CW, Abbott C, McColl SR, Comerford I. Chemokine-Driven Migration of Pro-Inflammatory CD4 + T Cells in CNS Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:817473. [PMID: 35250997 PMCID: PMC8889115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.817473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory CD4+ T helper (Th) cells drive the pathogenesis of many autoimmune conditions. Recent advances have modified views of the phenotype of pro-inflammatory Th cells in autoimmunity, extending the breadth of known Th cell subsets that operate as drivers of these responses. Heterogeneity and plasticity within Th1 and Th17 cells, and the discovery of subsets of Th cells dedicated to production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as GM-CSF have led to these advances. Here, we review recent progress in this area and focus specifically upon evidence for chemokine receptors that drive recruitment of these various pro-inflammatory Th cell subsets to sites of autoimmune inflammation in the CNS. We discuss expression of specific chemokine receptors by subsets of pro-inflammatory Th cells and highlight which receptors may be tractable targets of therapeutic interventions to limit pathogenic Th cell recruitment in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H S Heng
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Caleb W Han
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Caitlin Abbott
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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3
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Harris N, Koppel J, Zsila F, Juhas S, Il’kova G, Kogan FY, Lahmy O, Wildbaum G, Karin N, Zhuk R, Gregor P. Mechanism of action and efficacy of RX-111, a thieno[2,3-c]pyridine derivative and small molecule inhibitor of protein interaction with glycosaminoglycans (SMIGs), in delayed-type hypersensitivity, TNBS-induced colitis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:285-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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4
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Selectin-mediated leukocyte trafficking during the development of autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:984-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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5
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Angiari S, Constantin G. Selectins and their ligands as potential immunotherapeutic targets in neurological diseases. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:1207-20. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Selectins are a family of adhesion receptors that bind to highly glycosylated molecules expressed on the surface of leukocytes and endothelial cells. The interactions between selectins and their ligands control tethering and rolling of leukocytes on the vascular wall during the process of leukocyte migration into the tissues under physiological and pathological conditions. In recent years, it has been shown that leukocyte recruitment in the CNS plays a pivotal role in diseases such as multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, epilepsy and traumatic brain injury. In this review, we discuss the role of selectins in leukocyte–endothelial interactions in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, highlighting new findings suggesting that selectins and their ligands may represent novel potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Angiari
- Department of Pathology & Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Pathology & Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, Verona 37134, Italy
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6
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Defective T-lymphocyte migration to muscles in dystrophin-deficient mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:593-604. [PMID: 22733008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X-linked recessive disorder affecting 1 in 3500 males, is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. DMD leads to degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscles and to chronic inflammation. The mdx/mdx mouse has been widely used to study DMD; this model mimics most characteristics of the disease, including low numbers of T cells in damaged muscles. In this study, we aimed to assess migration of T cells to the heart and to identify any alterations in adhesion molecules that could possibly modulate this process. In 6-week-old mdx/mdx mice, blood leukocytes, including T cells, were CD62L(+), but by 12 weeks of age down-modulation was evident, with only approximately 40% of T cells retaining this molecule. Our in vitro and in vivo results point to a P2X7-dependent shedding of CD62L (with high levels in the serum), which in 12-week-old mdx/mdx mice reduces blood T cell competence to adhere to cardiac vessels in vitro and to reach cardiac tissue in vivo, even after Trypanosoma cruzi infection, a known inducer of lymphoid myocarditis. In mdx/mdx mice treated with Brilliant Blue G, a P2X7 blocker, these blood lymphocytes retained CD62L and were capable of migrating to the heart. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms of inflammatory infiltration and immune regulation in DMD.
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7
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Kim H, Moon C, Park EJ, Jee Y, Ahn M, Wie MB, Shin T. Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats treated with fucoidan. Phytother Res 2010; 24:399-403. [PMID: 19655293 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether fucoidan affected the clinical symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats. EAE was induced in Lewis rats that were immunized with guinea-pig myelin basic protein (MBP) and complete Freund's adjuvant. Fucoidan (50 mg/kg, daily) was administered to rats with EAE intraperitoneally, either in the EAE induction phase from either 1 day before immunization to day 7 post-immunization (PI), or the effector phase from day 8 to 14 PI, to test which phase of rat EAE is affected by fucoidan treatment.The onset, severity and duration of EAE paralysis in the fucoidan-treated group in the days 8-14 PI-treated rats, but not in days -1-7 PI-treated rats, were significantly delayed, suppressed and reduced, respectively, compared with the vehicle-treated controls. Treatment with fucoidan reduced the encephalitogenic response and TNF-alpha production during EAE. Moreover, the clinical amelioration coincided with decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells in the EAE-affected spinal cord. The ameliorative effect of fucoidan on clinical paralysis in EAE-affected rats may be mediated, in part, by the suppression of the autoreactive T cell response and inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heechul Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Applied Radiological Science Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
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8
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Uboldi C, Döring A, Alt C, Estess P, Siegelman M, Engelhardt B. L-Selectin-deficient SJL and C57BL/6 mice are not resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2156-67. [PMID: 18651702 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
L-selectin has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Here we demonstrate that L-selectin(-/-) SJL mice are susceptible to proteolipid protein (PLP)-induced EAE because the compromised antigen-specific T cell proliferation in peripheral lymph nodes is fully compensated by the T cell response raised in their spleen. Transfer of PLP-specific T cells into syngeneic recipients induced EAE independent of the presence or absence of L-selectin on PLP-specific T cells or in the recipient. Leukocyte infiltration into the central nervous system parenchyma was detectable independent of the mode of disease induction and the presence or absence of L-selectin. In addition, we found L-selectin(-/-) C57BL/6 mice to be susceptible to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced EAE. Taken together, we demonstrate that in SJL and C57BL/6 mice L-selectin is not required for EAE pathogenesis. The apparent discrepancy of our present observation to previous findings, demonstrating a role of L-selectin in EAE pathogenesis in C57BL/6 mice or myelin-basic protein (MBP)-specific TCR-transgenic B10.PL mice, may be attributed to background genes rather than L-selectin and to a unique role of L-selectin in EAE pathogenesis in MBP-TCR-transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Uboldi
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Kühl AA, Kakirman H, Janotta M, Dreher S, Cremer P, Pawlowski NN, Loddenkemper C, Heimesaat MM, Grollich K, Zeitz M, Farkas S, Hoffmann JC. Aggravation of different types of experimental colitis by depletion or adhesion blockade of neutrophils. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:1882-92. [PMID: 18054560 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Neutrophils are generally thought to play an important proinflammatory role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether blocking the invasion of neutrophils by anti-L-selectin monoclonal antibodies modulates chemically induced colitis and how this modulation is accomplished. METHODS Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid/dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS/DNBS)-induced colitis was studied in rats on treatment with anti-L-selectin monoclonal antibodies (mAb) or antineutrophil antiserum. Different anti-L-selectin mAb, either blocking or nonblocking, as well as F(ab)(2) fragments were evaluated. Additionally, leukocyte migration was examined using intravital microscopy. Furthermore, the effect of neutrophil depletion in rat TNBS-induced colitis was studied either prior to or after colitis induction as well as murine CD4(+)CD45RB(high) transfer colitis. Finally, bacterial translocation during DNBS-induced colitis was studied in neutrophil-depleted and control rats. RESULTS Anti-L-selectin mAb treatment resulted in increased mortality and bowel inflammation as well as hemorrhagic eye secretion. No clear difference was found between blocking and nonblocking mAb or F(ab)(2) fragments. For all investigated antibodies/fragments, either complete blockade of leukocyte invasion or marked neutrophil depletion was found. Accordingly, neutrophil depletion by antiserum resulted in aggravation of rat DNBS-induced colitis as well as murine transfer colitis. CONCLUSIONS Adhesion blockade or neutrophil depletion aggravates rat TNBS/DNBS-induced colitis together with extraintestinal manifestations of the eyes. Therefore, neutrophils appear to have an important role in mucosal repair processes. Importantly, adhesion blockade as a therapeutic concept can be detrimental in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja A Kühl
- Medizinische Klinik I, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Meyer zu Hörste G, Hartung HP, Kieseier BC. From bench to bedside--experimental rationale for immune-specific therapies in the inflamed peripheral nerve. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:198-211. [PMID: 17410107 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneuro0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy are autoimmune-mediated inflammatory diseases of the PNS. In recent years, substantial progress has been made towards understanding the immune mechanisms that underlie these conditions, in large part through the study of experimental models. Here, we review the available animal models that partially mimic human Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and discuss the wide range of therapeutic approaches that have been successfully established in these models of inflammatory neuropathies. Transfer of this preclinical knowledge to patients has been far less successful, and inflammatory neuropathies are still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We will summarize successful therapeutic trials in human autoimmune neuropathies to provide a vantage point for the transfer of experimental treatment strategies to clinical practice in immune-mediated diseases of the peripheral nerve.
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11
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Li O, Liu JQ, Zhang H, Zheng P, Liu Y, Bai XF. CD62L is required for the priming of encephalitogenic T cells but does not play a major role in the effector phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Scand J Immunol 2006; 64:117-24. [PMID: 16867156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD62L (l-selectin, mel 14) regulates naïve T cell homing into lymph nodes and the migration of leucocytes to sites of inflammation. The requirement of CD62L in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, has been demonstrated previously. However, it remains controversial as to whether CD62L is required for the induction or the effector phase of EAE. It is also unclear whether other non-T effector cells need CD62L to enter the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma and exert their damaging effects on myelin. We report that mice with a targeted mutation of CD62L are resistant to Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide-induced EAE. CD62L-deficient mice had no peptide-specific T cell responses in the draining lymph nodes and had lower levels of peptide-specific T cell responses in spleens at a later time point. Adoptive transfer studies showed that CD62L-deficient mice were fully susceptible to adoptive transfer EAE induced by either wildtype or CD62L-deficient T cells. Moreover, CD62L-deficient, F4/80(+) macrophages can be efficiently recruited into the CNS parenchyma. These data suggest that CD62L is required for the induction of encephalitogenic T cells during EAE development, but is not required by T and non-T effector cells to attack the CNS parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Li
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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12
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Osorio Y, La Point SF, Nusinowitz S, Hofman FM, Ghiasi H. CD8+-dependent CNS demyelination following ocular infection of mice with a recombinant HSV-1 expressing murine IL-2. Exp Neurol 2005; 193:1-18. [PMID: 15817260 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Revised: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases comprise a spectrum of immunopathologic syndromes in which myelin, the fatty covering of nerve cell fibers in the brain and spinal cord, is destroyed. In this study, we have shown for the first time that ocular infection of BALB/c mice with a recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) expressing IL-2 (HSV-IL-2) results in CNS demyelination as determined by light microscopy and EM. The demyelinated lesions involve periventricular white matter, brain stem, and spinal cord white matter. Demyelination was detected in the CNS of infected mice up to 75 days (the longest time point tested) post HSV-IL-2 infection. In contrast, mice infected with HSV-IFN-gamma or HSV-IL-4, which are identical to HSV-IL-2 but express IFN-gamma or IL-4 instead of IL-2, did not exhibit demyelination. Control mice infected with wild-type HSV-1 or parental virus also remained free of these symptoms. During early times (days 3-7), post-infection with HSV-IL-2 virus, a T(H)1 + T(H)2 pattern of cytokines was produced by lymphocytes of infected mice while mice infected with HSV-IFN-gamma or control viruses produced a T(H)1 pattern of cytokine. By day 21 post-infection, all infected groups exhibited a T(H)1 pattern of response. Immunohistochemistry and FACS analyses of infiltrates in the brains and spinal cords of HSV-IL-2-infected mice showed elevations in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and macrophages. However, T cell depletion studies suggest that only central memory CD8+ T cells are directly involved in the demyelination process, with macrophages being involved through a bystander effect.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/ultrastructure
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/pathology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/virology
- Female
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/pathology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/virology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spinal Cord/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanira Osorio
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns and Allen Research Institute, CSMC-D2024, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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13
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Mäurer M, Toyka KV, Gold R. Immune mechanisms in acquired demyelinating neuropathies: lessons from animal models. Neuromuscul Disord 2002; 12:405-14. [PMID: 12062260 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(01)00302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the target for a heterogenous immune attack mediated by T-cells, B-cells, and macrophages. The interaction of the humoral and cellular immune system with the structural components in the peripheral nervous system may determine the extent of inflammation and possibly repair mechanisms. The animal model experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) allows detailed study of the various effector pathways and tests novel therapeutic strategies in vivo. Unexpectedly, involvement of the immune system is also found in animal models for inherited neuropathies and in its human counterpart Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, suggesting an autoimmune reaction triggered by the genetically determined demyelinating disorder. A better understanding of immune regulation and its failure in the peripheral nervous system may help to develop more specific and more effective immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Mäurer
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Grewal IS, Foellmer HG, Grewal KD, Wang H, Lee WP, Tumas D, Janeway CA, Flavell RA. CD62L is required on effector cells for local interactions in the CNS to cause myelin damage in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Immunity 2001; 14:291-302. [PMID: 11290338 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules are believed to facilitate infiltration of leukocytes into the CNS of mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The role of the adhesion molecule CD62L (L-selectin) in the immunopathology of EAE is not known. To study this, we crossed CD62L-deficient mice with myelin basic protein-specific TCR (MBP-TCR) transgenic mice. CD62L-deficient MBP-TCR transgenic mice failed to develop antigen-induced EAE, and, despite the presence of leukocyte infiltration, damage to myelin in the CNS was not seen. EAE could, however, be induced in CD62L-deficient mice upon adoptive transfer of wild-type macrophages. Our results suggest that CD62L is not required for activation of autoimmune CD4 T cells but is important for the final destructive function of effector cells in the CNS and support a novel mechanism whereby CD62L expressed on effector cells is important in mediating myelin damage.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/transplantation
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Adhesion
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Gene Deletion
- Immunohistochemistry
- L-Selectin/genetics
- L-Selectin/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/transplantation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin Basic Protein/genetics
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism
- Myelin Sheath/metabolism
- Myelin Sheath/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Grewal
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Incorporated, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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15
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Noseworthy JH, Gold R, Hartung HP. Treatment of multiple sclerosis: recent trials and future perspectives. Curr Opin Neurol 1999; 12:279-93. [PMID: 10499173 DOI: 10.1097/00019052-199906000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the past year, further evidence establishing the usefulness of beta interferons and glatiramer in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis has been advanced. Interferon-beta-1b was also shown to be efficacious in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. This and other trials of symptomatic treatments are reviewed. Based on an appraisal of recent experimental studies, future promising approaches to intervene in the chain of immunopathogenetic events are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Noseworthy
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a target for heterogenous immune attacks mediated by different components of the systemic immune compartment. T cells, B cells, and macrophages can interact with endogenous, partially immune-competent glial cells and contribute to local inflammation. Cellular and humoral immune functions of Schwann cells have been well characterized in vitro. In addition, the interaction of the humoral and cellular immune system with the cellular and extracellular components in the PNS may determine the extent of tissue inflammation and repair processes such as remyelination and neuronal outgrowth. The animal model experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) allows direct monitoring of these immune responses in vivo. In EAN contributions to regulate autoimmunity in the PNS are made by adhesion molecules and by cytokines that orchestrate cellular interactions. The PNS has a significant potential to eliminate T cell inflammation via apoptosis, which is almost lacking in other tissues such as muscle and skin. In vitro experiments suggest different scenarios how specific cellular and humoral elements in the PNS may sensitize autoreactive T cells for apoptosis in vivo. Interestingly several conventional and novel immunotherapeutic approaches like glucocorticosteroids and high-dose antigen therapy induce T cell apoptosis in situ in EAN. A better understanding of immune regulation and its failure in the PNS may help to develop improved, more specific immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Research Unit for Multiple Sclerosis, Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg, Germany
| | - Juan J. Archelos
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Group, Karl‐Franzens‐Universität Graz, Austria
| | - Hans‐Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Group, Karl‐Franzens‐Universität Graz, Austria
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