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Fernández-Alarcón C, Buchholz G, Contreras H, Wussow F, Nguyen J, Diamond DJ, Schleiss MR. Protection against Congenital CMV Infection Conferred by MVA-Vectored Subunit Vaccines Extends to a Second Pregnancy after Maternal Challenge with a Heterologous, Novel Strain Variant. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122551. [PMID: 34960820 PMCID: PMC8703303 DOI: 10.3390/v13122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal reinfection of immune women with novel human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strains acquired during pregnancy can result in symptomatic congenital CMV (cCMV) infection. Novel animal model strategies are needed to explore vaccine-mediated protections against maternal reinfection. To investigate this in the guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) model, a strictly in vivo-passaged workpool of a novel strain, the CIDMTR strain (dose, 1 × 107 pfu) was used to infect dams that had been challenged in a previous pregnancy with the 22122 strain, following either sham-immunization (vector only) or vaccination with MVA-vectored gB, gH/gL, or pentameric complex (PC) vaccines. Maternal DNAemia cleared by day 21 in the glycoprotein-vaccinated dams, but not in the sham-immunized dams. Mean pup birth weights were 72.85 ± 10.2, 80.0 ± 6.9, 81.4 ± 14.1, and 89.38 ± 8.4 g in sham-immunized, gB, gH/gL, and PC groups, respectively (p < 0.01 for control v. PC). Pup mortality in the sham-immunized group was 6/12 (50%), but reduced to 3/35 (8.6%) in combined vaccine groups (p = 0.0048). Vertical CIDMTR transmission occurred in 6/12 pups (50%) in the sham-vaccinated group, compared to 2/34 pups (6%) in the vaccine groups (p = 0.002). We conclude that guinea pigs immunized with vectored vaccines expressing 22122 strain-specific glycoproteins are protected after a reinfection with a novel, heterologous clinical isolate (CIDMTR) in a second pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fernández-Alarcón
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.F.-A.); (G.B.)
| | - Grace Buchholz
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.F.-A.); (G.B.)
| | - Heidi Contreras
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (H.C.); (F.W.); (J.N.); (D.J.D.)
| | - Felix Wussow
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (H.C.); (F.W.); (J.N.); (D.J.D.)
| | - Jenny Nguyen
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (H.C.); (F.W.); (J.N.); (D.J.D.)
| | - Don J. Diamond
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (H.C.); (F.W.); (J.N.); (D.J.D.)
| | - Mark R. Schleiss
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.F.-A.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence:
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A Homolog Pentameric Complex Dictates Viral Epithelial Tropism, Pathogenicity and Congenital Infection Rate in Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005755. [PMID: 27387220 PMCID: PMC4936736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), tropism to epithelial and endothelial cells is dependent upon a pentameric complex (PC). Given the structure of the placenta, the PC is potentially an important neutralizing antibody target antigen against congenital infection. The guinea pig is the only small animal model for congenital CMV. Guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) potentially encodes a UL128-131 HCMV PC homolog locus (GP128-GP133). In transient expression studies, GPCMV gH and gL glycoproteins interacted with UL128, UL130 and UL131 homolog proteins (designated GP129 and GP131 and GP133 respectively) to form PC or subcomplexes which were determined by immunoprecipitation reactions directed to gH or gL. A natural GP129 C-terminal deletion mutant (aa 107-179) and a chimeric HCMV UL128 C-terminal domain swap GP129 mutant failed to form PC with other components. GPCMV infection of a newly established guinea pig epithelial cell line required a complete PC and a GP129 mutant virus lacked epithelial tropism and was attenuated in the guinea pig for pathogenicity and had a low congenital transmission rate. Individual knockout of GP131 or 133 genes resulted in loss of viral epithelial tropism. A GP128 mutant virus retained epithelial tropism and GP128 was determined not to be a PC component. A series of GPCMV mutants demonstrated that gO was not strictly essential for epithelial infection whereas gB and the PC were essential. Ectopic expression of a GP129 cDNA in a GP129 mutant virus restored epithelial tropism, pathogenicity and congenital infection. Overall, GPCMV forms a PC similar to HCMV which enables evaluation of PC based vaccine strategies in the guinea pig model.
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Molecular and biological characterization of a new isolate of guinea pig cytomegalovirus. Viruses 2014; 6:448-75. [PMID: 24473341 PMCID: PMC3939465 DOI: 10.3390/v6020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a vaccine against congenital infection with human cytomegalovirus is complicated by the issue of re-infection, with subsequent vertical transmission, in women with pre-conception immunity to the virus. The study of experimental therapeutic prevention of re-infection would ideally be undertaken in a small animal model, such as the guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) model, prior to human clinical trials. However, the ability to model re-infection in the GPCMV model has been limited by availability of only one strain of virus, the 22122 strain, isolated in 1957. In this report, we describe the isolation of a new GPCMV strain, the CIDMTR strain. This strain demonstrated morphological characteristics of a typical Herpesvirinae by electron microscopy. Illumina and PacBio sequencing demonstrated a genome of 232,778 nt. Novel open reading frames ORFs not found in reference strain 22122 included an additional MHC Class I homolog near the right genome terminus. The CIDMTR strain was capable of dissemination in immune compromised guinea pigs, and was found to be capable of congenital transmission in GPCMV-immune dams previously infected with salivary gland‑adapted strain 22122 virus. The availability of a new GPCMV strain should facilitate study of re-infection in this small animal model.
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Schleiss MR, McVoy MA. Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus (GPCMV): A Model for the Study of the Prevention and Treatment of Maternal-Fetal Transmission. Future Virol 2010; 5:207-217. [PMID: 23308078 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A major public health challenge today is the problem of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) transmission. Maternal-fetal CMV infections are common, occurring in 0.5-2% of pregnancies, and these infections often lead to long-term injury of the newborn infant. In spite of the well-recognized burden that these infections place on society, there are as yet no clearly established interventions available to prevent transmission of CMV. In order to study potential interventions, such as vaccines or antiviral therapies, an animal model of congenital CMV transmission is required. The best small animal model of CMV transmission is the guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) model. This article summarizes the GPCMV model, putting it into the larger context of how studies in this system have relevance to human health. An emphasis is placed on how the vertical transmission of GPCMV recapitulates the pathogenesis of congenital CMV in infants, making this a uniquely well-suited model for the study of potential CMV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Schleiss
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, 2001 6 Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455,
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Roizmann B, Desrosiers RC, Fleckenstein B, Lopez C, Minson AC, Studdert MJ. The family Herpesviridae: an update. The Herpesvirus Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Arch Virol 1992; 123:425-49. [PMID: 1562239 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Roizmann
- Majorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Laboratories, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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Abstract
The family herpesviridae contains over 100 viruses endogenous to humans and to a wide variety of eukaryotic organisms. Inclusion in the family is based on architecture of the virion. The viruses differ significantly with respect to base composition and sequence arrangements of their DNAs, but share many biologic properties including the ability to remain latent in their hosts. On the basis of their biologic properties the herpesviruses have been classified into three subfamilies, i.e. alphaherpesvirinae, betaherpesvirinae and gammaherpesvirinae. The members of each subfamily share many properties including greater conservation and colinear arrangements of their genes. As a rule, more than one herpesvirus has been isolated from animals of economic importance and both humans have yielded viruses belong to all three subfamilies of the herpesviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Roizman
- Majorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Laboratories, University of Chicago, IL 60637
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Isom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033
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Keithley EM, Sharp P, Woolf NK, Harris JP. Temporal sequence of viral antigen expression in the cochlea induced by cytomegalovirus. Acta Otolaryngol 1988; 106:46-54. [PMID: 2844054 DOI: 10.3109/00016488809107370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Injection of guinea-pig cytomegalovirus into seronegative guinea pig cochleas results in viral labyrinthitis. The location of infected cells 1-8 days following inoculation was examined using an immunohistochemical assay for viral antigens. Mesothelial cells below the basilar membrane and those lining the scala tympani, especially below the osseous spiral lamina, were the first cells to express antigen. This occurred 2 days following inoculation. Infection then spread rapidly toward the brain and through the perilymphatic duct to involve inflammatory cells, mesothelial cells of Reissner's membrane, spiral ganglion cells, and the vestibular ganglion cells. In any one cochlea, more mesothelial cells and inflammatory cells expressed viral antigen than any other cell type. It seems then, that there is a differential susceptibility to viral infection and antigen expression in the various cell types of the cochlea. Typical cytomegalic inclusions were common in mesothelial cells. However, many cells labelled for viral antigens did not contain inclusions. The identification of viral antigens then, is a more sensitive technique for demonstrating infection than is the location of cytomegalic inclusion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Keithley
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Diego Medical Center
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Akatsuka K, Nii S. Tubular structures detected in the nuclei of human embryonal lung fibroblasts infected with human cytomegalovirus. Microbiol Immunol 1986; 30:289-96. [PMID: 3014279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1986.tb00945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Fong CK, Brigati D. Ultrastructural localization of viral antigen in nuclear inclusions of cytomegalovirus infected guinea pig cells. Arch Virol 1982; 74:125-33. [PMID: 6299233 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Intranuclear localization of viral antigens in guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) infected guinea pig embryo (GPE) cells was investigated by cross-reactive indirect immunoperoxidase and immunoferritin techniques utilizing guinea pig antisera to GPCMV. Following primary fixation with 4 percent paraformaldehyde, a brief treatment of infected cells with 0.25 percent trypsin was found to enhance penetration of antibodies and the conjugates. Ferritin or horseradish peroxidase conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG was used as a secondary antibody that cross reacted with guinea pig immunoglobulins in order to reduce non-specific immunochemical reactions. Using light microscopy following immunoperoxidase staining, GPCMV antigens in an intranuclear location were not discernable when the infected cells were stained without pretreatment with trypsin, however intranuclear GPCMV antigens could be visualized after the fixed cells were treated with trypsin for 2-4 minutes prior to addition of the antiserum. Electron microscopic examination following indirect immunoferritin staining revealed viral antigens localized on viral capsids and on scattered electrondense amorphous matrices but not on the surrounding tubular structures on fibrils. The possibility that tubular structures may be a host cell product produced in response to GPCMV infection is discussed.
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Fong CK, Bia F, Hsiung GD. Ultrastructural development and persistence of guinea pig cytomegalovirus in duet cells of guinea pig submaxillary gland. Arch Virol 1980; 64:97-108. [PMID: 6247997 DOI: 10.1007/bf01318013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Salivary glands from Hartley guinea pigs were experimentally infected with guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) and examined by light and electron microscopy at different time intervals. Characteristic intranuclear and intracytoplasmic viral inclusions were observed in duct cells of infected animals. Viral inclusion counts and infectivity titers in the salivary gland reached maximum levels by 3 to 4 weeks after infection; infectivity persisted, though at reduced levels, for at least 30 weeks. Electron microscopic examination of viral inclusions revealed several developmental events including nucleocapsid assembly, envelopment of nucleocapsids at the inner nuclear membrane and their enclosure by a thin vacuolar membrane. While contained within cytoplasmic vacuoles, enveloped virions acquired surface spikes. Cytoplasmic vacuoles containing virions subsequently coalesced and discharged mature virions at the cell surface into the lumen of the salivary gland duct. The data indicate that the ultrastructural development of GPCMV in the guinea pig salivary gland shows many similarities to that of human cytomegalovirus in humans. The salivary gland may provide a primary locus for virus shedding and horizontal transmission of cytomegalovirus.
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Abstract
Cytomegalic cells with intranuclear inclusions were identified in lung tissue from one of two weanling Western lambs with pneumonia and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection. On the basis of light and electron microscopy, cytomegalovirus infection was diagnosed. Arrays of viral particles whose morphology was consistent with that of viruses of the herpes group were in the intranuclear inclusions of cytomegalic cells.
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Smith IW, Peutherer JF, Gray OG. The influence of cell type on the production of filaments by herpes simplex virus type 2. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1979; 2:191-9. [PMID: 228892 DOI: 10.1016/0147-9571(79)90006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Engedal H, Jensen H, Saetersdal TS. Ultrastructure of abnormal membrane inclusions in nuclei of human myocardial cells. Heart 1977; 39:145-51. [PMID: 189791 PMCID: PMC483208 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.39.2.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultrastructure of the nuclear envelope was studied in cardiac muscle cells of 12 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Two main types of membrane inclusions, globular and tubular, were observed in the nuclei. The globular type was found in 6 patients. The globular inclusions were about 0-5mu to 1-5mu in diameter and lined by two unit membranes equal in structure to that of the nuclear envelope. The lining was probably always in continuity with the nuclear membranes. Such inclusions contained a granular matrix in which no cytoplasmic organelles could be seen, with the exception of a limited number of ribosomes. The tubular type of nuclear inclusion was observed in the cardiac tissue of 3 patients. These tubules ran in straight or slightly bent segments of about 0-2 mu to 1-6 mu length, interrupted by bendings at obtuse or right angles. The diameter of their lumina measured about 300 A to 800 A. Such tubules were nearly always found in areas of the nucleoplasm rich in heterochromatin. Nuclear pore-like structures were occasionally found in the tubular wall. The tubular wall consisted of a single unit membrane shown to be in continuity with the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. Since these nuclear aberrances have been observed at all of the stages examined, the possibility is considered that they may represent a specific nuclear response to the process of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Fong CK, Tenser RB, Hsiung GD, Gross PA. Ultrastructural studies of the envelopment and release of guinea pig herpes-like virus in cultured cells. Virology 1973; 52:468-77. [PMID: 4735846 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
A guinea pig herpesvirus (GPHV) has consistently been isolated from leukemic lymphoblasts of strain-2 guinea pigs. GPHV is serologically related to the guinea pig herpes-like virus isolated by Hsiung and Kaplow. The virions of GPHV consist of an icosahedral capsid containing a dense nucleoprotein core enclosed in a double-layered membrane. The average diameters of GPHV virion and capsid were 166 and 101 nm, respectively. Studies on the morphogenesis of GPHV revealed that, as in other herpesvirus infections, only the naked capsids with or without the nucleoprotein core were found in the infected cell nuclei; it was also learned that the virion acquired its envelope by budding from the nuclear membrane of the infected cells. However, GPHV-infected cell nuclei also contained dense fibrous rods, resembling nucleo-protein core outside the capsids, and tubules resembling viral core protein. The capsids were often embedded in dense granular antigen. GPHV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has a density of 1.716 g/ml in cesium chloride compared to herpes simplex virus DNA (rho = 1.728 g/ml) and cellular DNA (rho = 1.700 g/ml).
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Valícek L, Pleva V, Smíd B. Electron microscopic demonstration of the causative agent of inclusion body rhinitis in pigs. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1969; 16:593-7. [PMID: 4312594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1969.tb00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hsiung GD, Kaplow LS. Herpeslike virus isolated from spontaneously degenerated tissue culture derived from leukemia-susceptible guinea pigs. J Virol 1969; 3:355-7. [PMID: 5782045 PMCID: PMC375778 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.3.3.355-357.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A herpeslike virus was consistently isolated from leukemia-susceptible strain 2 guinea pigs, but not from other strains known to be resistant to this leukemia.
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Banfield WG, Kasnic G, Blackwell JH. Further observations on the virus of epizootic diarrhea of infant mice. An electron microscopic study. Virology 1968; 36:411-21. [PMID: 4972583 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(68)90166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Examination of infected cells at sequential intervals after infection revealed that the first viral forms to appear were capsids enclosing cores of low density. Not until the 6th hr were dense cores encountered, and at approximately the same time enveloped virus was seen. Envelopment occurred most frequently in close proximity to the nuclear surface, although the process was also encountered within the nuclear matrix and in the cytoplasm. There was often extensive proliferation of the nuclear membrane. Envelopment of the virus by budding from the cell surface was not observed. It was concluded that enveloped virus consitutes the infectious particle and that the unenveloped capsid is unstable outside the cell. Nevertheless, it is likely that capsids enclosing infectious nucleic acid can pass directly from one cell to another after fusion has taken place.
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