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Ringvold A. The ultrastructure of the extracellular components of the limbal conjunctiva in the human eye. Acta Ophthalmol 2009; 50:393-404. [PMID: 4678235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1972.tb05964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Adachi E, Hopkinson I, Hayashi T. Basement-membrane stromal relationships: interactions between collagen fibrils and the lamina densa. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1997; 173:73-156. [PMID: 9127952 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Collagens, the most abundant molecules in the extracellular space, predominantly form either fibrillar or sheet-like structures-the two major supramolecular conformations that maintain tissue integrity. In connective tissues, other than cartilage, collagen fibrils are mainly composed of collagens I, III, and V at different molecular ratios, exhibiting a D-periodic banding pattern, with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm, that can form a coarse network in the extracellular matrix in comparison with a fine meshwork of lamina densa. The lamina densa represents a stable sheet-like meshwork composed of collagen IV, laminin, nidogen, and perlecan compartmentalizing tissue from one another. We hypothesize that the interactions between collagen fibrils and the lamina densa are crucial for maintaining tissue-tissue interactions. A detailed analysis of these interactions forms the basis of this review article. Here, we demonstrate that there is a direct connection between collagen fibrils and the lamina densa and propose that collagen V may play a crucial role in this connection. Collagen V might also be involved in regulation of collagen fibril diameter and anchoring of epithelia to underlying connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Adachi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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Rest MVD, Garrone R, Herbage D. Collagen: A Family of Proteins with many Facets. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2558(08)60198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Although most diagnostic markers lie within the cell, a few are found in the matrix. Well-known examples of these are amyloid filaments and fibrous long-spacing collagen (Luse body). Perhaps not so well-known are the diagnostic values of anchoring fibrils and microvillus-matrix associations. The latter two form the subject of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Ghadially
- Department of Pathology, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Canada
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Parente MG, Chung LC, Ryynänen J, Woodley DT, Wynn KC, Bauer EA, Mattei MG, Chu ML, Uitto J. Human type VII collagen: cDNA cloning and chromosomal mapping of the gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:6931-5. [PMID: 1871109 PMCID: PMC52207 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.16.6931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A human keratinocyte cDNA expression library in bacteriophage lambda gt11 was screened with the purified IgG fraction of serum from a patient with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, which had a high titer of anti-type VII collagen antibodies. Screening of approximately 3 x 10(5) plaques identified 8 positive clones, the largest one (K-131) being approximately 1.9 kilobases in size. Dideoxynucleotide sequencing of K-131 indicated that it consisted of 1875 base pairs and contained an open reading frame coding for a putative N-terminal noncollagenous domain of 439 amino acids and a collagenous C-terminal segment of 186 amino acids. The collagenous domain was characterized by repeating Gly-Xaa-Yaa sequences that were interrupted in several positions by insertions or deletions of 1-3 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence also revealed a peptide segment that had a high degree of identity with a published type VII collagen protein sequence. Northern hybridization of the K-131 cDNA with human epidermal keratinocyte and skin fibroblast RNA revealed an mRNA of approximately 8.5 kilobases. The fusion protein produced by the K-131 cDNA, when incubated with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita serum, bound to antibodies that reacted in Western blots with type VII collagen. The genomic location of the type VII collagen gene (COL7A1) was determined by chromosomal in situ hybridization with the K-131 cDNA. The results mapped the COL7A1 to the locus 3p21. The cDNA clones characterized in this study will be valuable for understanding the protein structure and gene expression of type VII collagen present in anchoring fibrils and its aberrations in the dystrophic forms of heritable epidermolysis bullosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Parente
- Department of Dermatology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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Rousselle P, Lunstrum GP, Keene DR, Burgeson RE. Kalinin: an epithelium-specific basement membrane adhesion molecule that is a component of anchoring filaments. J Cell Biol 1991; 114:567-76. [PMID: 1860885 PMCID: PMC2289097 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.114.3.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal keratinocytes attach to the underlying dermal stroma through an ultrastructurally unique and complex basement membrane zone. Electron-dense plaques along the basal surface plasma membrane, termed hemidesmosomes, appear to attach directly to the lamina densa of the basement membrane through fine strands, called anchoring filaments. The lamina densa is secured to the stroma through a complex of type VII collagen containing anchoring fibrils and anchoring plaques. We have identified what we believe is a novel antigen unique to this tissue region. The mAbs to this antigen localize to the anchoring filaments, just below the basal-dense plate of the hemidesmosomes. In cell culture, the antigen is deposited upon the culture substate by growing and migrating human keratinocytes. Addition of mAb to the cultures causes the cells to round and detach, but does not impair them metabolically. Skin fragments incubated with antibody extensively de-epithelialize. These findings strongly suggest that this antigen is intimately involved in attachment of keratinocytes to the basement membrane. This antigen was isolated from keratinocyte cultures by immunoaffinity chromatography. Two molecules are observed. The most intact species contains three nonidentical chains, 165, 155, and 140 kD linked by interchain disulfide bonds. The second and more abundant species contains the 165- and 140-kD chains, but the 155-kD chain has been proteolytically cleaved to 105 kD. Likewise, two rotary-shadowed images are observed. The larger of the two, presumably corresponding to the most intact form, appears as an asymmetric 107-nm-long rod, with a single globule at one end and two smaller globules at the other. The more abundant species, presumably the proteolytically cleaved form, lacks the distal small globule. We propose the name "kalinin" for this new molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rousselle
- Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children, Portland, Oregon 97201
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Clermont Y, Hermo L. Structure of the complex basement membrane underlying the epithelium of the vas deferens in the rat. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1988; 221:482-93. [PMID: 3389532 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092210105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Underlying the epithelium of the vas deferens there is a complex basement membrane showing a thick lamina densa separated from the plasma membrane of epithelial cells by a lamina lucida. On the connective tissue side of the lamina densa, there are plaques composed of a material that is similar to that of the lamina densa but is more compact and has a greater electron density. This material also forms plaques at a short distance from the lamina densa, where it appears as irregular nodular masses. The plaques are bridged by striated anchoring fibrils (SAF) that are variable in structure. Some SAF are long (0.5-0.6 micron) and bilaterally symmetrical, with a central fusiform segment and, on each side, coarsely banded segments. While the fusiform segment presents 5 or 6 diffuse cross striations, the coarsely banded segments show distinct bands labeled B1-B4. Shorter SAF show a coarsely banded segment alone or a coarsely banded segment plus a fusiform segment. Some SAF also branch at the level of the fusiform segments, in which case they form star-shaped structures with three or more branches that have their extremities inserted into plaques. The plaques, as well as the lamina densa, are immunohistochemically reactive to type IV collagen, laminin, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan, whereas the SAF are not immunoreactive to these substances. SAF and plaques, considered as integral components of this basement membrane, form a series of arches or open tunnels traversed by collagen fibrils. It is thus apparent that these elements contribute to the attachment of the basement membrane and the overlying epithelium to the underlying dense connective tissue of the lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Clermont
- Department of Anatomy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Holy JM, Oaks JA. Mechanical integration of muscle, tegument, and subtegumental tissues by anchoring fibrils and microfibrils in the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta. Tissue Cell 1987; 19:881-91. [PMID: 3438912 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(87)90027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopic examination of the epidermal basement membrane region of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, has revealed specialized connective tissue structures that appear to anchor the epidermis, or tegument, to the parenchymal tissues of the helminth, as well as interconnect subtegumental muscle fibers, tegument, and parenchyma. Anchoring fibrils-cross-banded bundles of ca. 3 nm diameter filaments--were observed to directly interlink tegument and muscle, muscle and muscle, and tegument, muscle, and parenchymal connective tissue. Anchoring fibrils therefore appear to mechanically integrate epidermal tissue movements in response to subtegumental muscle contraction. A well-developed stratum of microfibrils, forming the lamina reticularis of the tegumental basement membrane, may also help anchor the tegument as well as to serve as a flexible, reinforcing sheath that protects parenchymal tissues from excessive radial displacement due to muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Holy
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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Sakai LY, Keene DR, Morris NP, Burgeson RE. Type VII collagen is a major structural component of anchoring fibrils. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1986; 103:1577-86. [PMID: 3771648 PMCID: PMC2114342 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.103.4.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anchoring fibrils are specialized fibrous structures found in the subbasal lamina underlying epithelia of several external tissues. Based upon their sensitivity to collagenase and the similarity in banding pattern to artificially created segment-long spacing crystallites (SLS) of collagens, several authors have suggested that anchoring fibrils are lateral aggregates of collagenous macromolecules. We recently reported the similarity in length and banding pattern of anchoring fibrils to type VII collagen SLS crystallites. We now report the construction and characterization of a murine monoclonal antibody specific for type VII collagen. The epitope identified by this antibody has been mapped to the carboxyl terminus of the major helical domain of this molecule. The presence of type VII collagen as detected by indirect immunofluorescence in a variety of tissues corresponds exactly with ultrastructural observations of anchoring fibrils. Ultrastructural immunolocalization of type VII collagen using a 5-nm colloidal gold-conjugated second antibody demonstrates metal deposition upon anchoring fibrils at both ends of these structures, as predicted by the location of the epitope on type VII collagen. Type VII collagen is synthesized by primary cultures of amniotic epithelial cells. It is also produced by KB cells (an epidermoid carcinoma cell line) and WISH (a transformed amniotic cell line).
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Brewitt H, Reale E. The basement membrane complex of the human corneal epithelium. ALBRECHT VON GRAEFES ARCHIV FUR KLINISCHE UND EXPERIMENTELLE OPHTHALMOLOGIE. ALBRECHT VON GRAEFE'S ARCHIVE FOR CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY 1981; 215:223-31. [PMID: 6971583 DOI: 10.1007/bf00407661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present report reviews the fine structure of the basement membrane zone or complex in the normal human cornea and describes its alterations in cases of early and acute keratoconus. In normal human cornea the basement membrane zone is formed by a basal lamina (with a lamina lucida and a lamina densa), "special fibrils", collagen fibrils and assemblies of filaments. These components are less evident in the central region of the cornea than in its periphery. In early stages of keratoconus the basement membrane zone is thickened and the lamina densa displays an irregular course. In acute keratoconus, the basement membrane zone is also thickened and includes a large number of "special fibrils" as well as bundles of "microfibrils" (oxytalan fibers). The conclusion that the basement membrane complex of the corneal epithelium is equivalent to the epidermal-dermal junction of the skin is discussed.
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Abstract
The normal ultrastructure of the prostatic, bulbar and penile urethra in the human is described. The human urethra contains both exocrine and what appear to be endocrine glands. Further study is in progress to define the nature and role of the secretion from these endocrine glands.
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Colman BH, Friedmann I, Wright JL. Meniére's disease. Electron microscopy of the vestibular ganglion and end organs after ultrasound. Acta Otolaryngol 1975; 79:189-96. [PMID: 166550 DOI: 10.3109/00016487509124674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Material for electron microscopy study was obtained from a patient previously suffering from Meniere's disease and treated by ultrasound. It consisted of parts of the membranous labyrinth as well as the vestibular ganglion. The neuro-epithelium of the macula showed degenerative changes and there was marked vacuolation of the cytoplasm. The endothelial cells lining the semicircular canal showed gross vacuoles contained degenerating mitochondria and some debris which may reach the endolymph. The wall of the semi circular canal was oedematous and the basement membrane lifted off by oedematous fluid. There was obvious change in nerves and neurones. The nerves showed loosening of the myelin sheath and ballooning. The neurones contained lipoid inclusions and multicystic lysosomes. Similar inclusions were also noted in some myelinated nerves.
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Tsuji T. Eelctron microscopic studies of xeroderma pigmentosum: unusual changes in the keratinocyte. Br J Dermatol 1974; 91:657-66. [PMID: 4141627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1974.tb12452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Takarada H, Cattoni M, Sugimoto A, Rose GG. Ultrastructural studies of human gingiva. IV. Anchoring fibrils and perforations of the basal lamina in chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 1974; 45:809-14. [PMID: 4530096 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1974.45.11.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Schmidt W, Richter J, Geissler R. [The dermo-epidermal junction of the human skin (author's transl)]. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1974; 145:283-97. [PMID: 4142542 DOI: 10.1007/bf00519639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sugimoto A, Rose GG, Takarada H, Cattoni M. Ultrastructural changes of basal lamina and anchoring fibrils of gingiva in vitro. J Periodontal Res 1973; 8:127-42. [PMID: 4268086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1973.tb01751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Laguens R. Subepithelial fibrils associated with the basement membrane of human cervical epithelium. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1972; 41:202-8. [PMID: 4636017 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(72)90064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Frithiof L. Electron microscopic observations on structures related to the epithelial basement membrane in squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Otolaryngol 1972; 73:323-34. [PMID: 5045872 DOI: 10.3109/00016487209138948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Scaletta LJ, MacCallum DK. A fine structural study of divalent cation-mediated epithelial union with connective tissue in human oral mucosa. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1972; 133:431-53. [PMID: 4622729 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001330406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Manning JP, Tornaben JA, Schwartz E. Influence of quinestrol on th histology and phosphatase activity of the simian uterus. Fertil Steril 1971; 22:194-203. [PMID: 4994113 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)34145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Frederickson RG, Low FN. The fine structure of perinotochordal microfibrils in control and enzyme-treated chick embryos. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1971; 130:347-75. [PMID: 4324322 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001300307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Symmetrical, extracellular fibrils, which are related to the "special fibrils" of the dermis described by Palade and Farquhar, have been found along the outer surface of the basement membrane covering the notochord in the tail of Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog) tadpoles. The fibrils are approximately 7,500 A long and occur singly or in clusters. The single fibrils are characterized by a symmetrical transverse band pattern and by attachment at both ends to the basement membrane. The clusters are various complex configurations which seemingly represent symmetrical fibrils in different states of aggregation. Symmetrical fibrils also occur in the skin of the tadpole tail and in the skin of the toad, Bufo marinus. It is proposed that a narrow, symmetrical fibril is the fundamental "special fibril."
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