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Cytochrome c Oxidase at Full Thrust: Regulation and Biological Consequences to Flying Insects. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020470. [PMID: 33671793 PMCID: PMC7931083 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Flight dispersal represents a key aspect of the evolutionary and ecological success of insects, allowing escape from predators, mating, and colonization of new niches. The huge energy demand posed by flight activity is essentially met by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in flight muscle mitochondria. In insects, mitochondrial ATP supply and oxidant production are regulated by several factors, including the energy demand exerted by changes in adenylate balance. Indeed, adenylate directly regulates OXPHOS by targeting both chemiosmotic ATP production and the activities of specific mitochondrial enzymes. In several organisms, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is regulated at transcriptional, post-translational, and allosteric levels, impacting mitochondrial energy metabolism, and redox balance. This review will present the concepts on how COX function contributes to flying insect biology, focusing on the existing examples in the literature where its structure and activity are regulated not only by physiological and environmental factors but also how changes in its activity impacts insect biology. We also performed in silico sequence analyses and determined the structure models of three COX subunits (IV, VIa, and VIc) from different insect species to compare with mammalian orthologs. We observed that the sequences and structure models of COXIV, COXVIa, and COXVIc were quite similar to their mammalian counterparts. Remarkably, specific substitutions to phosphomimetic amino acids at critical phosphorylation sites emerge as hallmarks on insect COX sequences, suggesting a new regulatory mechanism of COX activity. Therefore, by providing a physiological and bioenergetic framework of COX regulation in such metabolically extreme models, we hope to expand the knowledge of this critical enzyme complex and the potential consequences for insect dispersal.
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Gaviraghi A, Correa Soares JBR, Mignaco JA, Fontes CFL, Oliveira MF. Mitochondrial glycerol phosphate oxidation is modulated by adenylates through allosteric regulation of cytochrome c oxidase activity in mosquito flight muscle. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 114:103226. [PMID: 31446033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The huge energy demand posed by insect flight activity is met by an efficient oxidative phosphorylation process that takes place within flight muscle mitochondria. In the major arbovirus vector Aedes aegypti, mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate, proline and glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) represent the major energy sources of ATP to sustain flight muscle energy demand. Although adenylates exert critical regulatory effects on several mitochondrial enzyme activities, the potential consequences of altered adenylate levels to G3P oxidation remains to be determined. Here, we report that mitochondrial G3P oxidation is controlled by adenylates through allosteric regulation of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity in A. aegypti flight muscle. We observed that ADP significantly activated respiratory rates linked to G3P oxidation, in a protonmotive force-independent manner. Kinetic analyses revealed that ADP activates respiration through a slightly cooperative mechanism. Despite adenylates caused no effects on G3P-cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity, COX activity was allosterically activated by ADP. Conversely, ATP exerted powerful inhibitory effects on respiratory rates linked to G3P oxidation and on COX activity. We also observed that high energy phosphate recycling mechanisms did not contribute to the regulatory effects of adenylates on COX activity or G3P oxidation. We conclude that mitochondrial G3P oxidation in A. aegypti flight muscle is regulated by adenylates through the allosteric modulation of COX activity, underscoring the bioenergetic relevance of this novel mechanism and the potential consequences for mosquito dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gaviraghi
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Juliana B R Correa Soares
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Julio A Mignaco
- Laboratório de Estrutura e Regulação de Proteínas e ATPases, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Frederico L Fontes
- Laboratório de Estrutura e Regulação de Proteínas e ATPases, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcus F Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Wone BWM, Pathak J, Davidowitz G. Flight duration and flight muscle ultrastructure of unfed hawk moths. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:457-464. [PMID: 29782921 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flight muscle breakdown has been reported for many orders of insects, but the basis of this breakdown in insects with lifelong dependence on flight is less clear. Lepidopterans show such muscle changes across their lifespans, yet how this change affects the ability of these insects to complete their life cycles is not well documented. We investigated the changes in muscle function and ultrastructure of unfed aging adult hawk moths (Manduca sexta). Flight duration was examined in young, middle-aged, and advanced-aged unfed moths. After measurement of flight duration, the main flight muscle (dorsolongitudinal muscle) was collected and histologically prepared for transmission electron microscopy to compare several measurements of muscle ultrastructure among moths of different ages. Muscle function assays revealed significant positive correlations between muscle ultrastructure and flight distance that were greatest in middle-aged moths and least in young moths. In addition, changes in flight muscle ultrastructure were detected across treatment groups. The number of mitochondria in muscle cells peaked in middle-aged moths. Many wild M. sexta do not feed as adults; thus, understanding the changes in flight capacity and muscle ultrastructure in unfed moths provides a more complete understanding of the ecophysiology and resource allocation strategies of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard W M Wone
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA.
| | - Jaika Pathak
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Goggy Davidowitz
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Magwere T, Goodall S, Skepper J, Mair W, Brand MD, Partridge L. The effect of dietary restriction on mitochondrial protein density and flight muscle mitochondrial morphology in Drosophila. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006; 61:36-47. [PMID: 16456193 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/61.1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) extends life span in diverse organisms and may do so by attenuating production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, measurements of ROS production from isolated mitochondria of organisms subjected to DR have produced inconsistent results. In the fruit fly Drosophila, DR does not reduce production of ROS from isolated mitochondria. In this study, we used Drosophila to test whether DR lowered mitochondrial density. We assessed mitochondrial densities of flies on DR and Control diets using (a) the activities of mitochondrial enzymes and (b) electron microscopy. Both methods showed no overall effect of DR on mitochondrial density; however, mitochondrial enzyme activities and morphology differed significantly between DR and Control flies. We concluded that life-span extension by DR in Drosophila is not mediated through a reduction in mitochondrial density. If DR in Drosophila extends life span by reducing ROS production, then it does so through mechanisms that operate only in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapiwanashe Magwere
- University College London, Department of Biology, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Ferguson M, Mockett R, Shen Y, Orr W, Sohal R. Age-associated decline in mitochondrial respiration and electron transport in Drosophila melanogaster. Biochem J 2006; 390:501-11. [PMID: 15853766 PMCID: PMC1198930 DOI: 10.1042/bj20042130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The principal objective of the present study was to identify specific alterations in mitochondrial respiratory functions during the aging process. Respiration rates and the activities of electron transport chain complexes were measured at various ages in mitochondria isolated from thoraces of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, which consist primarily of flight muscles. The rates of state 3 respiration (ADP-stimulated), RCRs (respiratory control ratios) and uncoupled respiration rates decreased significantly as a function of age, using either NAD+- or FAD-linked substrates; however, there were no differences in state 4 respiration (ADP-depleted) rates. There was also a significant age-related decline in the activity of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV), but not of the other mitochondrial oxidoreductases examined. Exposure of mitochondria isolated from young flies to low doses of KCN or NaAz (sodium azide), complex IV inhibitors, decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity and increased the production of H2O2. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that impairment of mitochondrial respiration may be a causal factor in the aging process, and that such impairment may result from and contribute to increased H2O2 production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ferguson
- *Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - Robin J. Mockett
- *Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - Yi Shen
- *Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - William C. Orr
- †Department of Biological Sciences, Dedman Life Sciences Building, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, U.S.A
| | - Rajindar S. Sohal
- *Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Anderson M, Finlayson LH. The effect of exercise on the growth of mitochondria and myofibrils in the flight muscles of the tsetse fly,Glossina morsitans. J Morphol 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051500205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Muders K, Anken R, Ibsch M, Rahmann H. Extremely elongated mitochondria in ionocytes of the saccular epithelium of a teleost, Oreochromis mossambicus (Cichlidae). ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2004; 33:1406-1410. [PMID: 15803636 DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2003.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Unusually large mitochondria are a rather scarce feature in normal biological tissue and string-like giant mitochondria have hitherto not been reported in animals. Investigating the role of inner ear ionocytes for otolith growth, large ionocytes of the saccular epithelium of the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus were analyzed by imaging of thick sections with energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy. We report here that ionocytes do not contain numerous small-sized mitochondria as has been suggested earlier but rather few, extremely elongated megamitochondria. Since the particular mitochondrial structure is important for normal cell function, such megamitochondria possibly reflect a functional advantage in the context of the presumed role of teleostean ionocytes in regulating the composition of the endolymphatic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Muders
- Zoological Institute, University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Yan LJ, Sohal RS. Prevention of flight activity prolongs the life span of the housefly, Musca domestica, and attenuates the age-associated oxidative damamge to specific mitochondrial proteins. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 29:1143-50. [PMID: 11121722 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanisms by which oxidative stress affects the aging process. The hypothesis that the rate of accumulation of oxidative damage to specific mitochondrial proteins is linked to the life expectancy of animals was tested in the housefly. The rate of oxygen consumption and life expectancy of the flies were experimentally altered by confining the flies in small jars, where they were unable to fly. Prevention of flight activity decreased the rate of oxygen utilization of flies and almost tripled their life span as compared to those permitted to fly. Rate of mitochondrial H(2)O(2) generation at various ages was lower in the low activity flies than in the high activity flies. Oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins, adenine nucelotide translocase, and aconitase, detected as carbonyl modifications, was attenuated; and the loss in their functional activity occurring with age was retarded in the long-lived low activity flies as compared to the short-lived high activity flies. The two proteins were previously identified to be the only mitochondrial proteins exhibiting age-related increases in carbonylation. Results support the hypothesis that accrual of oxidative damage to specific protein targets and the consequent loss of their function may constitute a mechanism by which oxidative stress controls the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
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9
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Cortese JD, Voglino LA, Hackenbrock CR. Novel fluorescence membrane fusion assays reveal GTP-dependent fusogenic properties of outer mitochondrial membrane-derived proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1371:185-98. [PMID: 9630622 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(97)00266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that fusion of small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) with outer mitochondrial membranes occurs at physiological pH [Cortese et al., 1991, J. Cell Biol., Vol. 113, 1331-1340]. The proteins driving this process could be involved in mitochondrial membrane fusion, which is presently poorly understood. In this study, we release from rat liver mitochondria a soluble protein fraction (SF) that increases fusion at neutral pH measured by membrane fusion assays (MFAs). Since this fusogenic activity was specifically enhanced by GTP, we separate SF by GTP affinity chromatography into: i) a flow-through subfraction (G1) containing numerous proteins with low GTP affinity; and ii) a subfraction (G2) which may contain GTP-binding proteins. A novel array of MFAs is developed to study the fusogenic properties of these fractions, measuring the merging of membranes (membrane-mixing) or the mixing of intravesicular aqueous contents (content-mixing). The MFAs use: a) SUV/large unilamellar vesicles, lacking mitochondrial membranes; b) SUV/mitochondria, reconstituting membrane-mitochondrial interactions; and c) mitochondria/mitochondria, mimicking mitochondrial fusion. The results indicate that: i) G1 contains GTP-independent, in vitro fusogenic proteins that are not sufficient to induce mitochondrial fusion; and ii) G2 contains GTP-dependent proteins that stimulate mitochondrial fusion at neutral pH. The MFAs described here could be used to monitor the isolation of active proteins from these subfractions and to define the mechanism of intermitochondrial membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Cortese
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7090, USA.
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Blackmer JL, Lindley VA, Byrne DN. Histological examination of flight muscle development and breakdown inBemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): Relationship to age and flight behvior. J Morphol 1995; 226:213-221. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052260208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Adachi K, Matsuhashi T, Nishizawa Y, Usukura J, Popinigis J, Wakabayashi T. Studies on urea synthesis in the liver of rats treated chronically with ethanol using perfused livers, isolated hepatocytes, and mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 50:1391-9. [PMID: 7503789 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(95)02023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Changes in urea synthesis in the liver of rats treated with 32% ethanol in the drinking water for up to 6 months were studied using perfused livers, isolated hepatocytes, and mitochondria. Results obtained from ethanol-treated rats are summarized as follows: (1) the mitochondria of the hepatocytes of rats treated with ethanol for 2 months or longer became enlarged to various degrees, (2) the levels of ammonia in the serum remained within a normal range, while those in liver tissue were elevated compared with the control, (3) urea synthesis from ammonia in perfused livers was decreased markedly, while that from citrulline remained in the normal range, (4) the activities of carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS; EC 2.7.2.5) and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC; EC 2.1.3.3) in mitochondria were unchanged compared with those of the control, and (5) the levels of ATP in liver tissue and the ability of mitochondria to synthesize ATP were decreased markedly compared with the control. Both the level of ATP in the hepatocytes and the synthesis of urea from ammonia by perfused livers of rats treated with ethanol were resistant to externally added ethanol, while those of control animals were severely affected. These results suggest that the intracellular level of ATP is intimately related to urea synthesis in both control and ethanol-treated animals, and lowered levels of ATP may be a key factor in the suppression of urea synthesis in ethanol-treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Adachi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Pathology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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Tandler B, Phillips CJ. Giant mitochondria in the seromucous secretory cells of the accessory submandibular gland of the long-haired fruit bat, Stenonycteris lanosus. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1993; 237:157-62. [PMID: 8238967 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092370203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Giant mitochondria, measuring up to 6.4 microns in diameter, are present in the seromucous secretory cells of the accessory submandibular gland of the long-haired fruit bat, Stenonycteris lanosus. These mitochondria, as well as all of the smaller ones in the same cells, contain in their matrix compartment an abundance of 33 nm threads that probably consist of protein. Some mitochondria, regardless of size, contain 5 nm helical filaments within an expanded crista. Despite their altered morphology, the enlarged mitochondria in the accessory submandibular gland of S. lanosus must be able to function normally in energy metabolism, since the secretory cells in which they are found elaborate numerous secretory granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tandler
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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13
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Abstract
The effect of aging on the release of H2O2 by mitochondria was studied in the housefly in order to elucidate the causes of previously observed age-related increase in the level of oxidative stress. Intact flight muscle mitochondria of the housefly, supplemented with alpha-glycerophosphate, produce 1-2 nmol H2O2/min per mg protein, even in the absence of respiratory inhibitors. The rate of H2O2 secretion progressively increases approximately 2-fold during aging of the fly. Neither uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation nor mechanical damage to mitochondria during the isolation procedure appear to be responsible for the age-related increase in H2O2 production. Activities of NADH-ferricyanide reductase, succinate-ubiquinone reductase, and NADH-, succinate- and alpha-glycerophosphate-cytochrome c reductases, were approximately 2-fold higher in mitochondria from the old than those from the young flies. However, the concentration of enzymatically reducible ubiquinone remained unchanged with age. Infliction of damage by exposure of mitochondria to free radical-generating systems in vitro caused an increase in the rate of H2O2 generation. Glutaraldehyde, an intermolecular crosslinking agent, induced an increase in the rate of H2O2 generation by mitochondria. Results of this study demonstrate that aging in the housefly is associated with an increase in the rate of H2O2 generation by mitochondria probably due, at least in part, to self-inflicted damage by mitochondria. Intermolecular cross-linking in the inner mitochondrial membrane can contribute towards the increased H2O2 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Sohal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275
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Farmer KJ, Sohal RS. Relationship between superoxide anion radical generation and aging in the housefly, Musca domestica. Free Radic Biol Med 1989; 7:23-9. [PMID: 2546868 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(89)90096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to elucidate the possible cause of increased oxidative stress observed in the adult housefly during aging. The hypothesis that increased production of oxygen radicals may be a cause of the increased oxidative stress was tested by comparison of 8-day and 15-day old flies, which represent the stage of full maturation and the beginning of the dying phase, respectively. Rates of both antimycin A-resistant respiration of isolated mitochondria and O2 generation at ubiquinone-cytochrome b site by submitochondrial particles increased during aging and were associated with life expectancy of flies. Flies destined to die earlier than their cohorts of the same age exhibited a relatively higher rate of O2- production. Age-related increase in O2- generation was not associated with corresponding changes in ubiquinone content of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Farmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275
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15
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Gartner LP. The fine structural morphology of the midgut of aged Drosophila: a morphometric analysis. Exp Gerontol 1987; 22:297-304. [PMID: 3117581 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(87)90008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The midguts of 1-day and 72 day-old fruitflies were examined morphometrically at the electron microscopic level. The major alterations noted were that the number of supranuclear mitochondria decreased by approximately 50%, while the volume of individual mitochondria doubled as a function of age. Moreover, approximately 29% of the nuclear volume of old flies, was occupied by inclusion bodies as was 19% of the supranuclear cytoplasmic volume. Additionally, the surface density of rough endoplasmic reticulum was reduced to more than half that of young flies. It is suggested that the functional capability of the parenchymal cells become debilitated due to the presence of these inclusion bodies, and that the cell's ability to manufacture proteins and produce energy are seriously hindered by the mitochondrial alterations and reduction in the surface density of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Gartner
- Department of Anatomy, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201
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Young SL, Fram EK, Craig BL. Three-dimensional reconstruction and quantitative analysis of rat lung type II cells: a computer-based study. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1985; 174:1-14. [PMID: 4061335 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001740102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of alveolar epithelial type II cells was imaged using a computer-based system designed for reconstruction and quantitative analysis of serially sectioned specimens. Six type II cells were reconstructed from serial ultrathin sections of lungs from two Sprague Dawley male rats and the results were compared to standard morphometric estimates of type II cell composition from five other Sprague Dawley male rats. A minor portion of the type II cell surface was in contact with the alveolar airspace while most of the cell surface was embedded in the alveolar septal interstitium. The type II cells contained multiple Golgi regions located close to the nucleus. Mitochondria formed a few branching filamentous networks extending throughout the cell. The reconstructed cells appeared to represent a homogeneous population having fractional volumes of intracellular organelles very similar to those found by morphometric techniques. The spatial distribution of secretory organelle volume suggests that the organization of this cell type reflects an ordered progression of secretory particle maturation which is consistent with earlier hypotheses of lamellar body assembly.
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17
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Johnson GD, Stay B, Rankin SM. Ultrastructure of corpora allata of known activity during the vitellogenic cycle in the cockroach Diploptera punctata. Cell Tissue Res 1985; 239:317-27. [PMID: 3978695 DOI: 10.1007/bf00218010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructure was correlated with rates of juvenile hormone synthesis in corpora allata from females of the viviparous cockroach Diploptera punctata at seven daily intervals during the first vitellogenic cycle. Synthetic activity of the glands was determined by in vitro radiochemical assay before the glands were fixed for electron microscopic analysis. The cycle in rates of juvenile hormone synthesis progressed from about 20 pmol h-1 per gland pair (oocytes 0.60 mm long) to a maximum mean rate of 140 pmol h-1 per pair (oocytes 1.40-1.47 mm long) and declined to about 20 pmol h-1 per pair at ovulation (oocytes about 1.65 mm long). Conspicuous ultrastructural changes occurred with changing synthetic rates. In glands with increasing rates of synthesis, mitochondria showed less electron-dense matrix, greater diameter and more irregular shape. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum changed from easily seen to obscure tubules, networks, and vesicles. Rough endoplasmic reticulum appeared in longer, more curved segments. Newly formed autophagic vacuoles appeared in all glands of highest activity rates. In glands with decreasing rates of synthesis, the mitochondrial matrix became denser, width smaller, and shapes less irregular. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum again appeared tubular and distinct. Golgi complexes were more conspicuous. Rough endoplasmic reticulum in whorls and large numbers of autophagic vacuoles continued to be present.
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18
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Panno JP, Nair KK. Age-related chromatin condensation in flight muscle nuclei of the adult male housefly, Musca domestica. Exp Gerontol 1985; 20:341-5. [PMID: 3833545 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(85)90014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Computer analysis of indirect flight muscle nuclei from the adult male housefly, M. domestica, has shown significant change with age in the chromatin condensation pattern. The pattern was analyzed by examining low, medium, and high density chromatin components (LDC, MDC, HDC). No significant change occurred in HDC with age, and the amount and distribution of LDC and MDC remain relatively stable between Day 1 and Day 4 post-eclosion. However, the analysis showed a significant increase in the amount of MDC with a corresponding decrease in the amount of LDC between Day 4 and Day 14. This exchange was accompanied by a significant redistribution of both components. These results are discussed with reference to the biochemical and ultrastructural profile of the flight muscle with age, and to age-related changes in the condensation pattern of specific brain and Malpighian tubule nuclei described earlier.
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19
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Aging in Insects. Biochemistry 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-030811-1.50024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
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Coaker T, Downie T, More IA. Complex giant mitochondria in the human endometrial glandular cell: serial sectioning, high-voltage electron microscopic, and three-dimensional reconstruction studies. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1982; 78:283-91. [PMID: 7045387 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(82)80003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Hanzlíková V, Schiaffino S. Mitochondrial changes in ischemic skeletal muscle. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1977; 60:121-33. [PMID: 195077 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(77)80048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Kallinikova VD. Mitochondrial system on the 'mesokaryotic' level of organization. Mol Cell Biochem 1977; 14:55-8. [PMID: 323691 DOI: 10.1007/bf01734165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kaneshiro ES, Holz GG. Observations on the ultrastructure of Uronema spp., marine scuticociliates. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1976; 23:503-17. [PMID: 826622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1976.tb03829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Observations of the ultrastructure of marine scuticociliatids, tentatively assigned to the genus Uronema, were made by light, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopy. Giant, cortically oriented mitochondria filled the subpellicular, intermeridional areas, and were in close association with the epiplasm immediately under the inner alveolar sac membranes. Reconstructions of serial sections of the posterior poles of ciliates indicated that the intermeridional mitochondria could fuse at that point and the entire chondriome might at times be a single organelle. A system of tubules was observed to be intimately associated with the mitochondria in the posterior region. The tubules anastomosed and were directed posteriorly into the region of the nephridial-contractile vacuole system. The outer surfaces were coated with projections arranged in helical patterns. The system may be regarded as a fluid segregation organelle. The tripartite nature of the polar basal body complex observed by silver impregnation was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The 3 structures were the basal body of the caudal cilium and 2 parasomal sacs. A prominent ring around the caudal cilium was observed by scanning electron microscopy; it is probably responsible for the silver deposition surrounding the polar basal body complex that can be seen by light microscopy of silver-impregnated specimens. The ultrastructure of the nonmotile caudal cilium and its kinetosome was unremarkable, being like that of the motile, somatic cilia. The micronuclear and macronuclear outer membranes were continuous at several sites. Such interconnections explain the intimate physical relationship between the nuclei during interphase in many ciliates, and could be a structural basis for chemical communication between the 2 nuclear types. Within the cytoplasm surrounding the opening of the cytoproct, numerous clear vesicles were observed. Their position and appearance suggested that the cytoproct may be involved in the elimination of solutions as well as solids. Food vacuoles, cortical microtubules, lamellar vesicles, disc-shaped vesicles, mucocysts, and a contractile vacuole and its pore were also observed.
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Sundararaman V, Cummings DJ. Morphological changes in aging cell lines of Paramecium aurella. I. Alterations in the cytoplasm. Mech Ageing Dev 1976; 5:139-54. [PMID: 933561 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(76)90014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopical examination of aging P. aurelia revealed that definitive changes occur in the cytoplasm of old cells. There was an increase in the number of mitochondria and lysosomal bodies as well as the appearance of large dense bodies and autophagous vacuoles. The mitochondria were altered morphologically and many appeared to be coalesced with lysosome-like bodies and were also observed to be degenerating within autophagous vacuoles. The large dense bodies were considered to be similar to the lipofuscin or age pigments reported in other aging cells. The relationship of the large dense bodies to the lipofuscin pigments and their probable origin are discussed as is the involvement of the cytoplasm in the aging death process in P. aurelia.
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Riede UN, Schmidt E, Kiefer G, Rohrbach R, Sandritter W. Mitochondriosis of the hepatocytic cytoplasm in rachitic rat liver after calcitonin-treatment (a cytophotometric and morphometric study). BEITRAGE ZUR PATHOLOGIE 1975; 155:263-84. [PMID: 1180804 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-8165(75)80121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A calcium-rich rachitogenic vitamin-D deficiency and additional doses of calcitonin cause serious changes in cell structure and metabolism, which can be demonstrated by cytophotometry and morphometry. The experiments were made with 9 male juvenile Wistar rats. 6 animals were kept on a vitamin-D deficient diet for 6 weeks and 3 of these animals got injections with salmon-calcitonin S.C. during the last 14 days every second day. The remaining 3 animals, fed with altromin-R standard diet were kept for control purposes only. The morphometric analysis of the liver parenchymal cells was based on the statements by Weibel and the cytophotometric examinations were made according to the Sandritter technique. As a consequence of the altered metabolic condition a great volume reduction of cells and cell nuclei is found in the animals with vitamin-D deficiency, which were treated with calcitonin. In comparison with the control animals the hepatocytes show hardly any tetraploid nuclei, which points to an inhibited polyploidization. The cytoplasm shows an oncocytic transformation with megamitochondria. As reason for this mitochondriopathy an extreme and abnormal growth as well as a mutation of the mitochondrial genom are under discussion. Furthermore the total endoplasmic reticulum (volume and membrane surface), the peroxisomes and the ribosomes are strongly reduced. Due to the serious cell injury the other organelles are also reduced in number and volume, which points to a chronic hypocalcemia.
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Sato T, Tauchi H. The formation of enlarged and giant mitochondria in the aging process of human hepatic cells. Pathol Int 1975; 25:403-12. [PMID: 170786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1975.tb00862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of area, circumference and total length of membrane profile of mitochondria of hepatic cells in 61 human biopsy materials (age range 21 to 81 years) have been ultramicrometrically performed on electron micrographs, supplemented by electroncytochemical examination of cytochrome c oxidase activity in some cases. The mitochondria decreased in number after 60 years of age. The first stage of compensation for the numerical loss of mitochondria was achieved by an increase of cristae in each mitochondrion, followed with a five year lag by an increase in their size. Formation of enlarged and giant mitochondria in aging process following the significant decrease in their number, may be considered to be of similar mechanism to polyploidization of the nucleus, whose division is interfered.
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Greenwood M, Huddart H. The effect of an organochlorine and an organophosphorus insecticide on the fine structure of flight muscle and the implications for the maintenance of contractility. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1975; 51:475-81. [PMID: 237669 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(75)90397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Sohal RD. Mitochondrial changes in flight muscles of normal and flightless Drosophila melanogaster with age. J Morphol 1975; 145:337-53. [PMID: 804040 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051450307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fine structural changes in mitochondrial morphology pertaining to size, number and growth were examined in flight muscles of normal and experimentally dewinged male Drosophila melanogaster ranging up to 26 days of age. In the normal winged flies, the number of mitochondria decreases during the first week of adult life whereas the size of individual mitochondrial profile increases significantly. Changes in mitochondrial size and number are due to the fusion of mitochondria. Fused mitochondria are are extremely large in size and irregular in shape. In 26-day old normal flies, the number of mitochondria increases while the mitochondrial size is recuced indicating mitochondrial division. In comparison to the normal flies, dewinged flies exhibit a similar degree of mitochondrial fusion and growth during the first week of life. However, the extent of mitochondrial fission in 26-day old dewinged flies is greater than in the normal flies of this age. Structural mechanisms of mitochondrial fusion and fission are described. The objective of this study was to examine the relative effects of age and flight activity on the mitochondria.
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Tauchi H, Sato T, Kobayashi H. Effect of age on ultrastructural changes of cortisone treated mouse hepatic cells. Mech Ageing Dev 1974; 3:279-90. [PMID: 4376827 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(74)90024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Beezeley AE, McCarthy JL, Sohal RS. Changes in alpha-glycerophosphate, succinic, and malic dehydrogenases in flight muscles of the housefly, Musca domestica, with age. Exp Gerontol 1974; 9:71-4. [PMID: 4842109 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(74)90009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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31
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Rohr H, Brunner H, Rasser Y, Matt C, Riede U. Einfluβ des Hungers auf die quantitative Cytoarchitektur der Rattenleberzelle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-8165(73)80111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ragland SS, Sohal RS. Mating behavior, physical activity and aging in the housefly, Musca domestica. Exp Gerontol 1973; 8:135-45. [PMID: 4724239 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(73)90003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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33
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Einfluß des Hungers auf die quantitative Cytoarchitektur der Rattenleberzelle II. Chronischer partieller Hunger. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-8165(73)80055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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