Transurethral microwave thermotherapy for nonbacterial prostatitis: a randomized double-blind sham controlled study using new prostatitis specific assessment questionnaires

Outcomes of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate in men with a history of prostatitis: a retrospective study

Background

Prostatitis can be challenging to treat. In refractory cases, prostatitis can be treated surgically with transurethral resection.

Objectives

To examine the safety and efficacy of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) as treatment in patients with prostatitis.

Design and methods

Patients who underwent HoLEP at a single center between January 2021 and August 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative parameters were collected and analyzed. Patients with an ICD-10 diagnosis of prostatitis were identified and contacted postoperatively to evaluate for recurrent symptoms. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.

Results

We identified 918 patients, of whom 26 (2.8%) had a diagnosis of prostatitis. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between patients with and without prostatitis. Patients with prostatitis were less likely to have a history of a neurologic disorder (p = 0.035), less likely to be catheter-dependent (p = 0.005), and less likely to have a preoperative positive urine culture (p = 0.040). There were no significant differences in intraoperative and postoperative parameters between the two groups. There were 23/26 (88.5%) patients with follow-up. There were no episodes of recurrent prostatitis and one episode of UTI after surgery, with a mean follow-up of 19.39 months (range: 7.45-30.19, SD: 7.38).

Conclusion

Prostatitis patients undergoing HoLEP had comparable safety and efficacy profiles to those who did not have prostatitis. On follow-up, 100% of patients with prostatitis did not experience recurrent prostatitis, suggesting that HoLEP may have a role in the management of prostatitis in the presence of benign prostatic enlargement.

Outcomes and clinical predictors of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial

OBJECTIVES

To report the one-year results of ESWT on CPPS patients and the possible clinical characteristics that may affect its efficacy.

PATIENTS & METHODS

A prospective randomized clinical study between January 2017 and January 2021 on 155 adult patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome. All patients were initially evaluated with a thorough history and physical examination. Baseline symptoms evaluation of each participant was assessed using NIH-CPSI score, IPSS, VAS, and IIEF-5 score. Patients were randomized into two groups: a verum treatment group and a placebo treatment group. Patients of verum group in the lithotomy position received a perineally applied ESWT treatment once a week for four weeks with 3000 impulses each. Patients of placebo group received the same therapy head of the same device with a layer of air-filled microspheres to absorb the shock waves. The previously mentioned validated scores were reassessed on regular follow-up visits at one, three, six, and 12 months after the completion of ESWT.

RESULTS

A statistically significant improvement was noticed in the mean values of NIH-CPSI, IPSS, VAS, and IIEF-5 of the patients of verum group over the follow-up period with also statistically significant difference between both groups. At the first visit of follow-up after ESWT, 63 (82.8%) patients had ≥6 points decrease in the NIH-CPSI total score, while 13 (17.2%) patients did not. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the clinical characteristics between the responders and non-responders showed that those patients with history of psychological disorders or had higher initial NIH-CPSI score had a significantly lower response rate to ESWT (p = 0.005, 0.02 & p = 0.002, 0.004 respectively). ROC curve of NIH-CPSI score showed that a score of 32 was the cut-off point above which the response to ESWT decreased.

CONCLUSION

ESWT is an effective treatment option for CPPS. Its efficacy remained throughout long-term follow up. High initial NIH-CPSI score and history of psychological problems are significant predictors for it.

Clinical Efficacy of Multi-Focal Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: Prospective-Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

Purpose

To assess the safety and effect of the multifocal low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy (MESWT) in the treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).

Materials and Methods

We randomly separated 30 patients with CP/CPPS into a MESWT and placebo group of same number using prospective-randomized, double-blind design. The participants' National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) total and subdomain scores, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5), and visual analogue scale (VAS) were assessed and compared at baseline and at finishing immediately and 4 weeks after procedure and also were compared between MESWT and placebo group.

Results

A total of 30 participants were randomized a MESWT or placebo group. Twenty of thirty participants completed this trial. NIH-CPSI total and subdomain scores, IPSS, IIEF-5, and VAS had significantly ameliorated compared with baseline in the MESWT group at 4 weeks assessment. Furthermore, comparison of the results from MESWT and placebo groups represented statistically significant differences in NIH-CPSI total and subdomain scores, IPSS, IIEF-5, and VAS. No side effects or events were occurred in both groups of the participants during study periods.

Conclusions

MESWT can be an effective treatment modality in patients with CP/CPPS as it improves pain and QoL.

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain syndrome

Background

Prostatitis is the most commonly diagnosed disease in men younger than 50 years and accounts for about 8% of all urologists’ consultations.

Objective

After evaluating clinical trials and demonstrating the efficacy of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis treatment, it remains of clinical importance to continue studies on the use of low-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in men.

Materials and methods

From May 2017 to April 2018, 40 patients with chronic prostatitis (CP) type IIIB/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) were enrolled in the study. The patients underwent ESWT once a week for 4 weeks.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 47.8 years. A statistically significant improvement in all the parameters, i.e., the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), the visual analogue scale (VAS), National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), was observed at week 4. The effect of the treatment was maintained during the entire 12-week period. The NIH-CPSI total score showed the best improvement at week 4, but a slight deterioration without a statistically significant change was noticed at week 12. The greatest improvement at week 4 was documented for the NIH-CPSI and IPSS (43% and 37%, respectively). At week 12, an improvement of 52% and 39% was recorded for VAS and IPSS, respectively.

Conclusions

Our findings confirmed the effectiveness and safety of ESWT in resistant cases of CPPS in the short term. ESWT is cost-effective, which takes little time or requires a small amount of staff, and is easily conducted.

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Highlighting medicinal plants toward biomolecules discovery for upcoming drugs formulation

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) can be triggered by a various types of gynecological, gastrointestinal, urological, and musculoskeletal disorders. Recently, the role of the central nervous system has proven to be an integral part on the development of any chronic pain syndrome, including CPPS. However, owing to the complex and heterogeneous etiology and pathophysiology of CPPS, the establishment of effective therapeutic interventions remains challenging for both physicians and patients. Nonetheless, recent studies have pointed that medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites can be effectively used in CPPS therapy, besides contributing to restore the patients' quality of life and potentiate the conventional CPPS management. In this sense, this review aims to provide a careful overview on the biomedical data for the use of medicinal plants use and their secondary metabolites on CPPS management.

Male CP/CPPS: where do we stand?

INTRODUCTION

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), commonly encountered in urologic practice, carries with it a stigma of poor understanding, ineffective treatment, and significant financial and quality of life burden.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This clinically practical review is based on the authors' personal clinical experience in interpretation and application of currently available evidence.

RESULTS

Significant progress has been made in terms of classification and evaluation of the disease, leading to encouraging improvements in treatment outcomes. The Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (CPSI) is a helpful tool in clinical evaluation and has proven invaluable for research purposes, while UPOINT has demonstrated the heterogeneity of the disease and provides physicians with a uniquely patient-centered approach to treatment. The importance of the microbiome in the evaluation of CP/CPPS patients has yet to be fully appreciated. While personalized, multi-modal therapy appears to be the key to treatment, the addition of pelvic floor physiotherapy (PFPT) with injection of trigger points, and psychosocial therapies to the multi-modal approach armamentarium are promising advances. Innovative interventional approaches are encouraging but require study.

CONCLUSIONS

While encouraging therapies have been added to personalized, multi-modal treatment strategies, newer innovative therapies appear promising for improved treatment of CP/CPPS patients.

Non-pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a Cochrane systematic review

OBJECTIVE

To assess the effects of non-pharmacological therapies for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We performed a comprehensive search using multiple databases, trial registries, grey literature and conference proceedings with no restrictions on the language of publication or publication status. The date of the latest search of all databases was August 2017. We included randomized controlled trials in men with a diagnosis of CP/CPPS. We included all available non-pharmacological interventions. Two review authors independently classified studies and abstracted data from the included studies, performed statistical analyses and rated quality of evidence (QoE) according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methods. The primary outcomes were prostatitis symptoms and adverse events. The secondary outcomes were sexual dysfunction, urinary symptoms, quality of life, anxiety and depression.

RESULTS

We included 38 unique studies in 3290 men with CP/CPPS across 23 comparisons, reporting outcomes mostly at short-term follow-up. Our analysis showed that acupuncture probably leads to clinically meaningful reduction in prostatitis symptoms compared with a sham procedure (mean difference [MD] in total National Institutes of Health - Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index [NIH-CPSI] score -5.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] -7.32 to -4.26, moderate QoE). Acupuncture may result in little or no difference in adverse events (low QoE). Acupuncture may also lead to a clinically meaningful reduction in prostatitis symptoms compared with standard medical therapy (MD -6.05, 95% CI -7.87 to -4.24, two studies, 78 participants, low QoE). Lifestyle modifications may be associated with a reduction in prostatitis symptoms compared with control (risk ratio for improvement in NIH-CPSI scores 3.90, 95% CI 2.20 to 6.92, very low QoE), but we found no information regarding adverse events. A physical activity programme may cause a small reduction in prostatitis symptoms compared with control (NIH-CPSI score MD -2.50, 95% CI -4.69 to -0.31, low QoE), but we found no information regarding adverse events. It was uncertain whether prostatic massage reduces or increases prostatitis symptoms compared with control (very low QoE) and we found no information regarding adverse events. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy reduces prostatitis symptoms compared with control (NIH-CPSI score MD -6.18, 95% CI -7.46 to -4.89, high QoE), but these results may not be sustained at medium-term follow-up (low QoE). This treatment may not be associated with a greater incidence of adverse events (low QoE). Transrectal thermotherapy, alone or in combination with medical therapy, may decrease prostatitis symptoms slightly when compared with medical therapy alone (NIH-CPSI score MD -2.50, 95% CI -3.82 to -1.18, low QoE). One included study reported that participants may experience transient adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the findings with moderate to high QoE, this review found that some non-pharmacological interventions, such as acupuncture and extracorporeal shockwave therapy, are likely to result in a decrease in prostatitis symptoms and may not be associated with a greater incidence of adverse events. The QoE for most other comparisons was predominantly low. Future clinical trials should include a full report of their methods, including adequate masking, consistent assessment of all patient-important outcomes including potential treatment-related adverse events and appropriate sample sizes.

Non-pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome

BACKGROUND

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common disorder in which the two main clinical features are pelvic pain and lower urinary tract symptoms. There are currently many approaches for its management, using both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The National Institute of Health - Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) score is a validated measure commonly used to measure CP/CPPS symptoms.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effects of non-pharmacological therapies for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).

SEARCH METHODS

We performed a comprehensive search using multiple databases, trial registries, grey literature and conference proceedings with no restrictions on the language of publication or publication status. The date of the latest search of all databases was August 2017.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included randomised controlled trials. Inclusion criteria were men with a diagnosis of CP/CPPS. We included all available non-pharmacological interventions.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two review authors independently classified studies and abstracted data from the included studies, performed statistical analyses and rated quality of evidence (QoE) according to the GRADE methods.

MAIN RESULTS

We included 38 unique studies with 3290 men with CP/CPPS across 23 comparisons.1. Acupuncture: (three studies, 204 participants) based on short-term follow-up, acupuncture probably leads to clinically meaningful reduction in prostatitis symptoms compared with sham procedure (mean difference (MD) in total NIH-CPSI score -5.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) -7.32 to -4.26, high QoE). Acupuncture may result in little to no difference in adverse events (low QoE). Acupuncture may not reduce sexual dysfunction when compared with sham procedure (MD in the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) Scale -0.50, 95% CI -3.46 to 2.46, low QoE). Acupuncture may also lead to a clinically meaningful reduction in prostatitis symptoms compared with standard medical therapy (MD -6.05, 95% CI -7.87 to -4.24, two studies, 78 participants, low QoE). We found no information regarding quality of life, depression or anxiety.2. Lifestyle modifications: (one study, 100 participants) based on short-term follow-up, lifestyle modifications may be associated with a reduction in prostatitis symptoms compared with control (risk ratio (RR) for improvement in NIH-CPSI scores 3.90, 95% CI 2.20 to 6.92, very low QoE). We found no information regarding adverse events, sexual dysfunction, quality of life, depression or anxiety.3. Physical activity: (one study, 85 participants) based on short-term follow-up, a physical activity programme may cause a small reduction in prostatitis symptoms compared with control (NIH-CPSI score MD -2.50, 95% CI -4.69 to -0.31, low QoE). This programme may not reduce anxiety or depression (low QoE). We found no information regarding adverse events, sexual dysfunction or quality of life.4. Prostatic massage: (two studies, 115 participants) based on short-term follow-up, we are uncertain whether the prostatic massage reduces or increases prostatitis symptoms compared with control (very low QoE). We found no information regarding adverse events, sexual dysfunction, quality of life, depression or anxiety.5. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy: (three studies, 157 participants) based on short-term follow-up, extracorporeal shockwave therapy reduces prostatitis symptoms compared with control (NIH-CPSI score MD -6.18, 95% CI -7.46 to -4.89, high QoE). These results may not be sustained at medium-term follow-up (low QoE). This treatment may not be associated with a greater incidence of adverse events (low QoE). This treatment probably improves sexual dysfunction (MD in the IIEF Scale MD 3.34, 95% CI 2.68 to 4.00, one study, 60 participants, moderate QoE). We found no information regarding quality of life, depression or anxiety.6. Transrectal thermotherapy compared to medical therapy: (two studies, 237 participants) based on short-term follow-up, transrectal thermotherapy alone or in combination with medical therapy may decrease prostatitis symptoms slightly when compared with medical therapy alone (NIH-CPSI score MD -2.50, 95% CI -3.82 to -1.18, low QoE). One included study reported that participants may experience transient adverse events. We found no information regarding sexual dysfunction, quality of life, depression or anxiety.7. Other interventions: there is uncertainty about the effects of most of the other interventions included in this review. We found no information regarding psychological support or prostatic surgery.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Based on the findings of moderate quality evidence, this review found that some non-pharmacological interventions such as acupuncture and extracorporeal shockwave therapy are likely to result in a decrease in prostatitis symptoms and may not be associated with a greater incidence of adverse event. The QoE for most other comparisons was predominantly low. Future clinical trials should include a full report of their methods including adequate masking, consistent assessment of all patient-important outcomes including potential treatment-related adverse events and appropriate sample sizes.

Non-pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome

BACKGROUND

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common disorder in which the two main clinical features are pelvic pain and lower urinary tract symptoms. There are currently many approaches for its management, using both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The National Institute of Health - Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) score is a validated measure commonly used to measure CP/CPPS symptoms.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effects of non-pharmacological therapies for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).

SEARCH METHODS

We performed a comprehensive search using multiple databases, trial registries, grey literature and conference proceedings with no restrictions on the language of publication or publication status. The date of the latest search of all databases was August 2017.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included randomised controlled trials. Inclusion criteria were men with a diagnosis of CP/CPPS. We included all available non-pharmacological interventions.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two review authors independently classified studies and abstracted data from the included studies, performed statistical analyses and rated quality of evidence (QoE) according to the GRADE methods.

MAIN RESULTS

We included 38 unique studies with 3290 men with CP/CPPS across 23 comparisons.1. Acupuncture: (three studies, 204 participants) based on short-term follow-up, acupuncture reduces prostatitis symptoms in an appreciable number of participants compared with sham procedure (mean difference (MD) in total NIH-CPSI score -5.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) -7.32 to -4.26, high QoE). Acupuncture likely results in little to no difference in adverse events (moderate QoE). It probably also decreases prostatitis symptoms compared with standard medical therapy in an appreciable number of participants (MD -6.05, 95% CI -7.87 to -4.24, two studies, 78 participants, moderate QoE).2. Circumcision: (one study, 713 participants) based on short-term follow-up, early circumcision probably decreases prostatitis symptoms slightly (NIH-CPSI score MD -3.00, 95% CI -3.82 to -2.18, moderate QoE) and may not be associated with a greater incidence of adverse events compared with control (a waiting list to be circumcised, low QoE).3. Electromagnetic chair: (two studies, 57 participants) based on short-term follow-up, we are uncertain of the effects of the use of an electromagnetic chair on prostatitis symptoms. It may be associated with a greater incidence of adverse events compared with sham procedure (low to very low QoE).4. Lifestyle modifications: (one study, 100 participants) based on short-term follow-up, lifestyle modifications may be associated with a greater improvement in prostatitis symptoms in an appreciable number of participants compared with control (risk ratio (RR) for improvement in NIH-CPSI scores 3.90, 95% CI 2.20 to 6.92, very low QoE). We found no information regarding adverse events.5. Physical activity: (one study, 85 participants) based on short-term follow-up, a physical activity programme may cause a small reduction in prostatitis symptoms compared with control (NIH-CPSI score MD -2.50, 95% CI -4.69 to -0.31, low QoE). We found no information regarding adverse events.6. Prostatic massage: (two studies, 115 participants) based on short-term follow-up, we are uncertain whether the prostatic massage reduces or increases prostatitis symptoms compared with control (very low QoE). We found no information regarding adverse events.7. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy: (three studies, 157 participants) based on short-term follow-up, extracorporeal shockwave therapy reduces prostatitis symptoms compared with control (NIH-CPSI score MD -6.18, 95% CI -7.46 to -4.89, high QoE). These results may not be sustained at medium-term follow-up (low QoE). This treatment may not be associated with a greater incidence of adverse events (low QoE).8. Transrectal thermotherapy compared to medical therapy: (two studies, 237 participants) based on short-term follow-up, transrectal thermotherapy alone or in combination with medical therapy may decrease prostatitis symptoms slightly when compared with medical therapy alone (NIH-CPSI score MD -2.50, 95% CI -3.82 to -1.18, low QoE). One included study reported that participants may experience transient adverse events.9. Other interventions: there is uncertainty about the effects of other interventions included in this review. We found no information regarding psychological support or prostatic surgery.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Some of the interventions can decrease prostatitis symptoms in an appreciable number without a greater incidence of adverse events. The QoE was mostly low. Future clinical trials should include a full report of their methods including adequate masking, consistent assessment of all patient-important outcomes including potential treatment-related adverse events and appropriate sample sizes.

Transrectal microwave thermotherapy causing a short-time influence on sperm quality in Chinese chronic nonbacterial prostatitis patients

Chronic prostatitis can affect the sperm's quality. Previous studies have shown that transrectal microwave thermotherapy (TRMT) results in symptomatic relief in patients with chronic prostatitis, but the effects on sperm have not been carefully investigated. This study evaluates the impact of TRMT on the relief or decrease of symptoms and quality of sperm when used to treat patients with chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. Sixty patients were enrolled in the study. TRMT treatment was administered over 5 days, 1 h per day. Semen examination was carried out pretreatment and immediately at the conclusion of the 5-day treatment. Also, it was repeated 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months later. The treatment's symptom relief efficacy was evaluated using the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI). After the treatment, the overall NIH-CPSI scores were lower compared to those of pretreatment. In addition, the white blood cells and lecithin in expressed prostatic secretion were normal after the treatment. The sperm count was decreased by 23.8% 3 months after the treatment, sperm motility was reduced by 10.3% immediately after treatment, and sperm deformity was increased by 17.2%. The sperm volume and PH were not affected. However, the sperm quality recovered after treatment and the malformation rate was also lower at 6 months after treatment. TRMT is a favorable and safe treatment option for patients with nonbacterial chronic prostatitis. It could relieve the patient's symptoms and impact on sperm quality in the short-term.

Long term efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave therapy [ESWT] for treatment of refractory chronic abacterial prostatitis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect and safety of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) on chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS)/chronic abacterial prostatitis after failure of most other modalities of treatment, the maintenance of the treatment effect for up to one year post treatment and whether the patients are in need for further sessions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In a follow-up survey of 41 patients, the study inclusion criteria were CPPS patients who failed at least previously 3 modalities of treatment other than ESWT, who were treated by ESWT once a week for one month with a protocol of 2500 pulses at 1 bar over 13 min, Nonaddiction to drugs and narcotics. The exclusion criteria included being under treatment by another method another diagnosis such as prostate cancer, therapy plan alteration, and noninclination to continue this treatment. Then the patients were followed up at 2 weeks, 6 months and 12 months after finishing the course of ESWT. The study was designed as an open-label uncontrolled therapeutic clinical trial which was conducted in Jordan university hospital through the period 2015-2016. Data were compared using paired samples t-test.

RESULTS

Of our total 55 patients 8 of them did not complete the study protocol, 6 of them had missed follow up over the whole follow up period and 41 patients were evaluated. The patient's age group ranged between 18 and 78 years with a mean age of 42 and a median age of 43. The mean of National Institutes of Health -Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), American Urological Association Quality of Life Due to Urinary Symptoms (AUA QOL_US) and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) were evaluated pre and post ESWT at 2 weeks, 6 months and 12 months and it showed statistically significant improvement in all parameters with maintenance of the effect without any significant side-effect of the treatment over the 12 months.

CONCLUSIONS

The evidence in this study would support the safety and efficacy of ESWT in refractory cases of CPPS at least for one year post treatment.

Male chronic pelvic pain: An update

INTRODUCTION

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome collectively referred to as urologic CPPS (UCPPS) is defined by the absence of identifiable bacterial infection as a cause for the chronic pain and urinary symptoms.

METHODS

A PubMed search of all recent relevant articles using the keywords/phrases: CPPS, CPPS, and male pelvic pain, was conducted.

RESULTS

CPPS has a high worldwide prevalence and its negative impact on quality of life compares with or exceeds common chronic morbidities. Triggers include certain comestibles as well as psychosocial factors that promote catastrophizing and illness focused behavior. Several validated tools are currently available to help diagnose and direct targeted therapy. Treatment should begin with the most simple and least invasive based on the presenting clinical phenotype.

CONCLUSIONS

Although no gold-standard treatment exists, a multidisciplinary approach with multimodal therapy gives the UCPPS patient the best chance of symptom relief.

Intraprostatic injection of botulinum toxin-A in patients with refractory chronic pelvic pain syndrome: The transurethral vs. transrectal approach

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the outcome of an intraprostatic injection of botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) in men with refractory chronic prostatitis-associated chronic pelvic-pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and to compare the efficacy of the transurethral and transrectal routes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In an uncontrolled randomised clinical trial conducted in men with refractory CP/CPPS, the patients were classified into two groups according to the route of BTX-A injection; transurethral (group 1, 28 patients) and transrectal ultrasonography-guided (group 2, 35 patients). The chronic prostatitis symptom index (CPSI), maximum urinary flow rate (Q max) and white blood cell (WBC) count in expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) were measured before and at 3, 6 and 12 months after the injection. A significant clinical improvement (SCI, defined as a reduction of 4 points or a 25% decrease in total CPSI score) was correlated with patient age, prostate volume and symptom duration.

RESULTS

In group 1, the pain and quality-of-life domain scores improved, but statistically significantly only at 6 months. The voiding score improved at all follow-up visits. In group 2 there was a significant improvement in all the CPSI domain scores at all follow-up visits, except for pain, which was insignificantly improved by 12 months. The SCI ratings in groups 1 and 2 were 36%, 79% and 57%, and 49%, 89% and 74% in group 2 at the three follow-up visits, respectively. The Q max was significantly improved in both groups during the follow-up (except at 12 months in group 1). There was a significant reduction in the mean WBC count in the EPS in patients with inflammatory prostatitis. Both prostate volume and symptom duration were significantly associated with a lower SCI rating.

CONCLUSION

BTX-A is an available treatment option for patients with refractory CP/CPPS. It is more effective in patients with a small prostate and short symptom duration. The transrectal route provided better results than the transurethral route. More prospective longer term studies are needed.

Cultural adaptation of the National Institutes of Health--chronic prostatitis symptom index (NIH-CPSI)--to Brazilian spoken Portuguese: NIH-CPSI (Braz)

OBJECTIVES

To create a Brazilian version of the National Institutes of Health - Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) using a cross-cultural adaptation process.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The nine items of the NIH-CPSI were translated to Portuguese, by two independent translators, of native Portuguese language origin, and it was obtained a single version, that was retranslated to English by two English native spoken translators, in order to correct any discrepancies. Those versions were compared to the original text, the modifications were applied and it was created a final version in Portuguese. That was pre-tested and applied to 30 patients with pain or perineal or ejaculatory disorder. To each item of the pre-final version it was assigned a score according to the grade of understanding and clarity in order to implement the adequate corrections. The final version in Portuguese was submitted to evaluations including face validation and psychometric proprieties of reproducibility and internal consistency, respectively evaluated by the (p) Pearson correlation coefficient and α Cronbach coefficient.

RESULTS

All items applied to 30 patients during pre-test phase had a grade higher than 8 of understanding and clarity, and were considered clearly understandable by the patients. However, at face validation evaluation, there was an inconsistency of item three that was redone. The final produced version, called NIH-CPSI (Braz) showed good reproducibility (p = 0.89-0.99) and internal consistency (α Cronbach coefficient = 0.85-0.93).

CONCLUSIONS

NIH-CPSI was adapted to Brazilian spoken Portuguese and its original proprieties were maintained, being a valid instrument for evaluations of symptoms of chronic prostatitis in Brazilian patients.

Prostatitis and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome

The prevalence of prostatitis is extremely high, with up to 16% of men diagnosed with prostatitis at some point throughout their lifetime. However, the etiology appears to be multifactorial and standard treatment regimens have been altered significantly in recent years. The purpose of this review is to examine the changing scientific views on the causes and treatment of prostatitis, chronic prostaitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. We review the infectious and noninfectious etiology of the disease, examining the role of antimicrobial treatment in eradicating infection as well as ameliorating symptoms. Current NIH classifications, which stratify prostatitis into four categories, are discussed, as is the NIH Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index, the primary tool used to assess symptomatology. Diagnostic examinations are studying the need for the four-glass test and its practical replacement by the two-glass test. Multimodal treatment therapy is then discussed, including recent data on biofeedback and evaluation of the role of pelvic floor dysfunction in prostatitis.

Efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial

Objectives. To investigate the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) for symptoms alleviation in chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS). Materials and Methods. 40 patients with CPPS were randomly allocated into either the treatment or sham group. In the first group, patients were treated by ESWT once a week for 4 weeks by a defined protocol. In the sham group, the same protocol was applied but with the probe being turned off. The follow-up assessments were done at 1, 2, 3, and 12 weeks by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain and NIH-developed Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI). Results. Pain domain scores at follow-up points in both treatment and sham groups were reduced, more so in the treatment group, which were significant at weeks 2, 3, and 12. Urinary scores became significantly different at weeks 3 and 12. Also, quality of life (QOL) and total NIH-CPSI scores at all four follow-up time points reduced more significantly in the treatment group as compared to the sham group. Noticeably, at week 12 a slight deterioration in all variables was observed compared to the first 3 weeks of the treatment period. Conclusions. our findings confirmed ESWT therapy as a safe and effective method in CPPS in short term.

Therapeutic efficacy of bipolar radiofrequency thermotherapy for patients with chronic prostatitis: a retrospective analysis of 26 cases

PURPOSE

Chronic prostatitis (CP) does not yet have a universally successful therapy. Alternative treatments including thermotherapy have been adopted in the multimodal management of pain and voiding dysfunction. We retrospectively analyzed the therapeutic efficacy of bipolar radiofrequency thermotherapy for patients who were unsatisfied with conventional medication for CP.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective study between October 2009 and September 2010 of 26 patients who were under 50 years old and diagnosed with CP (National Institutes of Health [NIH]-category III) was performed. Twenty patients were diagnosed with inflammatory CP (NIH-category IIIa) and the rest with noninflammatory CP (NIH-category IIIb). We used the Tempro system at an intraprostatic temperature of 55℃ for 50 minutes with a medium heating rate. All patients also completed the NIH-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (CPSI) before and after treatment.

RESULTS

In the patients diagnosed with CP, the mean serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was 0.9±0.3 ng/ml, the prostate volume was 27.1±5.5 g, and the average score for all 3 domains on the NIH-CPSI significantly decreased. The total scores decreased from 19.8±7.1 to 11.1±7.0, the pain domain decreased from 8.6±3.1 to 4.8±3.1, the voiding symptom domain decreased from 5.1±1.8 to 2.9±1.8, and the effect on the quality of life decreased from 6.1±2.2 to 3.4±2.2 (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Bipolar radiofrequency thermotherapy for patients with CP intractable to conventional medication can provide significant improvement in the NIH-CPSI. Large, randomized controlled trials will also be required to confirm the efficacy of this therapy.

Prostatic calculi influence the antimicrobial efficacy in men with chronic bacterial prostatitis

We studied the efficacy of culture-specific antibiotic therapy for chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) patients with or without prostatic calculi. This study included 101 patients (21-62 years old) who met the consensus criteria for CBP (National Institutes of Health category II). According to the results of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), all patients were divided into two groups: Group 1, CBP with prostatic calculi, n=39; Group 2, CBP without prostatic calculi, n=62. All patients received optimal antimicrobial therapy for 4 weeks and followed up for a minimum of 3 months (range: 3-8 months). In addition to expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) and urine culture, all patients were asked to complete the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) and the subjective global assessment (SGA). The microbiological eradication rate at the end of treatment were 32/39 (82.1%) and 54/62 (87.1%), while the rates for continued eradication at the end of study were 17/39 (43.6%) and 45/62 (72.6%) in Group 1 and Group 2 (P<0.01), respectively. We observed a decrease in the total NIH-CPSI score median values from 24 to 19 in Group 1 and from 24 to 11 in Group 2. The pain subscore (P<0.01), urinary sunscore (P<0.05) and quality of life (QoL; P<0.05) as well as the total NIH-CPSI score (P<0.01) were significantly improved after antimicrobial treatment in Group 2 compared to Group 1. Response, defined as a decrease of the NIH-CPSI total score by at least 50%, was seen in Group 1 versus Group 2 in 38.5% and 58.1% (P<0.01), respectively. Our results showed that prostatic calculi influence the antimicrobial efficacy in men with CBP. There was a noticeable decrease in the cure rate of CBP patients with prostatic calculi due to relapse after antimicrobial therapy.

Identification, pharmacologic considerations, and management of prostatitis

BACKGROUND

Prostatitis is a collection of signs and symptoms that occur as a result of inflammation or swelling of the prostate gland. There are many different causes for prostatitis, including infection; occasionally no clear etiology for the inflammation is found. Effective treatment often depends on identification of the cause, but a microbiologic organism is not always detectable, especially in cases of chronic prostatitis.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this article was to review identification and treatment options for prostatitis, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions.

METHODS

Relevant information was identified through a search of MEDLINE (1966-June 2010), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-June 2010), and EMBASE (1947-June 2010). Randomized, controlled trials that examined prostate cancer, benign prostatic hypertrophy, or procedures related to the prostate (ie, biopsies) were excluded.

RESULTS

A working classification system for prostatitis was developed in 1999, but there are few randomized controlled trials that distinguish between the various treatment options. Bacterial prostatitis can be acute or chronic but always requires some degree of antimicrobial therapy. Pharmacologic features of fluoroquinolones make them the preferred agents for most patients. These antibiotics can become trapped in a chronically inflamed prostate due to pH differences between prostatic tissue and serum. Many fluoroquinolones have penetration ratios (prostate level:serum level) of up to 4:1. A study in European men (N = 117) who received levofloxacin 500 mg/d with a diagnosis of chronic bacterial prostatitis demonstrated clinical success rates of 92% (95% CI 84.8%-96.5%), 77.4% (95% CI, 68.2-84.9%), 66.0% (95% CI, 56.2%-75.0%), and 61.9% (95% CI, 51.9%-71.2%) at 5-12 days, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after treatment. Additionally, there have been numerous randomized, placebo-controlled trials in patients with chronic prostatitis that have studied α-blockers, steroid inhibitors, anti-inflammatory agents, and bioflavonoids. Treatment responses to α-blockers appear to be greater with longer durations of therapy in α-blocker-naïve patients (National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index [NIH-CPSI] score reduction of at least 3.6 points after 6 weeks of tamsulosin therapy [P = 0.04] and up to 14.3 and 9.9 point NIH-CPSI score reductions with 14 weeks of terazosin and 24 weeks of alfuzosin therapy, respectively [P = 0.01 for both]). Combination therapy with an α-blocker, an anti-inflammatory, and a muscle relaxant does not appear to offer significant advantages over monotherapy (12.7 vs 12.4 point reduction in NIH-CPSI scores) and a stepwise approach to therapy involving antibiotics followed by bioflavonoids and then α-blockers appears to effectively reduce symptoms for up to 1 year in patients with chronic prostatitis (mean NIH-CPSI point reduction of 9.5 points compared with baseline, P < 0.0001). Patients who have had multiple unsuccessful treatment regimens may benefit from direct stimulation of the pelvic muscles through electromagnetic or electroacupuncture therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Prostatitis can resemble various other medical conditions but proper classification and an understanding of the pharmacologic features and expectations of the medications used to treat it can help identify effective treatment strategies. Fluoroquinolones are the preferred agents for treating bacterial causes of prostatitis and have demonstrated efficacy in some cases of chronic prostatitis when an organism has not been identified. However, the use of agents with anti-inflammatory or antiadrenergic properties may be necessary in combination with or after trying antimicrobial agents.

The effects of transrectal radiofrequency hyperthermia on patients with chronic prostatitis and the changes of MDA, NO, SOD, and Zn levels in pretreatment and posttreatment

OBJECTIVE

To assess the effect of transrectal radiofrequency hyperthermia (TRFH) in 159 patients with chronic prostatitis (CP) and explore the changes of reactive oxygen species in CP patients pretreatment and posttreatment.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with CP were randomized to 6 weeks of tamsulosin plus clarithromycin, TRFH, or TRFH with tamsulosin plus clarithromycin group. The primary outcome measure was evaluated by the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. Malondiadehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and nitrogen monoxide (NO) were measured by biochemical assay. Zinc (Zn) content was assayed by atomical spectrophotography.

RESULTS

All 105 patients in the TRFH or TRFH with tamsulosin plus clarithromycin group showed statistically significant improvement of pain, quality of life, and micturition domains compared with the tamsulosin plus clarithromycin group. Regardless of type IIIa or type IIIb CP, there was a significant improvement in the TRFH or TRFH with tamsulosin plus clarithromycin group compared with tamsulosin plus clarithromycin group (P<.05). Compared with pretreatment, MDA, NO, and Zn were decreased in type II and IIIa, whereas SOD was only increased significantly in type II (P<.05).

CONCLUSION

Our study reveals TRFH as an effective therapy option for CP, especially type IIIa or type IIIb CP. The results of TRFH with tamsulosin plus clarithromycin group was superior to the TRFH group or the tamsulosin plus clarithromycin group alone. In comparison with pretreatment, differences in reactive oxygen species levels and Zn in CP patients suggest that these factors could be used as a biomarker to evaluate the symptoms of CP and the effects of treatment.

[Specific treatments for chronic bacterial prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome]

OBJECTIVE

To review the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A review of the literature was performed by searching the Medline database (National Library of Medicine). Search terms were either Medical subject heading (MeSH) keywords (antibacterial agents, pelvic pain, placebos, prostatitis, treatment) or terms derived from the title or abstract. Search terms were used alone or in combinations by using the "AND" operator. The literature search was conducted from 1990 to the present time.

RESULTS

The treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis is based on the use of antibiotics, primarily fluoroquinolones, for 4 to 6 weeks, but no consensus has been reached concerning the standard treatment of CP/CPPS. A review of the literature failed to identify any recognized and validated treatments for CP/CPPS, but several conclusions can be drawn: placebo gives satisfactory results in a considerable number of patients; antibiotics are not recommended; alpha-blocking agents may be effective in recently diagnosed, previously untreated patients, provided they are prescribed for 12 weeks to 6 months; invasive surgery of the prostate and bladder neck is not recommended.

CONCLUSION

Progress in the treatment of CP/CPPS will require more extensive basic and clinical research. Only randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials including a large number of patients, and using the NIH-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index questionnaire (NIH-CPSI) as evaluation tool will be able to provide reliable conclusions. The use of patient subgroups selected according to the predominant symptoms could be contributive.

Celecoxib reduces symptoms in men with difficult chronic pelvic pain syndrome (Category IIIA)

We investigated the effectiveness of celecoxib in reducing symptoms in patients with difficult chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS), NIH category IIIA. Sixty-four patients with category IIIA CPPS were randomized into two groups of 32 subjects each. One group was treated with celecoxib (200 mg daily) and the other with placebo. All patients underwent treatment for 6 weeks and were evaluated clinically before (baseline) and after 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of treatment. The evaluation included the NIH Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) and a subjective global assessment (SGA). Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate treatment and time effects and their interaction. A decrease (means +/- SD) in total NIH-CPSI score from 23.91 +/- 5.27 to 15.88 +/- 2.51 in the celecoxib group and from 24.25 +/- 5.09 to 19.50 +/- 2.50 in the placebo group was observed during treatment (0 to 6 weeks). A statistically significant decrease was observed in pain subscore (P < 0.006), quality of life subscore (P < 0.032) and total NIH-CPSI score (P < 0.015) after 2, 4 and 6 weeks, but not in urinary subscore. In addition, 38% of the celecoxib and 13% of the placebo subjects had at least a moderate improvement in SGA. The trend was similar for the NIH-CPSI scores. However, the response to treatment in terms of total NIH-CPSI score or subscore was not significantly different from placebo after interruption of treatment for 2 weeks. Our results show that celecoxib provides significant symptomatic improvement limited to the duration of the therapy in patients with difficult category IIIA CPPS compared to placebo.

Update on minimally invasive therapy for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome

Once primary treatment fails, the diverse causes and symptoms of chronic pelvic pain syndrome require clinicians to consider several secondary approaches. Multimodal therapy addresses unique symptoms and targets illness origin. However, once medical modalities fail, minimally invasive therapies should be considered, including transurethral needle ablation hyperthermia, cooled thermotherapy, electromagnetic chair, prostatic massage, and intraprostatic botulinum toxin A injection. Low evidence levels exist for all approaches, but we anticipate promising results of larger trials for cooled thermotherapy and look forward to the emergence of experimental techniques using botulinum toxin A.

Treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome

Acceptance of the National Institutes of Health definition of Category III Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS) and the development and validation of the Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index has stimulated significant research into treatment of this condition. Evidence-based suggestions for treatment include the following. (i) Antimicrobials cannot be recommended for men with longstanding, previously treated CP/CPPS. (ii) Alpha-blockers can be recommended as first-line medical therapy, particularly in alpha-blocker-naïve men with moderately severe symptoms who have relatively recent onset of symptoms. (iii) Alpha-blockers cannot be recommended in men with longstanding CP/CPPS who have tried and failed alpha-blockers in the past. And (iv) anti-inflammatory therapy, finasteride and pentosan polysulfate are not recommended as primary treatment; however, they may have a useful adjunctive role in a multimodal therapeutic regimen. Early data on herbal therapies, particularly quercetin and cernilton, are intriguing, but larger multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trials are required before a high level of evidence recommendation can be made on its use. At this time, surgery (including minimally invasive) is recommended only for definitive indications and not generally for CP/CPPS.

Treatment of chronic prostatitis: an etiologicaly based approach

The therapeutics of chronic prostatitis remain as enigmatic as the disease. In light of the recent guidelines from the National Institutes of Health, there may finally be satisfactory evaluation of efficacy.

Traditional therapy for chronic pelvic pain does not work: what do we do now?

The dilemma of managing patients with chronic pelvic pain syndromes continues to frustrate physicians confronted with these complaints. Multiple diagnoses traditionally label this condition in men and women and, typically, implicate a pelvic-organ system when, in fact, very little objective evidence for a pathophysiologic process exists. Traditional therapies, consisting of antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and muscle relaxants, simply do not work, and their lack of efficacy compared with placebo has been documented by randomized clinical trials in the US that were sponsored by the NIH. What do we do now? This review article attempts to describe the clinical efforts of several investigators and to put their patients' outcomes in perspective, and thereby suggest alternative therapies to help these patients.

Cooled transurethral microwave thermotherapy for intractable chronic prostatitis--results of a pilot study after 1 year

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the side effects, tolerability, and efficacy of transurethral microwave thermotherapy with urethral cooling (cooled TUMT) for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in a prospective feasibility trial. Cooled TUMT, using the Targis system from Urologix, is an established treatment option for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with minimal side effects.

METHODS

Patients with intractable chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and symptoms for more than 3 of the 6 months before treatment (National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index [NIH-CPSI] pain score of at least 8) were randomized to cooled TUMT at an intraprostatic temperature of either approximately 55 degrees C or approximately 70 degrees C. Tolerability, side effects, and efficacy were measured with standard diagnostic tests, including the NIH-CPSI. Subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate the effects with and without BPH comorbidity.

RESULTS

A total of 42 patients were included in the study; 39 patients successfully completed treatment and 35 completed follow-up through 12 months. The baseline versus 12-month mean NIH-CPSI score was total score 23.4 +/- 6.4 versus 11.5 +/- 10.2 (improvement in mean value of 51%), pain score 11.5 +/- 2.8 versus 4.6 +/- 4.9 (improvement in mean value of 60%), quality-of-life impact score 7.2 +/- 2.9 versus 3.8 +/- 3.8 (improvement in mean value of 47%; all P <0.0001), and urinary score 4.7 +/- 2.8 versus 3.1 +/- 3.0 (improvement in mean value of 34%; P = 0.0079). Treatment discomfort was within the ranges reported for patients with Targis-treated BPH. Two patients had reduced sperm motility. Side effects were minimal and transient, resolved spontaneously or with medication, and were similar regardless of treatment temperature or BPH comorbidity.

CONCLUSIONS

Cooled TUMT appears to be promising for intractable chronic prostatitis with or without BPH. Longer follow-up and a larger trial are required to evaluate the fertility impact and longer term durability further.

A prospective, randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind study of pelvic electromagnetic therapy for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain syndrome with 1 year of followup

PURPOSE

Male chronic pelvic pain syndrome is a condition of uncertain etiology and treatment is often unsatisfactory. There is evidence that the symptom complex may result from pelvic floor muscular dysfunction and/or neural hypersensitivity/inflammation. We hypothesized that the application of electromagnetic therapy may have a neuromodulating effect on pelvic floor spasm and neural hypersensitivity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Following full Stamey localization men with National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases category III prostatitis were prospectively randomized to receive active electromagnetic or placebo therapy. Active therapy consisted of 15 minutes of pelvic floor stimulation at a frequency of 10 Hz, followed by a further 15 minutes at 50 Hz, twice weekly for 4 weeks. Patients were evaluated at baseline, 3 months and 1 year after treatment using validated visual analog scores.

RESULTS

A total of 21 men with a mean age of 47.8 years (range 25 to 67) were analyzed. Mean symptom scores decreased significantly in the actively treated group at 3 months and 1 year (p <0.05), unlike the placebo group, which showed no significant change (p >0.05). Subanalysis of those receiving active treatment showed that the greatest improvement was in pain related symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

The novel use of pelvic floor electromagnetic therapy may be a promising new noninvasive option for chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men.

The response to sertraline in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome

OBJECTIVES

Male chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) is difficult to manage. Although antidepressants are frequently used in clinical practice, to date no interventional study has been published. We investigated men with CPPS to assess their response to the serotonin specific reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant, sertraline.

METHODS

Men with CPPS underwent a four glass test to exclude an infective cause for their symptoms. They were randomised to sertraline or matched placebo for 13 weeks after which they were unblinded. They were then allowed to either continue sertraline or cross over to active treatment for a further 13 weeks. Prostatic symptom severity (PSS) and frequency (PSF) scores, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale and a psychosexual (PSex) questionnaire were completed at 0, 6, 13, and 26 weeks. Statistical analysis was by the Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed rank tests.

RESULTS

14 men enrolled. At week 13 there was a mean reduction in PSS scores of 6.1 in the active and 2.0 in placebo group, and in PSF scores of 3.6 and 1.0, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the PSS and PSF scores between the active versus placebo group because of the small subject numbers. If analysed as a case series, there was a significant reduction in PSS (11.7; p = 0.01) and PSF (5.9; p = 0.03) from baseline following 13 weeks of sertraline. There was also a decrease in mean HAD depression score from 4.6 at baseline to 2.4.

CONCLUSION

Sertraline led to a significant improvement in prostatic symptom severity and frequency from baseline following 13 weeks of treatment. Although this analysis does not exclude a placebo effect, the randomised placebo controlled findings show a trend to improvement with sertraline when compared to placebo.

Pentosan polysulfate sodium therapy for men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled study

PURPOSE

We evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) for the treatment of men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS), National Institutes of Health (NIH) category III.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In a 16-week double-blind study 100 men with a clinical diagnosis of CPPS were randomized to receive 300 mg PPS or placebo 3 times daily. Clinical Global Improvement (CGI) was the primary outcome measure. Additional outcome measures were the NIH-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (CPSI), Subjective Global Assessment and Symptom Severity Index assessment tools.

RESULTS

Significantly more patients receiving PPS experienced moderate to marked improvement based on CGI assessment (18 or 37% vs 8 or 18%, p = 0.04). However, mean CGI scores were not significantly different between the PPS group (1.0) and placebo groups (1.0 vs 0.6, p = 0.107). All NIH-CPSI domains suggested a positive effect for PPS and for total NIH-CPSI the difference approached statistical significance (-5.9 or 22% vs -3.2 or 12%, p = 0.068). The PPS group showed significantly greater improvement in NIH-CPSI quality of life domain scores than the placebo group (-2.0 or 22% vs -1.0 or 12%, p = 0.031). Of patients receiving PPS 67% and 80% of those receiving placebo completed the 16-week study. Diarrhea, nausea and headache were the most common adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS

Pentosan polysulfate (900 mg daily) was more likely than placebo to provide relief for CPPS symptoms.

The Italian version of the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index

OBJECTIVES

To perform the Italian version of the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NHI-CPSI), and to study its linguistic validity and its correlations with the Visual Analogue Scale for pain (VAS) and the Italian version of International Prostatic Symptom Score (I-PSS) in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) and healthy controls.

METHODS

A rigorous double-back translation of the original English NHI-CPSI was performed by a staff composed of 3 professional bilingual experts and 3 urologists. The study population consisted of 160 male CPPS patients and 125 healthy controls, who were asked to self complete the Italian version of the NHI-CPSI together with the VAS and the Italian I-PSS. The discriminatory power, psychometric properties, internal correlations and convergent validity of the questionnaire were tested.

RESULTS

Of the 285 enrolled patients, 223 patients (142 with CPPS and 81 healthy patients) were definitively considered for the study. The overall Italian NIH-CPSI scores and each subscale differed significantly (p<0.001) between the two groups, and so that the index proved a good discriminant validity. High correlations were found between the VAS and the pain domain (0.88) and between I-PSS and void domain (0.94), suggesting a good convergent validity of the Italian version of the NIH-CPSI. The questionnaire proved to have a high internal consistency.

CONCLUSIONS

The Italian NIH-CPSI is a reliable symptom index that can be self-administrated in about 5 minutes in daily clinical practice for the follow-up of the Italian patients with chronic prostatitis.

EAU Guidelines on Chronic Pelvic Pain

OBJECTIVES

On behalf of the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines for diagnosis, therapy and follow-up of chronic pelvic pain patients were established.

METHOD

Guidelines were compiled by a working group and based on current literature following a systematic review using MEDLINE. References were weighted by the panel of experts.

RESULTS

The full text of the guidelines is available through the EAU Central Office and the EAU website (www.uroweb.org). This article is a short version of this text and summarises the main conclusions from the guidelines on management of chronic pelvic pain.

CONCLUSION

A guidelines text is presented including chapters on prostate pain and bladder pain syndromes, urethral pain, scrotal pain, pelvic pain in gynaecological practice, role of the pelvic floor and pudendal nerve, general treatment of chronic pelvic pain and neuromodulation. These guidelines have been drawn up to provide support in the management of the large and difficult group of patients suffering from chronic pelvic pain.

Two-year experience with the german-translated version of the NIH-CPSI in patients with CP/CPPS

OBJECTIVES

To examine, after psychometric evaluation and validation of the translated National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), the practical value of this questionnaire in a routine diagnostic prostatitis setup for patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). The NIH-CPSI is a well-accepted tool for the symptomatic evaluation of patients with CP/CPPS. The recently translated German version has not yet been validated in detail.

METHODS

A total of 137 consecutive patients attending a prostatitis outpatient department were classified according to the internationally accepted NIH consensus classification into CP/CPPS NIH type IIIA (n = 53; mean age 43.2 years) and IIIB (n = 84; mean age 43.4 years). For psychometric analysis, the overall type III group was evaluated for reliability and validity of the German NIH-CPSI. The psychometric properties of the translated NIH-CPSI were compared with those of the original English version. In addition, the total scores of all men and separately for CP/CPPS NIH types IIIA and IIIB were evaluated.

RESULTS

The German NIH-CPSI was reliable, with an alpha coefficient for the overall index and its subscales of between 0.60 and 0.74. However, the internal consistency of the pain subdomain was lower in our translated version (alpha 0.60) compared with the original English version (alpha 0.86). In this cohort, men with NIH type IIIB CP/CPPS were significantly (P = 0.03) more symptomatic in the total index compared with men with NIH type IIIA CP/CPPS.

CONCLUSIONS

The German version of the NIH-CPSI has a relatively high reliability and face and construct validity overall. A validated translated NIH-CPSI is suggested as a standardized tool to quantify chronic pelvic pain symptoms for different countries and languages.

Failure of a monotherapy strategy for difficult chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome

PURPOSE

We determined the effect of a best evidence based monotherapeutic strategy for patients diagnosed with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) referred to a specialized prostatitis clinic.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients with CP/CPPS referred by urologists after failure of prescribed therapy for evaluation and treatment at Queen's University prostatitis research clinic were extensively evaluated, aggressively treated following a standardized treatment algorithm and followed for 1 year using a validated prostatitis specific symptom and quality of life instrument, the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI). All patients underwent a standardized protocol for CP/CPPS including a history, physical examination, standard 4-glass test, plus urethral swab and semen for microscopy and culture, uroflowmetry and residual urine determination. Treatment followed a best evidence based strategy with a standardized monotherapy based algorithm.

RESULTS

A total of 100 consecutive patients with CP/CPPS (average age 42.2 years, range 20 to 70 and average symptom duration 6.5 years, range 0.5 to 39) had 1-year followup after initial evaluation. Patients were prescribed treatment based on documentation of "failed," "successful" and "never tried" therapies based on a standardized treatment algorithm. Patients treated successfully were continued on the prescribed therapy, while therapy was discontinued and new therapy instituted (based on algorithm) in those in whom the initially prescribed therapy failed. At 1 year there was a statistically significant decrease in total NIH-CPSI (23.3 to 19.5, p = 0.0004), pain (11.0 to 9.4, p = 0.03) and quality of life (7.7 to 6.1, p <0.001), but not voiding (4.6 to 4.0, p = 0.12). A perceptible 25% decrease in total NIH-CPSI symptom score was noted in 37% and the greatest improvement was in the quality of life domain (43% of patients had greater than 25% improvement in quality of life). Of the patients 35% had a significant decrease of greater than 6 points in total NIH-CPSI. A clear, clinically significant improvement in total NIH-CPSI (greater than 50% decrease) was noted in 19%.

CONCLUSIONS

Approximately a third of patients with treatment refractory CP/CPPS undergoing extensive evaluation and therapy based on a sequential monotherapy treatment strategy in a specialized prostatitis clinic had at least modest improvement in symptoms during 1 year. This study confirms that a treatment strategy based on the sequential application of monotherapies for patients with a long history of severe CP/CPPS remains relatively poor.

Minimally invasive therapies for prostatitis

A plethora of reports describe a number of promising new minimally invasive treatment modalities available to patients with chronic prostatitis. This article reviews these studies, with most evaluating treatments using heat or intraprostatic injection. The results are difficult to compare because of the inconsistencies in study design, modalities of treatment, and outcome measures. Standard criteria for assessing symptom severity in chronic prostatitis recently have been developed and prospective clinical trials are underway to evaluate minimally invasive therapies for this debilitating condition. Until definitive data from these trials are available, minimally invasive therapies most likely will continue to be empirical and not a standard of care.

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in elderly men: toward better understanding and treatment

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is the most common of the prostatitis syndromes. It is characterised by pelvic pain, with or without voiding symptoms. CP/CPPS accounts for 2 million office visits in the US alone. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that CP/CPPS can affect men at any age, including those in their 80s. The aetiology is unknown but proposals include infectious, autoimmune, neurologic and psychiatric causes. Men with CP/CPPS are much more likely to have had a past medical history of cardiovascular, neurologic, psychiatric or infectious disease (particularly sinusitis) as compared with asymptomatic individuals. Although leucocytes are commonly found in the prostatic fluid of these men, they do not correlate with the symptoms. The clinical evaluation now includes a validated, self administered symptom score, the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), which was designed as an outcome measure for treatment trials. This can aid in diagnosis and follow-up of patients' response to therapy. Treatment for CP/CPPS is empiric and limited by a lack of randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Antimicrobials are commonly used to treat the symptoms of CP/CPPS. However, the finding that asymptomatic men have equal or greater numbers of bacteria which localise to the prostatic fluid, compared with men with CP/CPPS, has raised doubts about the contribution of infection to the symptoms. Other commonly used drugs include alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, anti-inflammatory drugs, tricyclic antidepressants and anticholinergic agents. The adverse effects of these medications are a concern in older men with CP/CPPS. Other therapies available include minimally invasive procedures such as microwave thermotherapy and transurethral needle ablation, and now neuromodulation devices.Although much progress has been made, particularly in the last 7 years, considerable work still remains to be done to determine the aetiology and pathogenesis of CP/CPPS, and to develop mechanism based therapy that is shown to be effective in controlled trials.

A randomized placebo-controlled multicentre study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of finasteride for male chronic pelvic pain syndrome (category IIIA chronic nonbacterial prostatitis)

OBJECTIVE

To determine if finasteride can reduce symptoms in men with a clinical diagnosis of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis (National Institutes of Health, NIH, category IIIA chronic pelvic pain syndrome, CPPS) compared with placebo.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Men (76) with category IIIA CPPS enrolled in four North American prostatitis research centres were randomized after a 2-week placebo run-in to finasteride or placebo for 6 months. The primary efficacy variable was a subjective overall assessment (SOA); the secondary efficacy variables included the NIH chronic prostatitis symptom index (NIH-CPSI) and safety data. Patients were assessed at screening, baseline (after the 2-week placebo run-in), 3 and 6 months.

RESULTS

Sixty-four patients had at least one assessment on medication (31 placebo, 33 finasteride); 75% of the finasteride and 54% of the placebo group had at least a mild improvement (defined as > 25% improvement in SOA), and 44% and 27%, respectively, a moderate or marked improvement (>50% improvement in SOA). The trend was similar in the NIH-CPSI scores. Five patients in the finasteride and seven in the placebo group reported medication-related adverse events.

CONCLUSION

This randomized placebo-controlled pilot study suggests that finasteride was of benefit for some men with category IIIA CPPS, but the results do not justify recommending finasteride as monotherapy, except for men who also have benign prostatic hyperplasia. A larger, properly powered study, possibly evaluating combination with other therapies or specifically in men with prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia, is required to confirm any clinical benefit.

Levofloxacin for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men: a randomized placebo-controlled multicenter trial

OBJECTIVES

To perform a Canadian multicenter randomized placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of 6 weeks of levofloxacin therapy compared with placebo in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). Uncontrolled studies have supported the use of antibiotics in CP/CPPS.

METHODS

Men with a National Institutes of Health (NIH) diagnosis of CP/CPPS (specifically, no infection localized to the prostate) were randomized to levofloxacin (500 mg/day) or placebo for 6 weeks in 11 Canadian centers. Patients were assessed at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 weeks with the NIH Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) and global patient assessments (subjective global assessment and patient assessment questionnaire).

RESULTS

Eighty men (average age 56.0 years, range 36 to 78; duration of symptoms 6.5 years, range 0.6 to 32) were randomized to receive levofloxacin (n = 45) or placebo (n = 35). All were evaluated in an intent-to-treat analysis. Both groups experienced progressive improvement in symptoms as measured by the NIH-CPSI. However, the difference in response was not statistically or clinically significant at end of treatment (6 weeks) or at the end of the follow-up visits (12 weeks). No patients withdrew because of adverse events. One patient withdrew before the 6-week assessment. Adverse events (all mild) were reported in 20% of the levofloxacin group and 17% of the placebo group.

CONCLUSIONS

This pilot placebo-controlled study showed that 6 weeks of levofloxacin therapy in men diagnosed with CP/CPPS resulted in symptom improvement that was not significantly different from that with placebo at end of treatment or follow-up. The clinical ramifications of these findings need to be addressed.

Experience with different questionnaires in the management of patients with CP/CPPS: GPSS, IPSS and NIH-CPSI

A number of different self assessment questionnaires have been developed in order to evaluate specific symptoms of chronic prostatitis. The most popular indices in Germany are the Giessen Prostatitis Symptom Score(GPSS), the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and the Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index of the National Institutes of Health (NIH-CPSI). The major aim of our study was the evaluation of these questionnaires in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). In addition, we analysed questionable differences in symptomatology between the subgroups NIH III A and B. A total of 203 native speaking German men with symptoms of CP/CPPS attending the Giessen prostatitis outpatient department were included in our protocol. According to the strict criteria of the Giessen examination protocol, 84 men were classified as CP/CPPS type NIH III B and 54 men as NIH III A. The psychometric and descriptive results were analysed with SPSS software. The Cronbach alpha, as a parameter for the internal consistency for each index, showed acceptable values. The correlation coefficient for each index was also sufficient. The median total scores of the GPSS and NIH-CPSI were significantly higher in patients with CP/CPPS type NIH III B. The IPSS results were the same. All symptom indices demonstrated acceptable to good values for psychometric validation. Similar symptomatic findings were available using GPSS and NIH-CPSI.