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Bakshi GK, Pal M, Jain DK, Arora A, Tamhankar A, Maitre P, Murthy V, J A, Agrawal A, Menon S, Joshi A, Spiess PE, Prakash GJ. Surgical templates for inguinal lymph node dissection in cN0 penile cancer: A comparative study. Urol Oncol 2023; 41:393.e9-393.e16. [PMID: 37507285 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Modified and superficial inguinal lymph node dissection (MILD and SILD) are the 2 widely used templates for surgical staging of clinically node negative (cN0) penile cancer (PeCa); however, no previous reports have compared their outcomes. We compared these 2 surgical templates for oncological outcomes and complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed records of cN0 PeCa patients who underwent MILD/SILD at our cancer care center from January 2013 to December 2019. Patients who developed a penile recurrence during follow up were excluded from analysis of oncological outcomes. The 2 groups (MILD and SILD) were compared for baseline clinico-pathological characteristics. The primary outcome was the groin recurrence free survival (gRFS). Secondary outcomes included the false negative rate (FNR) and disease free survival (DFS) for both templates and also the post-operative wound related complication. RESULTS Of the 146 patients with intermediate and high risk N0 PeCa, 74 (50.7%) and 72 (49.3%) underwent MILD and SILD respectively. The 2 groups were comparable with regards to the distribution of T stage, tumor grade and the proportion of intermediate and high-risk patients. At a median follow up of 34 months (47 for SILD and 23 for MILD), a total of 5 groin recurrences were encountered; all of them occurred in the MILD group. The gRFS and DFS for the MILD group was 93.2% and 91.8% respectively; while that for the SILD group was 100% and 94.4% respectively. Too few events had occurred to determine any statistically significant difference. The FNR for MILD and SILD was 26.3% and 0% respectively. The overall complication rate was significantly higher in the SILD group (46% vs 20.3%, p=0.001), especially for Clavien Dindo 3A complications. CONCLUSION MILD can fail to pick up micro-metastatic disease in a small proportion of cN0 PeCa patients, while SILD provides better oncological clearance with no groin recurrences. This oncological superiority comes at the cost of a higher incidence of wound-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh K Bakshi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mahendra Pal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deep Kumar Jain
- Assistant Professor, MGM Medical College and Super-speciality Hospital, Indore, India
| | - Amandeep Arora
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashwin Tamhankar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priyamvada Maitre
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vedang Murthy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arunkumar J
- Department of Clinical Research, JIPMER, Puducherry, India
| | - Archi Agrawal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Santosh Menon
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amit Joshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Gagan J Prakash
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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Ishizuki S, Nakamura Y. Role of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Skin Cancer Based on Clinical Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3291. [PMID: 37444401 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node from the primary tumor. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a surgical procedure that can detect occult nodal metastasis with relatively low morbidity. It may also have a therapeutic effect via regional disease control. The Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy-I (MSLT-I) trial revealed a prognostic benefit from SLNB in melanoma patients. However, it remains unclear whether there is a prognostic benefit from SLNB in patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer owing to a lack of randomized prospective studies. Nevertheless, SLNB provides important information about nodal status, which is one of the strongest factors to predict prognosis and may guide additional nodal treatment. Currently, SLNB is widely used in the management of not only patients with melanoma but also those with nonmelanoma skin cancer. However, the utilization and outcomes of SLNB differ among skin cancers. In addition, SLNB is not recommended for routine use in all patients with skin cancer. In this review, we provide a summary of the role of SLNB and of the indications for SLNB in each skin cancer based on previously published articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Ishizuki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
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Małkiewicz B, Kiełb P, Kobylański M, Karwacki J, Poterek A, Krajewski W, Zdrojowy R, Szydełko T. Sentinel Lymph Node Techniques in Urologic Oncology: Current Knowledge and Application. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092495. [PMID: 37173960 PMCID: PMC10177100 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) metastases have a significant negative impact on the prognosis of urological malignancies. Unfortunately, current imaging modalities are insufficient when it comes to detecting micrometastases; thus, surgical LN removal is commonly used. However, there is still no established ideal lymph node dissection (LND) template, leading to unnecessary invasive staging and the possibility of missing LN metastases located outside the standard template. To address this issue, the sentinel lymph node (SLN) concept has been proposed. This technique involves identifying and removing the first group of draining LNs, which can accurately stage cancer. While successful in breast cancer and melanoma, the SLN technique in urologic oncology is still considered experimental due to high false-negative rates and lack of data in prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer. Nevertheless, the development of new tracers, imaging modalities, and surgical techniques may improve the potential of the SLN procedures in urological oncology. In this review, we aim to discuss the current knowledge and future contributions of the SLN procedure in the management of urological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Małkiewicz
- University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Kiełb
- University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maximilian Kobylański
- University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Karwacki
- University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Poterek
- University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Krajewski
- University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Romuald Zdrojowy
- University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Urology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szydełko
- University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Torbrand C, Warnolf Å, Glombik D, Davidsson S, Carlsson J, Baseckas G, Håkansson U, Trägårdh E, Geijer H, Liedberg F, Kirrander P. Sentinel Node Identification with Hybrid Tracer-guided and Conventional Dynamic Sentinel Node Biopsy in Penile Cancer: A Prospective Study in 130 Patients from the Two National Referral Centres in Sweden. Eur Urol Oncol 2022; 5:704-711. [PMID: 36272960 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that a hybrid indocyanine green (ICG)-99mTc-nanocolloid tracer improves sentinel node (SN) identification compared to conventional dynamic sentinel node biopsy (DSNB). OBJECTIVE To investigate hybrid tracer-guided SN identification in a multicentre setting and determine false-negative (FN) and complication rates. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 130 patients with penile cancer scheduled for DSNB were prospectively included between February 2016 and December 2017 at two national Swedish referral centres. ICG-99mTc-nanocolloid hybrid tracer was used in the standard DSNB protocol. INTERVENTION SNs were identified intraoperatively using radioguidance, fluorescence imaging, and blue dye. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The number of SNs identified by each tracer and the rates of complications and nodal recurrence during median follow-up of 34 mo were recorded. Differences in proportions between groups were compared using χ2 and McNemar's tests. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Overall, 453 SNs were identified preoperatively via single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography. Among the 425 SNs excised, radioguidance, fluorescence, and blue dye identified 414 (97%), 363 (85%), and 349 (82%), respectively. Fluorescence imaging helped to detect six SNs that were negative using the other tracers, two of which were from the same patient and contained metastases. Histopathological examination detected 33 metastatic SNs in 20/130 patients (15%). The FN rate was 12% per groin (95% confidence interval 8-16%). CONCLUSIONS Identification of SNs in patients with penile cancer relies mainly on radioguidance, while fluorescence (ICG) and blue dye methods for optical SN identification are comparable. However, the value of fluorescence imaging should be further evaluated in studies with long-term follow-up. PATIENT SUMMARY In this study, we investigated addition of a dye called indocyanine green (ICG) for assessment of lymph nodes in patients with cancer of the penis. ICG did not improve the rate of detection of nodes most likely to harbour cancer because of their location in the drainage pathway for lymphatic fluid, but did help in identifying additional metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Torbrand
- Department of Urology, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden; Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Åsa Warnolf
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Dominik Glombik
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Sabina Davidsson
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jessica Carlsson
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Gediminas Baseckas
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Elin Trägårdh
- Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Skåne University Hospital and Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Geijer
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Liedberg
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Kirrander
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Fallara G, Pozzi E, Onur Cakir O, Tandogdu Z, Castiglione F, Salonia A, Alnajjar HM, Muneer A. Diagnostic Accuracy of Dynamic Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Penile Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Focus 2022:S2405-4569(22)00277-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Minimally invasive evaluation of the clinically negative inguinal node in penile cancer: Dynamic sentinel node biopsy. Urol Oncol 2022; 40:209-214. [PMID: 33218920 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of lymph node metastasis is the most important prognostic factor in penile cancer (PeCa). Due to limited sensitivity of currently available imaging modalities, invasive staging approaches remain indispensable for adequate nodal staging. As an alternative to radical inguinal lymphadenectomy and with the aim to reduce morbidity, staging strategies such as modified lymphadenectomy and dynamic sentinel node biopsy (DSNB) have been introduced. Over the years, DSNB evolved into a safe and reliable staging technique when performed in high volume centers. Recent enhancements of the procedure such as Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) and the introduction of hybrid tracers have improved pre- and intraoperative sentinel node (SN) visualization. Other technologies such as superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles could have a potential future role to further refine DSNB. Future efforts should be aimed at optimizing diagnostic accuracy whilst minimizing perioperative morbidity.
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Nemitz L, Vincke A, Michalik B, Engels S, Meyer LM, Henke RP, Wawroschek F, Winter A. Radioisotope-Guided Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Penile Cancer: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study. Front Oncol 2022; 12:850905. [PMID: 35494039 PMCID: PMC9046689 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.850905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) management is critical for survival in patients with penile cancer. However, radical inguinal lymphadenectomy carries a high risk of postoperative complications such as lymphedema, lymphocele, wound infection, and skin necrosis. The European Association of Urology guidelines therefore recommend invasive LN staging by modified inguinal lymphadenectomy or dynamic sentinel node biopsy (DSNB) in clinically node-negative patients (cN0) with intermediate- and high-risk tumors (≥ T1G2). However, the timing of DSNB (simultaneous vs. subsequent to partial or total penile resection) is controversial and the low incidence of penile cancer means that data on the long-term outcomes of DSNB are limited. The present study aimed to analyze the reliability and morbidity of DSNB in patients with penile cancer during long-term follow-up. This retrospective study included 41 patients (76 groins) who underwent radioisotope-guided DSNB simultaneously or secondarily after penile surgery from June 2004 to November 2018. In total, 193 sentinel LNs (SLNs) and 39 non-SLNs were removed. The median number of dissected LNs was 2.5 (interquartile range 2-4). Histopathological analysis showed that five of the 76 groins (6.6%) contained metastases. None of the non-SLNs were tumor-positive. In accordance with the guidelines, all inguinal regions with positive SLNs underwent secondary radical inguinal lymphadenectomy, which revealed three additional metastases in one groin. Regional LN recurrence was detected in three patients (four groins) during a median follow-up of 70 months, including two patients in whom DSNB had been performed secondarily after repetitive penile tumor resections. DSNB-related complications occurred in 15.8% of groins. Most complications were mild (Clavien-Dindo grade I; 50%) or moderate (II; 25%), and invasive intervention was only required in 3.9% of groins (IIIa: n = 1; IIIb: n = 2). In summary, this study suggests that the current radioisotope-guided DSNB procedure may reduce the complication rate of inguinal lymphadenectomy in patients with cN0 penile cancer. However, DSNB and penile surgery should be performed simultaneously to minimize the false-negative rate. Recent advances, such as new tracers and imaging techniques, may help to reduce the false-negative rate of DSNB further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Nemitz
- University Hospital for Urology, Klinikum Oldenburg, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anna Vincke
- University Hospital for Urology, Klinikum Oldenburg, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Michalik
- University Hospital for Urology, Klinikum Oldenburg, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Engels
- University Hospital for Urology, Klinikum Oldenburg, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Luca-Marie Meyer
- University Hospital for Urology, Klinikum Oldenburg, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Friedhelm Wawroschek
- University Hospital for Urology, Klinikum Oldenburg, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Winter
- University Hospital for Urology, Klinikum Oldenburg, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Jakobsen JK. Sentinel Node Methods in Penile Cancer - a Historical Perspective on Development of Modern Concepts. Semin Nucl Med 2021; 52:486-497. [PMID: 34933740 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malignant penile tumors are of squamous cell origin in more than 95% of cases and the occurrence of a distant metastasis without prior inguinal lymph node metastatic deposits is very rare. This makes inguinal lymph node staging very reliable and of great prognostic significance since undiscovered and untreated inguinal metastases may lead to a fatal clinical course. In lack of a sufficiently accurate noninvasive lymph node staging modality, penile cancer relies on surgical lymph node removal for regional staging. In this respect sentinel node biopsy offers a favourable minimally invasive alternative to prophylactic inguinal lymph node dissection which is associated with significant surgery-related morbidity. Today sentinel node biopsy is widely used in surgical oncology within high volume cancers such as breast cancer and melanoma. In rare cancers sentinel node biopsy is also emerging as a minimal invasive staging tool in patients with no obvious lymph node involvement. At several specialized units across Europe sentinel node biopsy has been practiced by dedicated specialist within vulva and penile cancer for more than two decades. In fact, the rare disease penile cancer was a model entity for development of the original sentinel node concept as early as the 1970'es due to work by the Paraguayan penile cancer pioneer, Cabañas, the sentinel node concept was subsequently successfully adapted in breast cancer and melanoma. This turned out mutually beneficial since the sequential development of sentinel node biopsy in penile cancer in the 1990s eventually adopted new insights and added conceptual details from the experiences harvested in the broader clinical application possible in these high-volume diseases. The prerequisite to conceptualising the sentinel node approach was the gradual anatomical and functional understanding of the lymphatic system which in western medicine rooted in ancient Greece and gradually increased in details and comprehension with significant contributions from many great notabilities during the last centuries including Hippocrates, Galen, Fallopio, Malpighi, Virchow, Starling, Cabañas, Hodgkin and Horenblas. Sentinel node biopsy in penile cancer is a complex multimodality procedure involving inguinal ultrasonography by radiologists, precise tracer-injection and interpretation of nuclear images by nuclear medicine physicians, radio-tracer- and dye guided open surgical biopsies by urologists and thorough step-sectioning, immunostaining and accurate lymph node specimen analysis by pathologists. This team effort requires well-tested protocols, experience and good collaboration and in rare diseases this calls for centralization of service.
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Lymph Node Management in Penile Cancer. Urol Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42603-7_36-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ramos JG, Jaramillo DC, Sandoval D, Gallego LJ, Riveros C, Sierra JA, Vargas I, López De Mesa López BE, Ibata L, Varela R. Diagnostic precision of sentinel lymph node biopsy in penile cancer. Indian J Urol 2019; 35:282-286. [PMID: 31619867 PMCID: PMC6792417 DOI: 10.4103/iju.iju_79_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was designed as a minimally invasive method for evaluation of nodal involvement in patients with penile cancer and nonpalpable lymph nodes. Nevertheless, SLNB is not used in a regular basis due to the lack of studies that adequately characterize the performance of this procedure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of SLNB in patients with infiltrative penile carcinoma without palpable inguinal lymph nodes in a Colombian population. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective observational study of 89 patients diagnosed with infiltrative penile squamous cell carcinoma with nonpalpable inguinal lymph nodes. These patients underwent partial or complete penectomy, along with SLNB, between 2008 and 2017. Those individuals with a positive SLNB underwent inguinal lymphadenectomy, while those with a negative SLNB were followed on a quarterly basis with a physical examination and imaging to assess relapse. Statistical analysis was done using the STATA 14 software. A contingency table was made to calculate sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and exactitude, each one with its own confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Results: There was an average follow-up of 31.4 months, and all 89 patients were evaluated; most primary tumors were T2 (55%), followed by T1 (37%), all of which were subclassified as T1b and T3 (8%). Tumours were most frequently located in the glans (43%). All patients were classified as cN0 and underwent SLNB. Sixty-one patients (69%) tested negative in the SLNB, four of whom (6%) presented with lymph node relapse. On the other hand, 28 patients (31%) tested positive in the SLNB and consequently underwent inguinal lymphadenectomy, seven of whom had negative lymph nodeinvolvement (25% false positives). According to the results, the sensitivity was 84% (95% CI, 65.3–93.6) and the specificity was 89% (95% CI, 79.4–94.7), with a false-negative rate of 6.5%. Conclusions: The SLNB using radiotracer can be a useful method for lymph node staging in patients with penile cancer and nonpalpable lymph nodes when performed in experienced centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Gustavo Ramos
- Department of Urology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - David Sandoval
- Department of Urology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Carlos Riveros
- Department of Urology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Isis Vargas
- Department of Urology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Linda Ibata
- Department of Urology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rodolfo Varela
- Department of Urology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
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Protzel C, Hakenberg OW, Spiess PE. Lymph Node Management in Penile Cancer. Urol Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42623-5_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Omorphos S, Saad Z, Kirkham A, Nigam R, Malone P, Bomanji J, Muneer A. Zonal mapping of sentinel lymph nodes in penile cancer patients using fused SPECT/CT imaging and lymphoscintigraphy. Urol Oncol 2018; 36:530.e1-530.e6. [PMID: 30318180 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To define the anatomical location of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) in penile cancer patients based on Daseler's original zonal description using a combination of single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT), cross sectional imaging and lymphoscintigraphy and characterise the limits of Zone V. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with primary penile cancer ≥T1G2 were included in the study. A total of 113 groins with impalpable inguinal lymph nodes (cN0) underwent planar lymphoscintigraphy and SPECT-CT. The sentinel lymph nodes were mapped on cross sectional imaging according to Daseler's anatomical description. Using measurements from fixed anatomical landmarks, a custom-made software program mapped the SLNs. SLNs were mapped to the previously undefined Zone V using 3 approaches to avoid observational bias: (a) as perceived by the uroradiologist, (b) limiting Zone V to a 5 mm radius from the sapheno-femoral junction or (c) using a 10 mm radius from the sapheno-femoral junction. RESULTS Using SPECT-CT, drainage to the groins was seen in 109 of the 113 cN0 groins (96.5%). The majority of the SLNs were located in the central and superior quadrants with 38.2% lying within Zone I, 45% in Zone II and 13% in Zone V. More importantly, sentinel lymph nodes were still localised to the inferior zones with 3% located in Zone III and 0.8% in Zone IV. CONCLUSIONS Using a hybrid of SPECT-CT, cross sectional imaging and lymphoscintigraphy we have demonstrated that SLNs may be located in the inferior zones. We also define the limits of Zone V as an area of 5 mm radius from the sapheno-femoral junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvas Omorphos
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Zia Saad
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London Hospital, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Alex Kirkham
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Raj Nigam
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Peter Malone
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Jamshed Bomanji
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London Hospital, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Asif Muneer
- Department of Urology and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre University College London Hospital, London NW1 2PG, UK; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, UK.
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KleinJan GH, van Werkhoven E, van den Berg NS, Karakullukcu MB, Zijlmans HJMAA, van der Hage JA, van de Wiel BA, Buckle T, Klop WMC, Horenblas S, Valdés Olmos RA, van der Poel HG, van Leeuwen FWB. The best of both worlds: a hybrid approach for optimal pre- and intraoperative identification of sentinel lymph nodes. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018; 45:1915-1925. [PMID: 29696442 PMCID: PMC6132545 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-018-4028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Hybrid image-guided surgery technologies such as combined radio- and fluorescence-guidance are increasingly gaining interest, but their added value still needs to be proven. In order to evaluate if and how fluorescence-guidance can help realize improvements beyond the current state-of-the-art in sentinel node (SN) biopsy procedures, use of the hybrid tracer indocyanine green (ICG)-99mTc-nancolloid was evaluated in a large cohort of patients. Patients and methods A prospective trial was conducted (n = 501 procedures) in a heterogeneous cohort of 495 patients with different malignancies (skin malignancies, oral cavity cancer, penile cancer, prostate cancer and vulva cancer). After injection of ICG-99mTc-nanocolloid, SNs were preoperatively identified based on lymphoscintigraphy and SPECT/CT. Intraoperatively, SNs were pursued via gamma tracing, visual identification (blue dye) and/or near-infrared fluorescence imaging during either open surgical procedures (head and neck, penile, vulvar cancer and melanoma) or robot assisted laparoscopic surgery (prostate cancer). As the patients acted as their own control, use of hybrid guidance could be compared to conventional radioguidance and the use of blue dye (n = 300). This was based on reported surgical complications, overall survival, LN recurrence free survival, and false negative rates (FNR). Results A total of 1,327 SN-related hotspots were identified on 501 preoperative SPECT/CT scans. Intraoperatively, a total number of 1,643 SNs were identified based on the combination of gamma-tracing (>98%) and fluorescence-guidance (>95%). In patients wherein blue dye was used (n = 300) fluorescence-based SN detection was superior over visual blue dye-based detection (22–78%). No adverse effects related to the use of the hybrid tracer or the fluorescence-guidance procedure were found and outcome values were not negatively influenced. Conclusion With ICG-99mTc-nanocolloid, the SN biopsy procedure has become more accurate and independent of the use of blue dye. With that, the procedure has evolved to be universal for different malignancies and anatomical locations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00259-018-4028-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H KleinJan
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2 (C2-S zone), PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E van Werkhoven
- Department of Biostatistics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N S van den Berg
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2 (C2-S zone), PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M B Karakullukcu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H J M A A Zijlmans
- Department of Gynecology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J A van der Hage
- Department of Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B A van de Wiel
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Buckle
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2 (C2-S zone), PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W M C Klop
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Horenblas
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R A Valdés Olmos
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2 (C2-S zone), PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H G van der Poel
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F W B van Leeuwen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2 (C2-S zone), PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Reply by the Authors. Urology 2018; 113:255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pham MN, Deal AM, Ferguson JE, Wang Y, Smith AB, Nielsen ME, Pruthi RS, Woods ME. Contemporary survival trends in penile cancer: Results from the National Cancer Database. Urol Oncol 2017; 35:674.e1-674.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Russell CM, Salami SS, Niemann A, Weizer AZ, Tomlins SA, Morgan TM, Montgomery JS. Minimally Invasive Inguinal Lymphadenectomy in the Management of Penile Carcinoma. Urology 2017; 106:113-118. [PMID: 28450202 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report and analyze the outcomes of endoscopic inguinal lymph node dissection (E-ILND), inclusive of video endoscopic ILND (VEIL) and robotic-assisted ILND (RAIL) approaches, in the largest reported series to date. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified men with penile cancer who underwent E-ILND. Nodal resection volume, perioperative parameters, and postoperative complications were assessed and analyzed. A subset analysis of complications by tumor and operative characteristics was performed to determine the impact of these variables on complication rates. RESULTS A total of 34 E-ILND, comprising 7 VEIL and 27 RAIL limbs, were performed. Median nodal yield was 10.0 (interquartile range [IQR] 6.0-12.5) in all E-ILND limbs and 8.0 (IQR 13.0-23.0) in RAIL limbs. Median length of stay was 1 day (range 1-3) following E-ILND and RAIL procedures. The saphenous vein was spared in 57% (4/7) of VEIL and 100% (27/27) of RAIL limbs. Postoperative complications occurred in 33% (6/18) of E-ILND, including 21% (3/14) of RAIL patients. Median follow-up was 5.5 months (IQR 3.0-10.8), during which time 3 patients developed regional or distant metastases at a median duration of 1.7 months (IQR 0.9-3.9). CONCLUSION E-ILND is feasible from a technical standpoint, and our results demonstrate that lymph node counts are comparable with an open approach. Importantly, E-ILND has the potential to reduce complication rates and time to convalescence when compared with open ILND.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simpa S Salami
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Adam Niemann
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Alon Z Weizer
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Todd M Morgan
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Brouwer OR, van der Poel HG, Bevers RF, van Gennep EJ, Horenblas S. Beyond penile cancer, is there a role for sentinel node biopsy in urological malignancies? Clin Transl Imaging 2016; 4:395-410. [PMID: 27738628 PMCID: PMC5037151 DOI: 10.1007/s40336-016-0189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to discuss the current state-of-the-art of sentinel node (SN) mapping in urological malignancies. The principles and methodological aspects of lymphatic mapping and SN biopsy in urological malignancies are reviewed. Literature search was restricted to English language. The references of the retrieved articles were examined to identify additional articles. The review also includes meta-analyses published in the past 5 years. SN biopsy for penile cancer is recommended by the European Association of Urology as the preferred staging tool for clinically node-negative patients with at least T1G2 tumours (level of evidence 2a, Grade B). The feasibility of SN biopsy in prostate cancer has been repeatedly demonstrated and its potential value is increasingly being recognised. However, conclusive prospective clinical data as well as consensus on methodology and patient selection are still lacking. For bladder, renal and testicular cancer, only few studies have been published, and concerns around high false-negative rates remain. Throughout the years, the uro-oncological field has portrayed a pivotal role in the development of the SN concept. Recent advances such as hybrid tracers and novel intraoperative detection tools such as fluorescence and portable gamma imaging will hopefully encourage prospectively designed clinical trials which can further substantiate the potential of the SN approach in becoming an integral part of staging in urological malignancies beyond penile cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- O R Brouwer
- Department of Urologyand Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands ; Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H G van der Poel
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R F Bevers
- Department of Urologyand Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E J van Gennep
- Department of Urologyand Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S Horenblas
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kumar V, Sethia KK. Prospective study comparing video-endoscopic radical inguinal lymph node dissection (VEILND) with open radical ILND (OILND) for penile cancer over an 8-year period. BJU Int 2016; 119:530-534. [PMID: 27628265 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the complications and oncological outcomes between video-endoscopic inguinal lymph node dissection (VEILND) and open ILND (OILND) in men with carcinoma of the penis. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospectively collected institutional database was used to determine the outcomes in 42 consecutive patients undergoing ILND between 2008 and 2015 in a centre for treating penile cancer. Before 2013 all procedures were OILNDs. Since 2013 we have performed VEILND on all patients in need of ILND. The wound-related and non-wound-related complications, length of stay, and oncological safety between OILND and VEILND groups were compared. The mean duration of follow-up was 71 months for OILND and 16 months for the VEILND groups. RESULTS In the study period 42 patients underwent 68 ILNDs (OILND 35, VEILND 33). The patients' demographics, primary stage and grade, and indications were comparable in both groups. There were no intraoperative complications in either group. The wound complication rate was significantly lower in the VEILND group at 6% compared to 68% in the OILND group. Lymphocoele rates were similar in both the groups (27% and 20%). The VEILND group had a better or the same lymph node yield, mean number of positive lymph nodes, and lymph node density confirming oncological safety. There were no groin recurrences in either group of patients. VEILND significantly reduced the mean length of stay by 4.8 days (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION VEILND is an oncologically safe procedure with considerably low morbidity and reduced length of stay, at a mean (range) follow-up of 16 (4-35) months.
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Radiocolloid-based dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy in penile cancer with clinically negative inguinal lymph node: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 48:2001-2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Jakobsen JK. Sentinel node biopsy in uro-oncology: A history of the development of a promising concept. Urol Oncol 2015; 33:486-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Schubert T, Uphoff J, Henke RP, Wawroschek F, Winter A. Reliability of radioisotope-guided sentinel lymph node biopsy in penile cancer: verification in consideration of the European guidelines. BMC Urol 2015; 15:98. [PMID: 26416391 PMCID: PMC4587800 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-015-0093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph node (LN) staging in penile cancer has strong prognostic implications. This contrasts with the high morbidity of extended inguinal LN dissection (LND) or over-treatment of many patients. Therefore, inguinal dynamic sentinel node biopsy (DSNB) or modified LND is recommended by the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines to evaluate the nodal status of patients with clinically node-negative penile cancer. This study analyzed the reliability and morbidity of radioguided DSNB in penile cancer under consideration of the current EAU recommendations in an experienced center with long-term follow-up. METHODS Thirty-four patients who received primary surgery and had radioguided inguinal DSNB for penile cancer (≥ T1G2) were included (July 2004 to July 2013). Preoperative sentinel LN (SLN) mapping was performed using lymphoscintigraphy after peritumoral injection of (99m)Technetium nanocolloid on the day of surgery. During surgery, SLNs were detected using a gamma probe. According to the EAU guidelines, a secondary ipsilateral radical inguinal LND was performed in patients who had positive SLNs. The false-negative and complication rates of DSNB were assessed. RESULTS A total of 32 patients were analyzed. Two patients were lost to follow-up. A total of 166 SLNs (median, 5; range, 1-15) were removed and 216 LNs (SLNs + non-SLNs; median, 6; range, 2-19) were dissected. LN metastases were found in five of the 32 (15.6 %) patients and nine of the 166 (5.4 %) SLNs were found to contain metastases. None of the remaining 50 non-SLNs contained metastases. In only one of the five SLN-positive patients, a singular further metastasis was detected by secondary radical inguinal LND. During follow-up (median, 30.5; range, 5-95 months) no inguinal nodal recurrence was detected. DSNB-related complications occurred in 11.1 % of explored groins. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Radioguided DSNB is a suitable procedure for LN staging in penile cancer considering the EAU recommendations and with the required experience. Under these circumstances, patients can be spared from higher morbidity without compromising the detection of LN metastases or therapeutic implications. Improvement of the methodology used to perform DSNB should be developed further to decrease the risk of missing LN metastases and to simplify the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schubert
- University Hospital for Urology, Klinikum Oldenburg, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Rahel-Straus-Straße 10, 26133, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Jens Uphoff
- University Hospital for Urology, Klinikum Oldenburg, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Rahel-Straus-Straße 10, 26133, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Rolf-Peter Henke
- Oldenburg Institute of Pathology, Taubenstraße 28, 26122, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Friedhelm Wawroschek
- University Hospital for Urology, Klinikum Oldenburg, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Rahel-Straus-Straße 10, 26133, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Alexander Winter
- University Hospital for Urology, Klinikum Oldenburg, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Rahel-Straus-Straße 10, 26133, Oldenburg, Germany.
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Breen K, O'Connor K, Power D, Mayer N, Rogers E, Sweeney P. Penile cancer – Guideline adherence produces optimum results. Surgeon 2015; 13:200-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Feasibility of performing dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy as a delayed procedure in penile cancer. World J Urol 2015; 34:329-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-015-1577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Rosso KJ, Nathanson SD. Techniques that accurately identify the sentinel lymph node in cancer. World J Surg Proced 2015; 5:14-26. [DOI: 10.5412/wjsp.v5.i1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has become the gold standard for patients with melanoma and breast cancer but it’s clinical application in other solid tumor types such as cancers of the esophagus, stomach, colon and rectum, head and neck, penis, uterine cervix and endometrium has been somewhat limited. Commonly used mapping techniques utilizing the combination of radiocolloid and blue dye may result in reduced SLN detection and increased false negative rates when applied to cancers with more complex lymphatic drainage patterns. Novel localization techniques including near infrared fluorescence, high resolution imaging and molecular targeted agents have been developed to address the limitations of conventional SLN detection practices in many solid tumor types. This article reviews the indications, techniques and detection rates for SLN biopsy in several different solid tumor types as well as the promising novel techniques created to address the contemporary limitations of this procedure.
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Reply: To PMID 25769779. Urology 2015; 85:1102-1103. [PMID: 25769780 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2014.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chung E, Yang S, White L, Wood S, Nicol D. Lessons learnt in the management of primary invasive penile cancer in an Australian tertiary referral centre: clinical outcomes with a minimum 48 months follow-up study. Korean J Urol 2015; 56:125-30. [PMID: 25685299 PMCID: PMC4325116 DOI: 10.4111/kju.2015.56.2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To report on lessons learnt in the management of primary invasive penile cancer in a major tertiary hospital in Australia. Materials and Methods Medical records for all patients who underwent surgery for primary invasive penile cancer between January 2000 and January 2011 were obtained. Patient demographics, clinical status of inguinal node, cancer stage and clinical outcomes were reviewed. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 48 months postoperative unless patient deceased within the first 48 months from the time of penile cancer surgery. Results Over the 11-year period, a total of 23 cases of invasive penile cancer were identified. Partial penectomy was the most common form of organ preserving surgery and the majority of patients have pT1b disease. Of the 9 patients with clinically palpable inguinal nodes, 7 patients were diagnosed with pN3 disease following inguinal lymphadenectomy. The Kaplan-Meier cancer-specific survival at 72 months showed decreasing survival based on tumour stage (83% in pT1, 79% in pT2, and 64% in pT3 disease) and nodal disease (100% in node negative, 50% in superficial inguinal lymphadenopathy, and 38% in patients with deep inguinal and/or pelvic lymphadenopathy) (p=0.082). The Kaplan-Meier cancer-specific survival revealed statistically significant difference in survival outcome in patients with local recurrence vs. systemic metastasis disease (33% vs. 17%, p=0.008). Conclusions The presence of high risk features such as tumour stage, lymph node involvement and distant metastasis carries a significant higher risk of death and tumour recurrence in patients with penile cancer and inguinal lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chung
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. ; Department of Surgery, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sun Yang
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. ; Department of Urology, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Louise White
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon Wood
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Nicol
- Department of Urology, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
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Kieffer JM, Djajadiningrat RS, van Muilekom EAM, Graafland NM, Horenblas S, Aaronson NK. Quality of life for patients treated for penile cancer. J Urol 2014; 192:1105-10. [PMID: 24747092 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We assessed the impact of primary surgery, including penile sparing surgery vs (partial) penectomy and lymphadenectomy, on sexuality and health related quality of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS We invited 147 patients surgically treated for penile cancer at our institution between 2003 and 2008 to complete the IIEF-15, SF-36®, IOC (version 2) and questions on urinary function. We evaluated the impact of primary surgery type and lymphadenectomy on these outcomes. We also compared patient SF-36 scores with those of an age and gender matched normative sample from the general Dutch population. RESULTS A total of 90 patients (62%) returned a completed questionnaire. Surgery type and extent were not associated significantly with most of the study outcomes assessed. However, men who underwent (partial) penectomy reported significantly more problems than those treated with penile sparing surgery, including orgasm (effect size 0.54, p = 0.031), appearance concerns (effect size 0.61, p = 0.008), life interference (effect size 0.49, p = 0.032) and urinary function (83% vs 43%, p <0.0001). Men who underwent lymphadenectomy reported significantly more life interference (effect size 0.50, p = 0.037). The patient sample scored significantly better than the normative sample on the SF-36 physical component (p = 0.044) and the bodily pain subscale (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Few differences were observed in sexuality and health related quality of life as a function of primary surgery and lymphadenectomy. However, (partial) penectomy and lymphadenectomy were associated with more problems with orgasm, body image, life interference and urination. Additional longitudinal studies are warranted to evaluate individual changes with time in these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobien M Kieffer
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Niels M Graafland
- Department of Urology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simon Horenblas
- Department of Urology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Neil K Aaronson
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Ahmed HU, Arya M, Minhas S. Dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy in penile cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 6:963-7. [PMID: 16831067 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.7.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Djajadiningrat RS, Graafland NM, van Werkhoven E, Meinhardt W, Bex A, van der Poel HG, van Boven HH, Valdés Olmos RA, Horenblas S. Contemporary management of regional nodes in penile cancer-improvement of survival? J Urol 2013; 191:68-73. [PMID: 23917166 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The management of regional nodes of penile squamous cell carcinoma has changed with time due to improved knowledge about diagnosis and treatment. To determine whether changes in the treatment of regional nodes have improved survival, we compared contemporary 5-year cancer specific survival of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis with that of patients in previous cohorts. MATERIALS AND METHODS In an observational cohort study of 1,000 patients treated during 56 years 944 were eligible for analysis. Tumors were staged according to the 2009 TNM classification, and patients were divided into 4 cohorts of 1956 to 1987, 1988 to 1993, 1994 to 2000 and 2001 to 2012, reflecting changes in clinical practice regarding regional nodes. Kaplan-Meier survival curves with the log rank test and Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to examine trends in 5-year cancer specific survival. RESULTS The 5-year cancer specific survival of patients with cN0 disease treated between 2001 and 2012 was 92% compared to 89% (1994 to 2000), 78% (1988 to 1993) and 85% (1956 to 1987). The 5-year cancer specific survival improved significantly since 1994, the year dynamic sentinel node biopsy was introduced, at 91% (1994 to 2012) vs 82% (1956 to 1993) (p = 0.021). This conclusion still holds after adjustment for pathological T stage and grade of differentiation (HR 2.46, p = 0.01). Extranodal extension, number of tumor positive nodes and pelvic involvement in node positive (pN+) cases were associated with worse 5-year cancer specific survival. CONCLUSIONS Despite less surgery being performed on regional nodes, 5-year cancer specific survival has improved in patients with cN0 disease. The number of tumor positive nodes, extranodal extension and pelvic involvement were highly associated with worse cancer specific survival in patients with pN+ disease. In this group other treatment strategies are needed as no improvement was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels M Graafland
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik van Werkhoven
- Department of Biometrics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Meinhardt
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Axel Bex
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk G van der Poel
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hester H van Boven
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renato A Valdés Olmos
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Horenblas
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Added value of the hybrid tracer indocyanine green-99mTc-nanocolloid for sentinel node biopsy in a series of patients with different lymphatic drainage patterns. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remnie.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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American Brachytherapy Society–Groupe Européen de Curiethérapie–European Society of Therapeutic Radiation Oncology (ABS-GEC-ESTRO) consensus statement for penile brachytherapy. Brachytherapy 2013; 12:191-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2013.01.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Frontado LM, Brouwer OR, van den Berg NS, Mathéron HM, Vidal-Sicart S, van Leeuwen FWB, Valdés Olmos RA. Added value of the hybrid tracer indocyanine green-99mTc-nanocolloid for sentinel node biopsy in a series of patients with different lymphatic drainage patterns. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2013; 32:227-33. [PMID: 23567320 DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Indocyanine green (ICG)-(99m)Tc-nanocolloid is a novel hybrid fluorescent radioactive tracer for sentinel node (SN) biopsy. This study has aimed to evaluate the added value of this novel versatile tracer in a series of patients with different malignancies. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty patients (with penile carcinoma, oral cavity tumors, melanoma) were consecutively included between March-May 2012. Planar lymphoscintigraphy was performed 15 min and 2h after injection of ICG-(99m)Tc-nanocolloid followed by SPECT/CT. Blue dye (1 ml) was injected in 14 patients in surgery room. Intraoperatively, SNs were localized using a gamma probe and visualized by optical SN-detection using blue dye and fluorescence imaging. Finally, a portable gamma camera was used to confirm complete SN removal. RESULTS At least one SN was identified by SPECT/CT in all patients. All SNs (total 68, 100%) were excised using a combination of radio- and fluorescence guidance: 89.7% were intraoperatively localized with the gamma probe. The remaining SNs, located near the injection site, were localized using fluorescence imaging. During the surgery, 97% of the SNs were fluorescent while only 39.2% were stained blue. Ex vivo, all SNs were both radioactive and fluorescent. The SN was positive in 5 patients. CONCLUSION Synchronous radio- and fluorescence guided SN biopsy is feasible using ICG-(99m)Tc-nanocolloid. This hybrid approach combines the beneficial properties of both modalities. Adding fluorescence imaging improves optical SN detection compared to blue dye. It has been shown to be especially useful in the localization of SNs near the injection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Frontado
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, España.
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Proulx ST, Detmar M. Molecular mechanisms and imaging of lymphatic metastasis. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1611-7. [PMID: 23499738 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In many types of cancer, tumors metastasize through the lymphatic system to draining lymph nodes. These sentinel lymph nodes have gained increased attention as a prognostic indicator for the severity of the disease, leading to the sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy procedure to be accepted as standard-of-care for breast cancer and melanoma. However, many limitations exist with this procedure resulting in high false negative rates. In this review we highlight the new advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis and tumor metastasis that may lead to improved strategies in the detection of the sentinel lymph nodes and therapeutic interventions to prevent further tumor spread. In addition, advances in imaging technology are allowing new approaches for anatomical mapping of lymphatic drainage patterns and molecular imaging strategies that may improve detection of metastatic tumor cells within sentinel lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Proulx
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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La-Touche S, Ayres B, Lam W, Alnajjar HM, Perry M, Watkin N. Trial of ligation versus coagulation of lymphatics in dynamic inguinal sentinel lymph node biopsy for staging of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2012; 94:344-6. [PMID: 22943231 PMCID: PMC3954377 DOI: 10.1308/003588412x13171221591899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Te principal advantage of dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy (DSNB) over modified inguinal node dissection is the lower complication rate. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with short-term complications of DSNB in order to lower morbidity of the procedure. METHODS Retrospective and prospective cohort studies were performed on patients undergoing DSNB between April 2005 and March 2010. Patients were categorised into three groups of 50 (from a total of 250 patients on the database). The patients of Group A, on whom ligaclips were the lymphovascular control technique, were compared with those of Group B, in whom diathermy was used. Incision length, operative time, number of nodes removed, antibiotics and co-morbidities were recorded. A prospective study on Group C, using ligaclips, was also performed. RESULTS Groups A (88 groins), B (75 groins) and C (68 groins) were explored with complication rates of 5.7%, 24.0% (p=0.0018) and 8.8% (p=0.0277). Co-morbidities, antibiotics (co-amoxiclav 1.2g intravenous as per protocol) and the mean number of nodes removed were similar in all groups. The mean incision length was 4.1cm (standard deviation [SD]: 1.0cm) for Group A, 5.6cm (SD: 1.0cm) for Group B (p=0.0001) and 5.6cm (SD: 0.8cm) for Group C (p=0.979). The mean operative times for Groups A, B and C were 15.8 (SD: 8.1), 19.3 (SD: 7.4) (p=0.0043) and 22.1 (SD: 7.7) (p=0.0301) minutes respectively. CONCLUSIONS Lymphovascular control with diathermy is associated with a statistically higher short-term complication rate compared with ligaclip usage (ie ‘permanent’ ligation). Lymphocoeles are the principal complication and can result in delayed wound infection and breakdown. A small but statistical increase in operative time and wound length is likely to be related to registrar training.
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Abstract
Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a fairly new technique that is becoming the standard of care for regional lymph node staging of many solid tumors. This technique is based on the hypothesis of stepwise distribution of malignant cells in the lymphatic system. The absence of tumor cells in the first lymph node(s) in the lymphatic drainage of a tumor would indicate the absence of further spread in the regional lymph node basin(s). Therefore, this first lymph node is the guardian (sentinel) of the regional lymph node basin. To localize the sentinel node preoperatively, lymphoscintigraphy is usually performed after intradermal peritumoral injections of colloid particles labeled with technetium-99m. The tracer is transported through the lymphatic channels to the first draining nodes in the groins and is visible on the lymphoscintigram as hot spots. The main advantage of SLN biopsy in penile cancer is to decrease the treatment-related morbidity without compromising the survival benefit for the patient. Recent figures indicate a false-negative rate of 7%, with a complication rate of less than 5% for SLN biopsy. In conclusion, sentinel node biopsy of patients with penile cancer has evolved into a highly reliable procedure enabling the detection of lymph node invasion at the earliest possible time with minimal morbidity. With this technology at hand, which minimizes the treatment-related morbidity, there is hardly any place for standard lymphadenectomy in penile cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Horenblas
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Bhaduri S, Eaton J. Early invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis presenting in a 39-year-old man. Int J STD AIDS 2012; 23:138-9. [PMID: 22422691 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2011.011157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Penile cancer, albeit an uncommon malignancy, commonly affects men aged between 50 and 70 years, often with a history of predisposing factors such as Bowen's disease or leukoplakia. We describe a case of early invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis in a 39-year-old man with no history of predisposing factors, treated by a partial glansectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bhaduri
- Department of Sexual Health, Worcestershire Health and Care NHS Trust, Worcester, UK.
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Deem S, Keane T, Bhavsar R, El-Zawahary A, Savage S. Contemporary diagnosis and management of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis. BJU Int 2011; 108:1378-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Sentinel Lymph Node in Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Salguero-Fernández I, Rios-Buceta L, Jaén-Olasolo P. Ganglio centinela en cáncer de piel no melanoma. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011; 102:589-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Heinlen JE, Buethe DD, Culkin DJ. Advanced penile cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 2011; 44:139-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-011-0011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ercole CE, Pow-Sang JM, Spiess PE. Update in the surgical principles and therapeutic outcomes of inguinal lymph node dissection for penile cancer. Urol Oncol 2011; 31:505-16. [PMID: 21481617 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inguinal lymph node dissection (ILND) for the treatment of metastatic penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has historically been associated with significant morbidity. This review addresses the surgical principles and techniques to decrease its perioperative morbidity, while optimizing its oncologic outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A review of the English scientific literature from 1966 to present was conducted using the PubMed search engine as well as of additional cited works not initially noted in the search using as keywords penile cancer, inguinal lymph node dissection, inguinal lymph node metastasis, morbidity, and complications. RESULTS The contemporary outcomes of ILND in the context of penile cancer have built on the significant contributions made by surgeons and scientists worldwide. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the principles of ILND optimizing oncological outcomes, while minimizing its attributable morbidity. It is hoped this review will serve as a benchmark for clinicians to approach this often highly aggressive tumor phenotype. CONCLUSIONS ILND remains an important diagnostic and therapeutic procedure for patients with penile SCC, as contemporary ILND series have reported a decrease in its associated morbidity, with the potential for further treatment outcomes in years to come. ILND can in appropriately selected patients render them disease-free, thus justifying its associated morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar E Ercole
- Department of Genito-Urinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Neto AS, Tobias-Machado M, Ficarra V, Wroclawski ML, Amarante RDM, Pompeo ACL, Giglio AD. Dynamic Sentinel Node Biopsy for Inguinal Lymph Node Staging in Patients with Penile Cancer: A Systematic Review and Cumulative Analysis of the Literature. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18:2026-34. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-1546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Tumoren van de urinewegen. ONCOLOGIE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-313-8476-1_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wood HM, Angermeier KW. Anatomic Considerations of the Penis, Lymphatic Drainage, and Biopsy of the Sentinel Node. Urol Clin North Am 2010; 37:327-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Diagnosis and Staging of Penile Cancer. Urology 2010; 76:S15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Penile cancer is a rare disease that may cause devastating physical and psychological effects on patients due to the disease itself and/or the associated treatments. As with many other cancer types, significant efforts have been made in penile cancer to minimize invasiveness and morbidity of therapeutic approaches, while aiming to conserve organ function and optimize disease control. This updated review focuses on penile cancer management data published in the last few years. RECENT FINDINGS Several aspects of penile cancer management are discussed in this review. Wider knowledge about the disease's natural history has provided the basis for new TNM staging and follow-up schedule proposals. Modern imaging techniques and gene profiling assays have been applied. A new guideline addressing various aspects of penile cancer was recently published, and more extensive experience has been gained with sentinel lymph node biopsy and radiotherapy. Quality of life and psychosexual impact of the disease are also being addressed. SUMMARY New diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, as well as attempts to better identify patients who may benefit from less invasive treatments have been studied, but more experience in the field is clearly needed. For this purpose, collaborative multicenter studies are strongly encouraged.
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Pagni R, Mariani C, Minervini A, Morelli A, Giannarini G, Morelli G, Minervini R. Treatment With Intraoperative Patent Blue V Dye of Refractory Lymphocele After Inguinal Lymphadenectomy for Squamous Cell Penile Carcinoma. Urology 2009; 74:688-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Leijte JA, Hughes B, Graafland NM, Kroon BK, Olmos RAV, Nieweg OE, Corbishley C, Heenan S, Watkin N, Horenblas S. Two-Center Evaluation of Dynamic Sentinel Node Biopsy for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:3325-9. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.20.6870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sentinel node biopsy is used to evaluate the nodal status of patients with clinically node-negative penile carcinoma. Its use is not widespread, and the majority of patients with clinically node-negative disease undergo an elective inguinal lymph node dissection. Reservations about the use of sentinel node biopsy include the fact that most current results come from one institution and the supposedly long learning curve associated with the procedure. The purpose of this study was to address these issues by analyzing results from two centers and by evaluating the learning curve. Patients and Methods All patients undergoing sentinel node biopsy for penile carcinoma at two centers were included. The sentinel node identification rate, false-negative rate, and morbidity of the procedure were calculated. Results from the first 30 procedures were assessed for a potential learning curve. Results A total of 323 patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma, which included 611 clinically node-negative groins, were scheduled for sentinel node biopsy. A sentinel node was found in 572 of the 592 groins (97%) that proceeded to sentinel node biopsy. In 79 groins, a sentinel node was positive for tumor. Six inguinal node recurrences occurred after a negative sentinel node procedure, all within 15 months after sentinel node biopsy. The combined false-negative rate was 7%. Complications occurred in 4.7% of explored groins. None of the false-negative procedures occurred in the initial 30 procedures. Conclusion Sentinel node biopsy is a suitable procedure to stage clinically node-negative penile cancer, and it has a low complication rate. No learning curve was demonstrated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost A.P. Leijte
- From the Departments of Urology, Nuclear Medicine, and Surgical Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and the Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Radiology, St George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Hughes
- From the Departments of Urology, Nuclear Medicine, and Surgical Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and the Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Radiology, St George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niels M. Graafland
- From the Departments of Urology, Nuclear Medicine, and Surgical Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and the Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Radiology, St George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bin K. Kroon
- From the Departments of Urology, Nuclear Medicine, and Surgical Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and the Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Radiology, St George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Renato A. Valdés Olmos
- From the Departments of Urology, Nuclear Medicine, and Surgical Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and the Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Radiology, St George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Omgo E. Nieweg
- From the Departments of Urology, Nuclear Medicine, and Surgical Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and the Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Radiology, St George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Corbishley
- From the Departments of Urology, Nuclear Medicine, and Surgical Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and the Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Radiology, St George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Heenan
- From the Departments of Urology, Nuclear Medicine, and Surgical Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and the Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Radiology, St George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Watkin
- From the Departments of Urology, Nuclear Medicine, and Surgical Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and the Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Radiology, St George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Horenblas
- From the Departments of Urology, Nuclear Medicine, and Surgical Oncology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and the Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Radiology, St George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Brennhovd B, Johnsrud K, Berner A, Bogsrud T, Waehre H, Giercksky KE, Axcrona K. Sentinel node procedure in low-stage/low-grade penile carcinomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 40:204-7. [PMID: 16809260 DOI: 10.1080/00365590600589971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To optimize the indication for sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy according to tumour size in penile carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of 23 consecutive patients (median age 65 years; range 49-85 years) with primary penile carcinoma classified according to the TNM classification as stage T1-T3 who were identified as having SLNs in the groins. SLNs were detected by means of preoperative injection of a 99mTc nanocolloid around the tumour and peroperative use of a gamma detector probe. The average tumour size was 2.9+/-1.3 cm. RESULTS In 7/25 patients with penile carcinoma examined with the SLN method, metastases to inguinal lymph nodes could be demonstrated. Two out of three patients with primary penile carcinomas classified as T1 according to the TNM classification and tumours > 3 cm in diameter had inguinal lymph node metastases. One of the patients had a micrometastasis, which was detected by means of immunohistochemical analysis. Seven out of eight patients with penile carcinomas > 3 cm in diameter had lymph node metastases. We did not observe any major surgical complications associated with the SLN procedure. CONCLUSION These data indicate that penile carcinomas with a diameter of >3 cm should be investigated with SLN biopsy regardless of stage. However, multicentre studies are needed in order to obtain the appropriate number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Brennhovd
- Departments of Surgical Oncology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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