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Boniek D, de Abreu CS, Dos Santos AFB, de Resende Stoianoff MA. Evaluation of microbiological air parameters and the fungal community involved in the potential risks of biodeterioration in a cultural heritage of humanity, Ouro Preto, Brazil. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 66:797-807. [PMID: 34131829 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The research of the microbiological air quality of a building considered a human historical and cultural heritage site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization is fundamental for preventive conservation action, mainly because it identifies cultivable fungal species around the collections and suggests the appropriate treatment choice. This study investigated the air microbiological parameters inside the Nossa Senhora da Conceição Church and identified the population of airborne fungi. Sixty filamentous fungal isolates were detected with ten distinct taxa. The counts of colony forming units (CFUs) performed at 10 different points were in accordance with Brazilian legislation. In addition, the presence of two fungal species was detected colonizing artworks covered with gold leaves: Cladosporium cladosporioides and Aspergillus versicolor. Air quality monitoring inside the church was in accordance with the required Brazilian legislation standards. The composition of the filamentous fungal community included the presence of human fungal pathogens; for this reason, the use of personal protective equipment was recommended during the restoration work. Thus, characterization of the air microbiological parameters helps to preserve not only the building's collection, but also the health of the faithful, conservators-restorers, tourists, and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Boniek
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Crísia Santos de Abreu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antônio Fernando Batista Dos Santos
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Education and Culture Foundation of Minas Gerais, FUMEC University, Cobre Street 200, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30310-190, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida de Resende Stoianoff
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
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Effect of the oscillating magnetic field on airborne fungal. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:2139-2145. [PMID: 33611632 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study shows that some species of fungi are affected by the magnetic field, which should be taken into account in studies of airborne fungal and air quality. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effect of the oscillating magnetic field (OMF) on the behavior of colonies of three fungi genus growth in different culture mediums. The stains were: Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Penicillium citrinum and were inoculated in 90 mm Petri dishes with: Malt Extract Agar (MEA), Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and Czapek-Dox Agar (CDA). Was applied them OMF of 60 Hz/220 V between 1 and 5 mT during 2 h and then they were incubated 7 days to 28 °C. Colonies size (mm) every day was measured. Stimulation in the colonies size of all experimental conditions was showed; the greatest size of A. niger in MEA was notorious. It was demonstrated by statist analyze that only colonies size with 1 mT was significance respect to the control. The effect of OMF on the cellular metabolism was evidenced, as well as: less exudation and major pigmentation of P. citrinum in MEA; variation of pigmentation of A. niger and C. cladosporioides in CDA and increase of conidiogenesis of A. niger in SDA. Was concluded that the applied OMF had a major influence on size colony and mycelia pigmentation of A. niger that C. cladosporioides and P. citrinum, independently of the nutritional state according to the culture medium employed in this study.
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Podmolíková L, Mukanyangezi M, Nieto-Marín P, Giglio D. Cholinergic regulation of proliferation of the urothelium in response to E. coli lipopolysaccharide exposition. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 56:222-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Wang C, Ross WT, Mysorekar IU. Urothelial generation and regeneration in development, injury, and cancer. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:336-343. [PMID: 28109014 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic maintenance and repair of the urothelium upon injury are required for a functional bladder in both healthy and disease conditions. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the urothelial regenerative response is key to designing strategies for tissue repair and ultimately treatments for urologic diseases including urinary tract infections, voiding dysfunction, painful bladder syndrome, and bladder cancer. In this article, we review studies on urothelial ontogeny during development and regeneration following various injury modalities. Signaling pathways involved in urothelial regeneration and in urothelial carcinogenesis are also discussed. Developmental Dynamics 246:336-343, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Whitney Trotter Ross
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Choi BH, You S, Park CS, Cho EH, Park TD, Kim S, Kim YJ, Lee T, Kim J. Differential perturbation of the interstitial cystitis-associated genes of bladder and urethra in rat model. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:749-758. [PMID: 28278053 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1295184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder dysfunction characterized as urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, and pelvic pain. The changes in urethra may wind up with the bladder changes in structure and functions, however, the functions of the urethra in IC remains elusive. The aim of this study was to understand the perturbed gene expression in urethra, compared with urinary bladder, associated with the defected urodynamics. Using female IC mimic rats, a comprehensive RNA-sequencing combined with a bioinformatics analysis was performed and revealed that IC-specific genes in bladder or urethra. Gene ontology analysis suggested that the cell adhesion or extracellular matrix regulation, intracellular signaling cascade, cardiac muscle tissue development, and second messenger-mediated signaling might be the most enriched cellular processes in IC context. Further study of the effects of these bladder- or urethra-specific genes may suggest underlying mechanism of lower urinary tract function and novel therapeutic strategies against IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hwa Choi
- a Department of Pharmacology , Hypoxia-Related Disease Research Center, Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Inha University College of Medicine , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Sungyong You
- b Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Chang-Shin Park
- a Department of Pharmacology , Hypoxia-Related Disease Research Center, Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Inha University College of Medicine , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Eun-Ho Cho
- b Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,c University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Taeeun D Park
- b Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,d University of California , Berkerly , CA , USA
| | - Sungsoo Kim
- e Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Young-Ju Kim
- a Department of Pharmacology , Hypoxia-Related Disease Research Center, Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Inha University College of Medicine , Incheon , South Korea.,f Department of Urology , Inha University College of Medicine , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Tack Lee
- f Department of Urology , Inha University College of Medicine , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Jayoung Kim
- b Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,c University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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Liao J, Tomochika K, Watanabe S, Kanemasa Y. Establishment of a Mouse Model of Cystitis and Roles of Type 1 FimbriatedEscherichia coliin Its Pathogenesis. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 36:243-56. [PMID: 1351243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb01662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of type 1 fimbriae in promoting bladder colonization and the course of Escherichia coli cystitis were examined with type 1 fimbriated strains of clinically isolated E. coli. In the experiments of mice in vivo, intact bladder epithelium showed natural resistance to the adherence of type 1 fimbriated and non-fimbriated E. coli. However, the exfoliation of bladder superficial cells by trypsinization before the bacterial inoculation promoted the adhesion and colonization of type 1 fimbriated E. coli onto bladder epithelium. After colonization of E. coli, maximum numbers of E. coli and leukocytes were observed 3 days after inoculation. Nine days after inoculation, both of E. coli and leukocytes disappeared and the regeneration of superficial cells was observed. On the other hand, superficial cells in mice injected with phosphate-buffered saline or non-fimbriated E. coli regenerated 5 days after trypsinization. The present study demonstrated that the removal of superficial cells is essential for the adhesion and colonization of type 1 fimbriated E. coli onto bladder epithelium in vivo and a new model of E. coli cystitis in mice was established. The model which we established is valuable for histopathological, immunological, and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liao
- Department of Microbiology, Okayama University Medical School, Japan
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Keller J, Chiou HY, Lin HC. Increased risk of bladder cancer following diagnosis with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis. Neurourol Urodyn 2012; 32:58-62. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.22283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
The relation between Schistosomiasis and bladder cancer is well-established and accounts for the high rates of bladder cancer in a number of developing countries, including Egypt. In developed countries, transitional cell carcinoma is the predominant type of bladder cancer, whereas in Schistosomiasis-endemic regions, squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type. In this review, experimental and observational data on infection, inflammation, and bladder cancer are summarized with special emphasis on transitional cell carcinoma. Findings from numerous studies suggest that inflammation is likely to have an important role in bladder carcinogenesis in developed countries. Future studies need to focus in greater detail on risk factors that increase inflammation of the bladder, examine genetic susceptibility to inflammatory pathways, and include markers of inflammation measured prior to cancer diagnosis. Understanding the role of inflammation on transitional cell carcinogenesis may provide important insights on how to prevent the sixth most common cancer in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique S Michaud
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Eto DS, Sundsbak JL, Mulvey MA. Actin-gated intracellular growth and resurgence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:704-17. [PMID: 16548895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Strains of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) can invade terminally differentiated superficial bladder epithelial cells and subsequently multiply, forming large biofilm-like inclusions referred to as pods. In contrast, within immature bladder cells UPEC enter a more quiescent state and often fail to replicate appreciably. As immature bladder epithelial cells undergo terminal differentiation the actin cytoskeleton is radically diminished, a phenomenon that we reasoned could influence the intracellular fate of UPEC. Here we show that UPEC within undifferentiated bladder cells is trafficked into acidic compartments having key features of late endosomes and lysosomes. These UPEC-containing vacuoles are often enmeshed within a network of actin filaments, the disruption of which stimulates intravacuolar growth and efflux of UPEC in cell culture-based studies. In this in vitro model system, release of UPEC into the host cytosol further stimulates intracellular bacterial growth and the rapid development of pod-like inclusions. These inclusions, as well as those observed using an in vivo mouse model, develop in association with cytokeratin intermediate filaments that may act as scaffolding for intracellular biofilm formation. Our data suggest an aetiological basis for recurrent urinary tract infections, linking bladder cell differentiation and the accompanying redistribution of actin microfilaments with the resurgence of UPEC from quiescent intravacuolar reservoirs within the bladder epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danelle S Eto
- Pathology Department, Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0565, USA
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Schlager TA, Grady R, Mills SE, Hendley JO. Bladder epithelium is abnormal in patients with neurogenic bladder due to myelomeningocele. Spinal Cord 2004; 42:163-8. [PMID: 15001981 DOI: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the urothelium of the neurogenic bladder in patients with myelomeningocele on clean intermittent catheterization. SETTING Outpatient practice. METHODS Samples of bladder wall obtained from two groups of patients were examined for urothelium. The first group included 12 children and young adults with myelomeningocele and neurogenic bladder on intermittent catheterization for bladder emptying. The second group included eight children with vesicoureteral reflux and non-neurogenic bladder. Nine patients from the first group and four patients from the second group had urothelium. A contiguous section of each of the 13 samples with urothelium was stained for uroplakin expression, a marker of superficial bladder urothelium by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Samples from children with reflux revealed normal bladder epithelium and a uniform layer of umbrella cells (95% CI: 0-60%). In contrast, the epithelium from all patients with myelomeningocele was abnormal (95% CI: 66-100%). Epithelium from five patients (four children, one adult) revealed chronic inflammation. Three patients (two children, one adult) had squamous metaplasia. The apical surface of the epithelium in all patients with chronic inflammation had some reactivity with anti-uroplakin antibody, but the cells staining positive for uroplakin were scattered along the lumenal surface of the epithelium. The apical surface of patients with squamous metaplasia was negative for uroplakin. CONCLUSION The urothelium of the neurogenic bladder in young patients with myelomeningocele is abnormal, with loss of uroplakin expression and altered urothelial proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Schlager
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Daher A, de Boer WI, El-Marjou A, van der Kwast T, Abbou CC, Thiery JP, Radvanyi F, Chopin DK. Epidermal growth factor receptor regulates normal urothelial regeneration. J Transl Med 2003; 83:1333-41. [PMID: 13679441 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000086380.23263.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family and their receptors are involved in many cellular processes, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation. We have previously reported that these growth factors are expressed and have specific regulatory functions in an organ-like culture model of normal human urothelial cells. Here, we used this model to investigate the involvement of EGF receptor (EGFR) in human urothelial regeneration. Three 4-mm-diameter damaged areas were made in confluent normal human urothelial cell cultures with a biopsy punch. Regeneration was measured, on fixed stained cultures, with an image analyzer, at 4, 24, and 48 hours after injury. Cell proliferation was assessed by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine incorporation. To identify EGF family factors potentially involved in the healing process, we studied the effect of these factors on damaged confluent cultures and the level of expression of mRNAs extracted from these cultures. EGFR inhibition of the proliferation and migration of urothelial cells was tested with (1). a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor (AG1478) and (2). a blocking anti-EGFR antibody (LA22). Exogenously added amphiregulin, EGF, transforming growth factor-alpha and heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF) stimulated urothelial regeneration. The damaged areas were repaired by regrowth within 48 hours. Both AG1478 and LA22 inhibited the repair (by 50% and 30%, respectively), as well as proliferation and migration. This regeneration was accompanied by increased HB-EGF mRNA expression in cultures of cells from four of six subjects, but no corresponding change in EGFR protein level was observed. These results indicate that the EGFR signaling pathway is involved in urothelial regeneration. Our data support an autocrine role of HB-EGF in this process and suggest that the EGFR pathway is a potential therapeutic target for modulating urothelial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Daher
- INSERM EMI 03.37, Centre de Recherches Chirurgicales, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris 12, Créteil, France
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Cayan S, Chermansky C, Schlote N, Sekido N, Nunes L, Dahiya R, Tanagho EA. The bladder acellular matrix graft in a rat chemical cystitis model: functional and histologic evaluation. J Urol 2002; 168:798-804. [PMID: 12131370 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)64746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the feasibility of augmentation in a diseased bladder with a bladder acellular matrix graft. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 50 female Sprague-Dawley rats chemical cystitis was induced by intravesical instillation of HCl repeated monthly to maintain chronic inflammation. Urodynamic studies were performed in all rats 1 week after the induction of chemical cystitis and repeated at sacrifice. The 29 rats in the experimental group underwent partial cystectomy (50% or greater), followed by bladder acellular matrix graft augmentation, while the 21 controls underwent monthly HCl instillation only. The rats were sacrificed at 2 weeks, 1, 2 and 3 months, respectively. The bladder was removed and examined for histological changes. RESULTS Urodynamic studies showed that bladder capacity and compliance were significantly higher in the grafted than in the control group (p = 0.008 and 0.006, respectively, at 3 months). Histological studies revealed urothelial and smooth muscle regeneration within the bladder acellular matrix graft at 1 month and nerve regeneration at 3. The number of mast cells was significantly lower in the grafted region than in the host bladder of all grafted rats (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS In this rat chemical cystitis model bladder augmentation with a bladder acellular matrix graft led to functional and histological improvement over diseased host bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selahitten Cayan
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
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The Bladder Acellular Matrix Graft in a Rat Chemical Cystitis Model:. J Urol 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200208000-00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hagiwara A, Sano M, Tanaka H, Kawabe M, Tamano S, Kadota T, Yanagisawa T, Maemura S, Ito N, Shirai T. Lack of enhancing effect of two Kampo medicines, Sho-saiko-to (TJ-9) and Sairei-to (TJ-114), on rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis initiated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 2002; 22:41-50. [PMID: 11754386 DOI: 10.1002/tcm.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The modifying potential of two Kampo medicines (Japanese traditional herbal medicines), Sho-saiko-to (TJ-9) and Sairei-to (TJ-114), on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in male F344 rats initiated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)- nitrosamine (BBN) was evaluated. Groups of 20 animals were given 0.05% BBN in their drinking water for 4 weeks and then 0.7 or 2.8% TJ-9, 0.9 or 3.6% TJ-114, or 3.0% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO(3)) as a positive control substance in their diet for 32 weeks. All rats were killed after 36 weeks and examined histopathologically. No adverse effects of the test compounds were found in terms of survival, clinical sign, and body weight. Administration of 0.7 and 2.8% TJ-9 and 0.9 and 3.6% TJ-114 in the diet did not affect the incidences or extent of PN hyperplasia in the BBN-treated rats. Incidences and multiplicities of papillomas were also not affected in rats fed 0.7 or 2.8% TJ-9 and 0.9% TJ-114, while they were significantly decreased in animals given 3.6% TJ-114 in the diet. The results thus demonstrated that neither of the test chemicals exerted any promotional activity on urinary bladder carcinogenesis, in clear contrast to NaHCO(3). In addition, bladder carcinogenesis was reduced by 3.6% TJ-114 in the diet, under the present experimental conditions.
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Wheeler MA, Yoon JH, Olsson LE, Weiss RM. Cyclooxygenase-2 protein and prostaglandin E(2) production are up-regulated in a rat bladder inflammation model. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 417:239-48. [PMID: 11334856 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)00911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNAs and proteins and prostaglandin E(2) production are evaluated in a rat model of inflammation in which Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide is intraperitoneally injected or intravesically instilled into the bladder. While cyclooxygenase-1 mRNA and protein and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA do not change in bladders treated with lipopolysaccharide, cyclooxygenase-2 protein is elevated in bladders from rats intravesically instilled with lipopolysaccharide or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide. Urinary prostaglandin E(2) levels and prostaglandin E(2) synthesis in bladder particulates are elevated by intravesical instillation and intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. The nitric oxide donor, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine, increases prostaglandin E(2) synthesis in bladders from lipopolysaccharide intravesically instilled and intraperitoneally injected rats. Lipopolysaccharide increases prostaglandin E(2) synthesis by increasing cyclooxygenase-2 protein levels in rat bladder and prostaglandin E(2) synthesis may be further elevated by increases in nitric oxide caused by an up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Wheeler
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208041, New Haven, CT 06520-8041, USA
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Luber-Narod J, Austin-Ritchie T, Hollins C, Menon M, Malhotra RK, Baker S, Carraway RE. Role of substance P in several models of bladder inflammation. UROLOGICAL RESEARCH 2001; 25:395-9. [PMID: 9443648 DOI: 10.1007/bf01268854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is a peptide found in the sensory nervous system which has multiple biologic effects including stimulation of muscle contraction, pain nociception, immune cell functions, plasma extravasation and a constellation of inflammatory effects. Here we investigate the role of SP in several animals models of bladder inflammation. Using the female Lewis rat, inflammation was induced using either xylene, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyIC). Inflammation occurred rapidly (4 h) and was maintained in each model for at least 7 days. Each of these protocols decreased the bladder content of immunoreactive SP by approximately 50%, suggesting enhanced release. There was no change in the urinary frequency of these animals over 3 weeks, suggesting that urinary frequency changes are not mediated by acute inflammation. We also found that the SP receptor (NK1) antagonist, (-)CP96345, was unable to block the inflammation produced by polyIC, suggesting that SP is not an obligatory mediator of immune cell stimulation in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luber-Narod
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA.
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Bladder Injury Model Induced in Rats by Exposure to Protamine Sulfate Followed by Bacterial Endotoxin. J Urol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)66406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Burin GJ, Gibb HJ, Hill RN. Human bladder cancer: evidence for a potential irritation-induced mechanism. Food Chem Toxicol 1995; 33:785-95. [PMID: 7557751 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(95)00045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most common human cancers, constituting about 6% and 2% of all cancers among males and females, respectively. Over 90% of all bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas, with most of the remainder being squamous cell carcinomas. Smoking and occupational exposure to aromatic amines and other agents are most prominent among the risk factors identified. Inflammation of the bladder, largely by infection but also by stones or a combination of the two, may play some role in human bladder cancer development. The association between inflammation and cancer appears to be stronger for squamous cell than for transitional cell carcinoma. Stones and infection can be important factors in the development of bladder tumours in rodents, but the tumours are predominantly transitional cell rather than squamous cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Burin
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC 20460, USA
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Iatropoulos MJ, Newman AJ, Dayan AD, Brughera M, Scampini G, Mazue G. Urinary bladder hyperplasia in the rat: non-specific pathogenetic considerations using a beta-lactam antibiotic. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 1994; 46:265-74. [PMID: 7894235 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-2993(11)80098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Eight of the known chemical substances associated with neoplasia in man are known to target the urinary bladder urothelium. Preneoplastic changes have been identified following exposure to each of these chemicals, and they have also been seen to occur in many species of lab animals. The most important such change is preneoplastic hyperplasia. Adaptive hyperplasia is the first form of hyperplasia to appear. It can be seen both in untreated controls and dosed animals. The distinguishing features are that in treated groups it does not progress with dose or time, and the process is reversible. Reparative hyperplasia involves disruption of homeostasis. Its severity increases with dose and time. It is not seen in controls but it is still reversible during the recovery segment after exposure to a toxic substance. When reparative hyperplasia continues beyond a certain threshold of time and dose, it progresses to preneoplastic hyperplasia, which further progresses with continued stimulation to frank neoplasia. The synthetic beta-lactam penem antibiotic FCE 22891 and its metabolite FCE 22101 caused adaptive urothelial hyperplasia of the urinary bladder only in rats and in no other species. Based on the pharmacokinetic profile of FCE 22891 and FCE 22101, it can be deduced that the morphologic finding of adaptive urothelial hyperplasia is caused by reduction of intravesicular urine pH. This effect has no relevance to therapeutic use in humans. Further, it is important to distinguish adaptive and reparative hyperplasia in preclinical toxicity studies.
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Holmäng S, Grenabo L, Hedelin H, Hugosson J, Pettersson S. Crystal adherence to rat bladder epithelium after long-term E. coli infection. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY AND NEPHROLOGY 1993; 27:71-4. [PMID: 8493472 DOI: 10.3109/00365599309180417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The normal urothelium is covered by a mucous coat which acts as an unspecific barrier against the adhesion of bacteria, cancer cells and crystals. Acute bacterial infections cause disruptions of the mucous coat and impairment of its anti-adherent property. The effect of long-term infection is, however, not known. Live E. coli were inoculated into rat urinary bladders and a persisting infection was obtained by creating a small bladder diverticulum. After 2, 10 and 21 days a crystal adhesion assay showed a twofold increased adherence to the urinary bladder in the infected rats compared to control (p < 0.001). One possible explanation could be an injury to the mucous coat.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Holmäng
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska sjukhuset, University of Göteborg, Sweden
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