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Abstract
PURPOSE A number of urine based markers have been and are being investigated for the diagnosis and prognostication of urological conditions. A majority of these markers have been evaluated in urological neoplasms, particularly bladder cancer. The diagnosis of bladder cancer currently relies on identifying malignant cells in the urine and subsequently visualizing the tumor on cystoscopy. This diagnosis is further confirmed by transurethral resection or biopsy. While urine cytology is specific, it is not sensitive, especially for detecting low grade disease. This characteristic has prompted the search for more accurate markers of bladder cancer. In this review we critically examine the results of studies evaluating various markers for bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The published literature on urine based markers for all urological diseases, particularly bladder cancer, was identified using a MEDLINE search and critically analyzed. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the various markers were compared. The benefit of using combined markers rather than a single marker was also analyzed from published reports. RESULTS Most published literature on urine based markers for urological malignancies involve such markers for diagnosing and prognosticating bladder cancer. Hence, we focused mainly on urine based markers in bladder cancer. Most markers appear to have an advantage over urine cytology in terms of sensitivity, especially for detecting low grade, superficial tumors. However, most markers tend to be less specific than cytology, yielding more false-positive results. This scenario is more common in patients with concurrent bladder inflammation or other benign bladder conditions. However, there is reason to be optimistic about several new markers that appear to provide better specificity. Few urine based markers have been identified and investigated in other urological tumors. CONCLUSIONS Detecting bladder cancer using diagnostic markers still presents a challenge. A number of new markers are currently available that appear to be significantly more accurate than cytology. However, further studies involving a larger number of patients are required to determine their accuracy and widespread applicability for diagnosing bladder cancer. Urine based markers do not appear to have a significant role in the diagnosis or prognosis of other urological malignancies, such as prostate, kidney or testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Konety
- Department of Urology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Kirollos MM, McDermott S, Bradbrook RA. Bladder tumor markers: need, nature and application. 2. Tumor and tumor-associated antigens. Int Urogynecol J 1998; 9:228-35. [PMID: 9795829 DOI: 10.1007/bf01901609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the diversity of the available markers, none is truly specific to transitional epithelium, let alone its tumors. Some of the markers used, such as hCG and CEA, are far better known in other fields and seem to be expressed in only a minority of urothelial tumors. The majority of the available markers are tumor associated and should perhaps be considered as by-products of the process of malignancy in the urinary tract. Newer tests which are simple, rapid and easy to use have a practical advantage. These are currently the Bard BTA, BTA Stat and Aura-Tek FDP tests. So far, these markers have achieved only an arguable and marginal role in daily clinical practice, challenging the role of cytology and helping decide the type of cystoscopy. A more substantial role awaits a test with higher and more consistent sensitivity and specificity, together with the capability to provide independent diagnostic and/or prognostic information. In this part of the review we examine the literature view of the above-mentioned tests, as well as other new and some older tests such as blood group-related antigens, Lewis antigen, cytokeratins and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Kirollos
- Urology Department, Torbay Hospital, South Devon Health Care Trust, UK
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Schmetter BS, Habicht KK, Lamm DL, Morales A, Bander NH, Grossman HB, Hanna MG, Silberman SR, Butman BT. A multicenter trial evaluation of the fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products test for detection and monitoring of bladder cancer. J Urol 1997; 158:801-5. [PMID: 9258086 DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199709000-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Presently there is a lack of effective, noninvasive tests for the detection and monitoring of bladder cancer. Measurement of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in urine has been shown to be a useful indicator of bladder carcinoma. The objective of this study was to evaluate the AuraTek FDP rapid immunoassay device for the detection of urinary fibrin/ fibrinogen degradation products associated with bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective multicenter study was conducted to compare AuraTek FDP with urinary cytology and hemoglobin dipstick for the detection of bladder cancer in 192 patients with a history of bladder cancer. RESULTS AuraTek FDP was significantly more sensitive (68%) than conventional urinary cytology (34%, p < 0.001) or hemoglobin dipstick (41%, p < 0.001) in the detection of bladder tumors, particularly for low stage low grade disease. In subjects with invasive disease (T2-T4) the AuraTek FDP test had a sensitivity of 100%. Specificity of AuraTek FDP was 96% for healthy subjects, 86% in patients with urological disease other than bladder cancer and 80% for patients under surveillance for bladder cancer but with a negative cystoscopic finding at the time of assay. CONCLUSIONS This simple, rapid (less than 7 minutes) point of care test is superior to conventional urine cytology and hemoglobin dipstick as an aid in the detection of bladder cancer.
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Schmetter B, Habicht K, Lamm D, Morales A, Bander N, Grossman H, Hanna M, Silberman S, Butman B. A Multicenter Trial Evaluation of the Fibrin/Fibrinogen Degradation Products Test for Detection and Monitoring of Bladder Cancer. J Urol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)64321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B.S. Schmetter
- From PerImmune, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, University of West Virginia Medical Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, Queen's University Medical Center, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York, and The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - K.K. Habicht
- From PerImmune, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, University of West Virginia Medical Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, Queen's University Medical Center, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York, and The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - D.L. Lamm
- From PerImmune, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, University of West Virginia Medical Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, Queen's University Medical Center, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York, and The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - A. Morales
- From PerImmune, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, University of West Virginia Medical Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, Queen's University Medical Center, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York, and The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - N.H. Bander
- From PerImmune, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, University of West Virginia Medical Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, Queen's University Medical Center, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York, and The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - H.B. Grossman
- From PerImmune, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, University of West Virginia Medical Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, Queen's University Medical Center, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York, and The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - M.G. Hanna
- From PerImmune, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, University of West Virginia Medical Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, Queen's University Medical Center, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York, and The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - S.R. Silberman
- From PerImmune, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, University of West Virginia Medical Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, Queen's University Medical Center, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York, and The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - B.T. Butman
- From PerImmune, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, University of West Virginia Medical Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, Queen's University Medical Center, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York, and The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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