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Zou S, Wang Q, Zhang P, Wang B, Liu G, Zhang F, Li J, Wang F, Wang B, Zhang L. Biomimetic Nanosponges Enable the Detoxification of Vibrio vulnificus Hemolysin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126821. [PMID: 35743264 PMCID: PMC9224624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) infection-associated multiple antibiotic resistance has raised serious public health concerns. Recently, nanosponges (NSs) have been expected to provide innovative platforms for addressing antibacterial and drug-resistant challenges by targeting various pore-forming toxins (PFTs). In the present study, we constructed NSs to explore the effects and possible mechanism of recombinant V. vulnificus hemolysin (rVvhA)-induced injuries. In vitro, NSs significantly reversed rVvhA-induced apoptosis and necrosis, and improved toxin-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, and apoptosis signaling pathway disruption. To explore the clinical translation potential of NSs, we established VvhA-induced septicemia and wound infection mouse models, respectively, and further found NSs could notably attenuate rVvhA-induced acute toxicity and septicemia-associated inflammation, as well as local tissue damage. In a conclusion, NSs showed excellent protective effects against rVvhA-induced toxicity, thus providing useful insights into addressing the rising threats of severe V. vulnificus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaijun Zou
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (B.W.); (G.L.); (F.Z.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (B.W.); (G.L.); (F.Z.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Marine Biological Injury and Dermatology, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200052, China;
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (B.W.); (G.L.); (F.Z.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Guoyan Liu
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (B.W.); (G.L.); (F.Z.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Fuhai Zhang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (B.W.); (G.L.); (F.Z.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (B.W.); (G.L.); (F.Z.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (B.W.); (G.L.); (F.Z.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Beilei Wang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (B.W.); (G.L.); (F.Z.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-021-81871128 (B.W.); +86-021-81871129 (L.Z.)
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (B.W.); (G.L.); (F.Z.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-021-81871128 (B.W.); +86-021-81871129 (L.Z.)
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Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin induces inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages through calcium signaling and causes inflammation in vivo. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103789. [PMID: 31605759 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a food-borne marine pathogen that causes both life-threatening primary septicemia and necrotizing wound infections which accompany severe inflammation. Cytolysin is a very powerful virulence factor of V. vulnificus and is one of the likely candidates in the pathogenesis of V. vulnificus infections. However, the pathogenetic roles of cytolysin in V. vulnificus-induced inflammation are not well understood. In this study, we used the recombinant protein Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin (VVC) to demonstrate that VVC can induce inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages. Low dose (<5 μg/ml) VVC had no impact on cell viability and induced pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RAW264.7 macrophages such as IL-6 and TNF-α. Moreover, VVC induced p65, p38, ERK1/2, and AKT phosphorylation in RAW264.7 macrophages. We further demonstrated that BAPTA-AM, a specific intracellular calcium chelator, inhibited VVC-induced inflammatory responses including pro-inflammatory cytokines production and inflammatory signaling activation in RAW264.7 macrophages. In addition, VVC primed rather than actived NLRP3 inflammasome in RAW264.7 macrophages. To determine whether VVC have a direct inflammatory effect on the host, we examined the effects of VVC injected into the skin of mice. VVC stimulated a significant induction of mRNAs for the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and inflammatory chemokines such as MCP-1 and IP-10. Histology data also showed that VVC caused inflammatory responses in the skin of mice. Collectively, our findings indicated that VVC induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages and in vivo and suggested the possibility of targeting VVC as a strategy for the clinical management of V. vulnificus-induced inflammatory responses.
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Vibrio vulnificus VvhA induces NF-κB-dependent mitochondrial cell death via lipid raft-mediated ROS production in intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:1655. [PMID: 25695598 PMCID: PMC4669806 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio vulnificus produces hemolysin (VvhA), which induces cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. However, our understanding of the cytotoxic mechanism and the modes of action of VvhA are still fragmentary and incomplete. The recombinant protein (r) VvhA (50 pg/ml) significantly induces necrotic cell death and apoptosis in human intestinal epithelial (INT-407) cells. The apoptotic cell death induced by rVvhA is highly susceptible to the sequestration of cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin, whereas for necrotic cell death, this shows a marginal effect. We found that rVvhA induces the aggregation of lipid raft components coupled with NADPH oxidase enzymes, in which rVvhA increased the interaction of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2, gp91phox) with a cytosolic protein NCF1 (p47phox) to facilitate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). rVvhA uniquely stimulated a conventional PKC isoform PKCα and induced the phosphorylation of both ERK and JNK, which are responsible for the activation of transcription factor NF-κB. rVvhA induced an NF-κB-dependent imbalance of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and caspase-3/-9 activation during its promotion of apoptotic cell death. In addition, rVvhA has the ability to inhibit the expression of cell cycle-related proteins, such as CDK2, CDK4, cyclin D1, and cyclin E. These results demonstrate that rVvhA induces NF-κB-dependent mitochondrial cell death via lipid raft-mediated ROS production by the distinct activation of PKCα and ERK/JNK in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Natividad-Bonifacio I, Fernández FJ, Quiñones-Ramírez EI, Curiel-Quesada E, Vázquez-Salinas C. Presence of virulence markers in environmental Vibrio vulnificus strains. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1539-46. [PMID: 23351134 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This work aims to demonstrate the presence of several genes and factors associated with virulence in strains isolated from the environment at Pueblo Viejo Lagoon, State of Veracruz, Mexico. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we investigated the production of V. vulnificus virulence factors, as cytolysin (haemolysin), RTX toxin, metalloprotease, siderophores, capsular polysaccharide, adhesion structures (like type IV pili), and polar and lateral flagella, involved in swimming and swarming (or, at least, the presence of genes encoding some of them) in 40 strains of V. vulnificus isolated from water and food. The results indicate that strains of environmental origin possess potential virulence characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Caution should be exercised when consuming raw shellfish (especially by those more susceptible risk groups). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first work focused on the evaluation of V. vulnificus virulence factors in Mexico.
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Collin B, Rehnstam-Holm AS. Occurrence and potential pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus on the South Coast of Sweden. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 78:306-13. [PMID: 21692819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During the summer of 2006, several wound infections - of which three were fatal - caused by Vibrio cholerae were reported from patients who had been exposed to water from the Baltic Sea. Before these reports, we initiated a sampling project investigating the occurrence of potential human pathogenic V. cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in The Sound between Sweden and Denmark. The Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) was used as an indicator to follow the occurrence of vibrios over time. Molecular analyses showed high frequencies of the most potent human pathogenic Vibrio spp.; 53% of mussel samples were positive for V. cholerae (although none were positive for the cholera toxin gene), 63% for V. vulnificus and 79% for V. parahaemolyticus (of which 47% were tdh(+) and/or trh(+)). Viable vibrios were also isolated from the mussel meat and screened for virulence by PCR. The mortality of eukaryotic cells when exposed to bacteria was tested in vivo, with results showing that the Vibrio strains, independent of species and origin, were harmful to the cells. Despite severe infections and several deaths, no report on potential human pathogenic vibrios in this area had been published before this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Collin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicin, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Role of calcium/calmodulin signaling pathway in Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin-induced hyperpermeability. Microb Pathog 2009; 47:47-51. [PMID: 19447166 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial hyperpermeability, a hallmark of septicemia, is induced by stress fiber formation, which is primarily regulated by the calcium/calmodulin signaling pathway in endothelial cells. We previously reported that trifluoperazine, a calcium/calmodulin antagonist, blocks Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin (VVC) -induced lethality at in vivo animal model. The object of this study was therefore to examine whether VVC induces stress fiber formation through calcium/calmodulin signaling in endothelial cells. Here, we monitored calcium-influx after treatment of VVC using confocal microscopy in CPAE cells, pulmonary endothelial cell line. Interestingly, we found that VVC-induced dose-dependently increases of [Ca(2+)](i) in CPAE cells. Moreover, VVC-induced stress fiber formation as well as phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was completely blocked by trifluoperazine. These results suggest that the calcium/calmodulin signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in VVC-induced hyperpermeability.
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Zhao JF, Sun AH, Ruan P, Zhao XH, Lu MQ, Yan J. Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin induces apoptosis in HUVEC, SGC-7901 and SMMC-7721 cells via caspase-9/3-dependent pathway. Microb Pathog 2009; 46:194-200. [PMID: 19167479 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin (VVC) is known to be a pore-forming toxin which shows cytotoxicity for mammalian cells in culture and induces apoptosis in endothelial cells. In order to determine whether VVC induces apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells and tumor cells, the cytotoxicity induced by recombinant VVC (rVVC) and its potential mechanism in HUVEC, SGC-7901 and SMMC-7721 cells were investigated. Our study demonstrated that rVVC induced the release of intracellular K(+) from all the target cells, yet lactate dehydrogenase was not released by rVVC. It indicates that osmotic lysis might not contribute to the cytolysin-induced cytotoxicity. The study also demonstrated that rVVC induced apoptosis in HUVEC, SGC-7901 and SMMC-7721 cells in time- and dosage-dependent manners, which was associated with the activation of caspase-9 and -3, but not caspase-8. During the apoptotic process of the target cells, rVVC labeled with FITC was monitored to attach initially to the surface of the cells and entered the cytoplasma subsequently. These findings suggest that VVC may be not only a pore-forming toxin, but also a transmembrane toxin with powerful ability to induce apoptosis in human vascular endothelial cells and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-fang Zhao
- Basic Medical Microbiology Division, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, PR China
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Vibrio vulnificus-induced death of Jurkat T-cells requires activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species. Cell Immunol 2008; 253:81-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lee YR, Park KH, Lin ZZ, Kho YJ, Park JW, Rho HW, Koo BS, Kim HR, Song EK, Yu HN, Han MK, Lee SO, Jhee EC, Kim JS. A calcium-calmodulin antagonist blocks experimental Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin-induced lethality in an experimental mouse model. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6157-9. [PMID: 15385523 PMCID: PMC517569 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.6157-6159.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated that trifluoperazine, a calcium-calmodulin antagonist, blocked the hyperpermeability induced by Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin in in vitro-modeled endothelium and prevented the deaths of mice. Furthermore, compared to tetracycline alone, tetracycline combined with trifluoperazine enhanced the survival rate of V. vulnificus-infected mice, indicating the role of the cytolysin as an important factor in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Rae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Republic of Korea
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