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Transport of wheat gluten exorphins A5 and C5 through an in vitro model of intestinal epithelium. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Stefanucci A, Mollica A, Macedonio G, Zengin G, Ahmed AA, Novellino E. Exogenous opioid peptides derived from food proteins and their possible uses as dietary supplements: A critical review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2016.1225220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Stefanucci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giorgia Macedonio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Abdelkareem A. Ahmed
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
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Pruimboom L, de Punder K. The opioid effects of gluten exorphins: asymptomatic celiac disease. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2015; 33:24. [PMID: 26825414 PMCID: PMC5025969 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-015-0032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gluten-containing cereals are a main food staple present in the daily human diet, including wheat, barley, and rye. Gluten intake is associated with the development of celiac disease (CD) and related disorders such as diabetes mellitus type I, depression, and schizophrenia. However, until now, there is no consent about the possible deleterious effects of gluten intake because of often failing symptoms even in persons with proven CD. Asymptomatic CD (ACD) is present in the majority of affected patients and is characterized by the absence of classical gluten-intolerance signs, such as diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal pain. Nevertheless, these individuals very often develop diseases that can be related with gluten intake. Gluten can be degraded into several morphine-like substances, named gluten exorphins. These compounds have proven opioid effects and could mask the deleterious effects of gluten protein on gastrointestinal lining and function. Here we describe a putative mechanism, explaining how gluten could "mask" its own toxicity by exorphins that are produced through gluten protein digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Pruimboom
- Natura Foundation, Edisonstraat 66, 3281 NC, Numansdorp, Netherlands.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Karin de Punder
- Natura Foundation, Edisonstraat 66, 3281 NC, Numansdorp, Netherlands.
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Hufelandweg 14, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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Stuknytė M, Maggioni M, Cattaneo S, De Luca P, Fiorilli A, Ferraretto A, De Noni I. Release of wheat gluten exorphins A5 and C5 during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of bread and pasta and their absorption through an in vitro model of intestinal epithelium. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Gluten Exorphins are opioid peptides identified in enzymatic digests of gluten. The effects of Gluten Exorphins are still largely unknown. It has been shown that Gluten Exorphin B5 (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Trp-Leu) stimulates Prolactin secretion in male rats. In this study, we have evaluated the Prolactin response to Gluten Exorphin B4, another exorphin whose structure (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Trp) is identical to that of the NH(2)-terminal sequence of Gluten Exorphin B5. To this aim, five groups of male rats were given the following intravenous treatments: vehicle, Gluten Exorphin B5 3 mg kg-1 body weight, Gluten Exorphin B4 at the doses of 3, 6 and 9 mg kg-1 body weight. At the dose of 3 mg kg-1 body weight, Gluten Exorphin B5 induced a significant increase in Prolactin levels. Gluten Exorphin B4 could not modify Prolactin secretion, even when administered at doses three times higher than those effective for Gluten Exorphin B5. The present study: (1) indicates that Gluten Exorphin B4 does not modify Prolactin secretion in male rats; (2) confirms the ability of Gluten Exorphin B5 to exert a stimulatory action on Prolactin release; (3) suggests that the presence of the carboxy-terminal leucine in Gluten Exorphin B5 is essential for its action on Prolactin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fanciulli
- Dipartimento-Struttura Clinica Medica-Patologia Speciale Medica, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Vegetable foods: A cheap source of proteins and peptides with antihypertensive, antioxidant, and other less occurrence bioactivities. Talanta 2013; 106:328-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Samaroo D, Dickerson F, Kasarda DD, Green PHR, Briani C, Yolken RH, Alaedini A. Novel immune response to gluten in individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2010; 118:248-55. [PMID: 19748229 PMCID: PMC2856786 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A link between celiac disease and schizophrenia has been postulated for several years, based primarily on reports of elevated levels of antibody to gliadin in patients. We sought to examine the proposed connection between schizophrenia and celiac disease by characterizing the molecular specificity and mechanism of the anti-gliadin immune response in a subset of individuals with schizophrenia. Blood samples from individuals with schizophrenia and elevated anti-gliadin antibody titer were examined for celiac disease-associated biomarkers, including antibodies to transglutaminase 2 (TG2) enzyme and deamidated gliadin peptides, as well as the HLA-DQ2 and -DQ8 MHC genes. The anti-gliadin antibody response was further characterized through examination of reactivity towards chromatographically separated gluten proteins. Target proteins of interest were identified by peptide mass mapping. In contrast to celiac disease patients, an association between the anti-gliadin immune response and anti-TG2 antibody or HLA-DQ2 and -DQ8 markers was not found in individuals with schizophrenia. In addition, the majority of individuals with schizophrenia and anti-gliadin antibody did not exhibit antibody reactivity to deamidated gliadin peptides. Further characterization of the antibody specificity revealed preferential reactivity towards different gluten proteins in the schizophrenia and celiac disease groups. These findings indicate that the anti-gliadin immune response in schizophrenia has a different antigenic specificity from that in celiac disease and is independent of the action of transglutaminase enzyme and HLA-DQ2/DQ8. Meanwhile, the presence of elevated levels of antibodies to specific gluten proteins points to shared immunologic abnormalities in a subset of schizophrenia patients. Further characterization and understanding of the immune response to gluten in schizophrenia may provide novel insights into the etiopathogenesis of specific disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Samaroo
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | | | - Donald D. Kasarda
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA
| | - Peter H. R. Green
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Chiara Briani
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Robert H. Yolken
- The Stanley Laboratory of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Armin Alaedini
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
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Fanciulli G, Azara E, Wood TD, Delitala G, Marchetti M. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry assay for quantification of Gluten Exorphin B5 in cerebrospinal fluid. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 852:485-90. [PMID: 17336169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, precise and accurate method for the quantification of the alimentary opioid peptide Gluten Exorphin B5 (GE-B5, Tyr-Gly-Gly-Trp-Leu) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was developed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Aliquots (10 microL) of sheep CSF were injected into a LC-MS instrument equipped with a reversed-phase C12 column at a flow rate of 250 microL/min. The mobile phase consisted of Eluent A water with 0.01% acetic acid as an ion-pairing reagent, and Eluent B acetonitrile. The LC-MS system was programmed to divert column flow to waste for 3.5 min after injection, after which time flow was directed into the mass spectrometer that operated in positive ion mode. DADLE (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu) was used as Internal Standard. No significant interfering peaks were detected at the retention times of GE-B5 in CSF blanks. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.39-78.00 ng/mL. The lower limit of detection and the lower limit of quantitation values for GE-B5 in CSF were established at 0.30 and 0.78 ng/mL, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision values were <12% relative standard deviation. The intra-day and inter-day accuracy were 99.46-100.86% and 98.95-100.02%, respectively. Recovery of GE-B5 in CSF samples was greater than 80%. Stability studies indicate that GE-B5 in CSF undergoes significant degradation (>55% after 600 min), which is reduced by the addition of protease inhibitors. This is the first reported method for the quantification of GE-B5 in CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fanciulli
- Dipartimento-Struttura Clinica Medica-Patologia Speciale Medica, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Fanciulli G, Dettori A, Demontis MP, Tomasi PA, Anania V, Delitala G. Gluten exorphin B5 stimulates prolactin secretion through opioid receptors located outside the blood-brain barrier. Life Sci 2004; 76:1713-9. [PMID: 15698850 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gluten exorphin B5 (GE-B5) is a food-derived opioid peptide identified in digests of wheat gluten. We have recently shown that GE-B5 stimulates prolactin (PRL) secretion in rats; this effect is abolished by preadministration of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. However, since the structure of naloxone allows it to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and antagonize opioid effects centrally as well as peripherally, it could not established, on the basis of those data, if GE-B5-induced PRL release is exerted through sites located inside or outside the BBB. In this study, we sought to determine the site of action of GE-B5 on PRL secretion, by pretreating male rats with naloxone methobromide (NMB), an opioid antagonist that does not cross the BBB. Four groups of rats were given the following treatments: 1) intravenous vehicle; 2) intravenous GE-B5 (3 mg kg(-1) body weight); 3) intraperitoneal NMB (5 mg kg(-1) body weight), followed by vehicle; 4) NMB, followed by GE-B5. Blood samples for PRL were taken at intervals for 40 minutes after vehicle or GE-B5 administration. GE-B5 stimulated PRL secretion; the effect was statistically significant at time 20. NMB preadministration completely abolished PRL response. Our experiment indicates that GE-B5 stimulates PRL secretion through opioid receptors located outside the BBB. Since opioid peptides do not exert their effect on PRL secretion directly, but via a reduced dopaminergic tone, our data suggest that GE-B5 can modify brain neurotransmitter release without crossing the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fanciulli
- Dipartimento-Struttura Clinica Medica-Patologia Speciale Medica, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Balog T, Sobocanec S, Sverko V, Marotti T. Met-enkephalin modulates resistance to oxidative stress in mouse brain. Neuropeptides 2004; 38:298-303. [PMID: 15464195 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2004.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2003] [Accepted: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of opioide peptide Met-enkephalin (MENK) on resistance to oxidative stress in the brain of 4, 10 and 18 months old CBA mice of both sexes. This was done by determination of oxidant status via lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant status by determination of total superoxide dismutase (tSOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx). Results showed that brain of adult male mice is less resistant to oxidative stress than brain of adult females. The difference is mainly due to higher CAT activity and lower LPO activity in female brain. MENK decreased resistance to stress in the brain of both sexes but the effect appeared earlier in males (10 months of age) than in females (18 months of age). Also, MENK could pronounce its effect on resistance to oxidative stress in a gender-related manner: in female mice via regulation of antioxidant enzyme activities and in male mice via regulation of oxidant processes respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Balog
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Bosković Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Fanciulli G, Dettori A, Fenude E, Demontis MP, Alberico E, Delitala G, Anania V. Intravenous administration of the food-derived opioid peptide Gluten Exorphin B5 stimulates prolactin secretion in rats. Pharmacol Res 2003; 47:53-8. [PMID: 12526862 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-6618(02)00267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gluten Exorphin B5 (GE-B5) is a food-derived opioid peptide, identified in vitro in enzymatic digests of wheat gluten. It has been suggested that this peptide may play a regulatory role on pituitary secretion, since it stimulates prolactin (PRL) secretion when administered in the cerebral ventricles in rats. It is not known, however, if GE-B5 can exert this stimulatory action after peripheral administration. In order to clarify this aspect, we gave the following treatments to four groups of male rats: intravenous (i.v.) vehicle, GE-B5 3 mg/kg body weight i.v., naloxone intraperitoneally (i.p.) followed by vehicle i.v., naloxone i.p. followed by GE-B5 i.v. Blood samples for PRL were taken at intervals for 60 min after vehicle or GE-B5 administration. At the dose of 3 mg/kg body weight, GE-B5 induced a significant increase in PRL levels; naloxone completely abolished any effect of GE-B5 on PRL secretion. The present study indicates that GE-B5 stimulates PRL secretion after peripheral administration and that its action is mediated via classical opioid receptors; moreover, it identifies the minimum peptide dose which must reach the blood in order to exert its action on PRL secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fanciulli
- Dipartimento-Struttura Clinica Medica-Patologia Speciale Medica, Istituto di Patologia Medica, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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