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Melis MJ, Miller M, Peters VBM, Singer M. The role of hormones in sepsis: an integrated overview with a focus on mitochondrial and immune cell dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:707-725. [PMID: 37144447 PMCID: PMC10167421 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a dysregulated host response to infection that results in life-threatening organ dysfunction. Virtually every body system can be affected by this syndrome to greater or lesser extents. Gene transcription and downstream pathways are either up- or downregulated, albeit with considerable fluctuation over the course of the patient's illness. This multi-system complexity contributes to a pathophysiology that remains to be fully elucidated. Consequentially, little progress has been made to date in developing new outcome-improving therapeutics. Endocrine alterations are well characterised in sepsis with variations in circulating blood levels and/or receptor resistance. However, little attention has been paid to an integrated view of how these hormonal changes impact upon the development of organ dysfunction and recovery. Here, we present a narrative review describing the impact of the altered endocrine system on mitochondrial dysfunction and immune suppression, two interlinked and key aspects of sepsis pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Melis
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Muska Miller
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vera B M Peters
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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Napolitano G, Barone D, Di Meo S, Venditti P. Adrenaline induces mitochondrial biogenesis in rat liver. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2017; 50:11-19. [PMID: 29243009 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-017-9736-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of adrenaline administration and depletion (induced by reserpine) on rat liver oxidative metabolism. We showed that adrenaline increases, and reserpine decreases aerobic capacity (inferred by cytochrome oxidase activity) in tissue modifying the hepatic content of mitochondrial proteins without changing mitochondrial aerobic capacity. The changes in tissue cytochrome oxidase activity, which agreed with the expression levels of factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, such as PGC-1, NRF-1, and NRF-2, were associated with similar changes in tissue and mitochondrial State 3 respiration. Adrenaline and reserpine induced extensive lipid and protein oxidative damage in tissue and mitochondria. The increase in H2O2 release by respiring mitochondria and the decrease in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and reductase contributed to the reserpine effect on oxidative damage. The adrenaline effect is more difficult to explain, since the hormone increased the antioxidant enzyme activities but, in respiring mitochondria, increased ROS release rate in the presence of succinate and decreased it in the presence of pyruvate/malate. These opposite changes were due to the increased content of the autoxidizable electron carrier located at complex III and decreased content of that located at complex I. Our data suggest that adrenaline can be involved in the mitochondrial population adaptation which verify in conditions in which an increased body energy expenditure verify such as cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetana Napolitano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Barone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Sergio Di Meo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Venditti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Naples, Italy.
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Guinzberg R, Díaz-Cruz A, Acosta-Trujillo C, Vilchis-Landeros MM, Vázquez-Meza H, Lozano-Flores C, Chiquete-Felix N, Varela-Echavarría A, Uribe-Carvajal S, Riveros-Rosas H, Piña E. Newly synthesized cAMP is integrated at a membrane protein complex signalosome to ensure receptor response specificity. FEBS J 2016; 284:258-276. [PMID: 27865066 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal regulation of cAMP within the cell is required to achieve receptor-specific responses. The mechanism through which the cell selects a specific response to newly synthesized cAMP is not fully understood. In hepatocyte plasma membranes, we identified two functional and independent cAMP-responsive signaling protein macrocomplexes that produce, use, degrade, and regulate their own nondiffusible (sequestered) cAMP pool to achieve their specific responses. Each complex responds to the stimulation of an adenosine G protein-coupled receptor (Ado-GPCR), bound to either A2A or A2B , but not simultaneously to both. Each isoprotein involved in each signaling cascade was identified by measuring changes in cAMP levels after receptor activation, and its participation was confirmed by antibody-mediated inactivation. A2A -Ado-GPCR selective stimulation activates adenylyl cyclase 6 (AC6), which is bound to AKAP79/150, to synthesize cAMP which is used by two other AKAP79/150-tethered proteins: protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A). In contrast, A2B -Ado-GPCR stimulation activates D-AKAP2-attached AC5 to generate cAMP, which is channeled to two other D-AKAP2-tethered proteins: guanine-nucleotide exchange factor 2 (Epac2) and PDE3B. In both cases, prior activation of PKA or Epac2 with selective cAMP analogs prevents de novo cAMP synthesis. In addition, we show that cAMP does not diffuse between these protein macrocomplexes or 'signalosomes'. Evidence of coimmunoprecipitation and colocalization of some proteins belonging to each signalosome is presented. Each signalosome constitutes a minimal functional signaling unit with its own machinery to synthesize and regulate a sequestered cAMP pool. Thus, each signalosome is devoted to ensure the transmission of a unique and unequivocal message through the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Guinzberg
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Antonio Díaz-Cruz
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal y Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootécnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Acosta-Trujillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Héctor Vázquez-Meza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Lozano-Flores
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Natalia Chiquete-Felix
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Salvador Uribe-Carvajal
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Héctor Riveros-Rosas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Enrique Piña
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Zhu Q, Gu L, Wang Y, Jia L, Zhao Z, Peng S, Lei L. The role of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in restraint stress-induced liver injury in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92125. [PMID: 24682087 PMCID: PMC3969348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute stress affects cellular integrity in many tissues including the liver, but its underlying mechanism is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential involvement of catecholamines and adrenoceptors in the regulation of acute restraint stress-induced liver injury. Restraint was achieved by placing mice in restraint tubes. Mice were treated with either an α-l antagonist, prazosin, an α-2 antagonist, yohimbine, a β-l antagonist, betaxolol, a β-2 antagonist, ICI 118551, or a central and peripheral catecholamine depleting agent, reserpine, and followed by restraint stress. Assessment of liver injury (serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) , hepatic total GSH, GSSG and GSH/GSSG ratio) , histopathology and of apoptosis, by TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling) assay and western blotting, was performed. Three hours of restraint stress resulted in liver injury, as indexed by elevated serum transaminase levels, decreased hepatic total GSH levels and GSH/GSSG ratio, increased hepatic GSSG levels as well as enhanced hepatocytes apoptosis. Either reserpine or prazosin or yohimbine was found to attenuate liver injury. Furthermore, prazosin and yohimbine protected against restraint-induced hepatocytes apoptosis through attenuating the activation of caspases-9 and -3 and reducing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. These results suggest that α-1 and α-2 adrenoceptors mediate restraint-induced liver oxidative injury through caspase-9 and Bcl-2 family of apoptotic regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Gu
- Qinghaosu (Artemisinin) Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Jia
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zengming Zhao
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangqing Peng
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (SP)
| | - Linsheng Lei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (SP)
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Gupta S, Sharma B. Pharmacological modulation of I1-imidazoline and α2-adrenoceptors in sub acute brain ischemia induced vascular dementia. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 723:80-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Diaz-Cruz A, Vilchis-Landeros MM, Guinzberg R, Villalobos-Molina R, Piña E. NOX2 activated by α1-adrenoceptors modulates hepatic metabolic routes stimulated by β-adrenoceptors. Free Radic Res 2012; 45:1366-78. [PMID: 21958220 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.627920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes oxidase catalyzes the transport of electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen and generates O(2)(•-), which is rapidly converted into H(2)O(2). We aimed to identify in hepatocytes the protein NOX complex responsible for H(2)O(2) synthesis after α(1)-adrenoceptor (α(1)-AR) stimulation, its activation mechanism, and to explore H(2)O(2) as a potential modulator of hepatic metabolic routes, gluconeogenesis, and ureagenesis, stimulated by the ARs. The dormant NOX2 complex present in hepatocyte plasma membrane (HPM) contains gp91(phox), p22(phox), p40(phox), p47(phox), p67(phox) and Rac 1 proteins. In HPM incubated with NADPH and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), α(1)-AR-mediated H(2)O(2) synthesis required all of these proteins except for p40(phox). A functional link between α(1)-AR and NOX was identified as the Gα(13) protein. Alpha(1)-AR stimulation in hepatocytes promotes Rac1-GTP generation, a necessary step for H(2)O(2) synthesis. Negative cross talk between α(1)-/β-ARs for H(2)O(2) synthesis was observed in HPM. In addition, negative cross talk of α(1)-AR via H(2)O(2) to β-AR-mediated stimulation was recorded in hepatocyte gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis, probably involving aquaporine activity. Based on previous work we suggest that H(2)O(2), generated after NOX2 activation by α(1)-AR lightening in hepatocytes, reacts with cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) subunits to form an oxidized PKA, insensitive to cAMP activation that prevented any rise in the rate of gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Diaz-Cruz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratory have identified a role for blunted central sympathetic activation in the acute alcohol intoxication (AAI)-induced impairment of the counterregulatory response to hemorrhagic shock (HS). Immediate fluid resuscitation (FR) with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors restores the neuroendocrine and pressor responses to FR in AAI + HS. We hypothesized this intervention would remain beneficial after delay and that restoration of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) during FR would attenuate organ damage. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received a primed constant alcohol infusion (2.5 g · kg + 0.3 g · kg · h for 15 h) or isocaloric dextrose (DEX) before HS (40 mmHg for 60 min) and FR with lactated Ringer's (LR) solution ± physostigmine (PHYS; 100 µg · kg) immediately or after a 60-min delay after HS. Immediate LR solution elevated MABP in DEX + HS. Acute alcohol intoxication delayed the initial MABP recovery. Delayed LR solution did not further increase MABP in DEX- or AAI + HS. LR solution + PHYS increased MABP in DEX- and AAI + HS after immediate and delayed FR. No differences were noted in markers of organ dysfunction (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine) after DEX + HS, and this was unaltered by immediate or delayed LR solution + PHYS. Acute alcohol intoxication + HS increased ALT, which was attenuated by immediate LR solution + PHYS. In contrast, delayed LR solution + PHYS exacerbated tissue injury in AAI + HS, as reflected by increased ALT, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and liver protein carbonylation over time-matched LR solution. In conclusion, PHYS enhanced blood pressure recovery independent of time of FR and presence of AAI. However, in AAI + HS, delayed LR solution + PHYS accentuated organ damage and dysfunction. These findings suggest that although enhancing the sympathetic response can improve hemodynamic recovery during AAI, it may compromise tissue perfusion and enhance tissue injury.
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Díaz-Cruz A, Guinzberg R, Guerra R, Vilchis M, Carrasco D, García-Vázquez FJ, Piña E. Adrenaline stimulates H2O2generation in liver via NADPH oxidase. Free Radic Res 2009; 41:663-72. [PMID: 17516239 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701268751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is known that adrenaline promotes hydroxyl radical generation in isolated rat hepatocytes. The aim of this work was to investigate a potential role of NADPH oxidase (Nox) isoforms for an oxidative stress signal in response to adrenaline in hepatocytes. Enriched plasma membranes from isolated rat liver cells were prepared for this purpose. These membranes showed catalytic activity of Nox isoforms, probably Nox 2 based on its complete inhibition with specific antibodies. NADPH was oxidized to convert O(2) into superoxide radical, later transformed into H(2)O(2). This enzymatic activity requires previous activation with either 3 mM Mn(2+) or guanosine 5'-0-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTPgammaS) plus adrenaline. Experimental conditions for activation and catalytic steps were set up: ATP was not required; S(0.5) for NADPH was 44 microM; S(0.5) for FAD was 8 microM; NADH up to 1 mM was not substrate, and diphenyleneiodonium was inhibitory. Activation with GTPgammaS plus adrenaline was dose- and Ca(2+)-dependent and proceeded through alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors (AR), whereas beta-AR stimulation resulted in inhibition of Nox activity. These results lead us to propose H(2)O(2) as additional transduction signal for adrenaline response in hepatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Díaz-Cruz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Karavolos MH, Spencer H, Bulmer DM, Thompson A, Winzer K, Williams P, Hinton JCD, Khan CMA. Adrenaline modulates the global transcriptional profile of Salmonella revealing a role in the antimicrobial peptide and oxidative stress resistance responses. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:458. [PMID: 18837991 PMCID: PMC2576261 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The successful interaction of bacterial pathogens with host tissues requires the sensing of specific chemical and physical cues. The human gut contains a huge number of neurons involved in the secretion and sensing of a class of neuroendocrine hormones called catecholamines. Recently, in Escherichia coli O157:H7, the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline were shown to act synergistically with a bacterial quorum sensing molecule, autoinducer 3 (AI-3), to affect bacterial virulence and motility. We wished to investigate the impact of adrenaline on the biology of Salmonella spp. Results We have determined the effect of adrenaline on the transcriptome of the gut pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Addition of adrenaline led to an induction of key metal transport systems within 30 minutes of treatment. The oxidative stress responses employing manganese internalisation were also elicited. Cells lacking the key oxidative stress regulator OxyR showed reduced survival in the presence of adrenaline and complete restoration of growth upon addition of manganese. A significant reduction in the expression of the pmrHFIJKLM antimicrobial peptide resistance operon reduced the ability of Salmonella to survive polymyxin B following addition of adrenaline. Notably, both phenotypes were reversed by the addition of the β-adrenergic blocker propranolol. Our data suggest that the BasSR two component signal transduction system is the likely adrenaline sensor mediating the antimicrobial peptide response. Conclusion Salmonella are able to sense adrenaline and downregulate the antimicrobial peptide resistance pmr locus through the BasSR two component signalling system. Through iron transport, adrenaline may affect the oxidative stress balance of the cell requiring OxyR for normal growth. Both adrenaline effects can be inhibited by the addition of the β-adrenergic blocker propranolol. Adrenaline sensing may provide an environmental cue for the induction of the Salmonella stress response in anticipation of imminent host-derived oxidative stress. However, adrenaline may also serve in favour of the host defences by lowering antimicrobial peptide resistance and hence documenting for the first time such a function for a hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Karavolos
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK.
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Girouard H, de Champlain J. Acute and chronic effects of free radicals on α1-adrenergic-induced vasoconstriction in mesenteric beds of spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2005; 23:807-14. [PMID: 15775786 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000163150.43201.ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether free radicals participate in the increased sensitivity of the alpha-adrenergic pathway in mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). METHODS AND RESULTS SHRs are characterized by a greater vasoconstriction (P < 0.001) in response to phenylephrine in isolated and perfused mesenteric arteries. Deferoxamine (DFX) produced a significant increase in the phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction in isolated mesenteric beds from both SHRs (P < 0.001) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (P < 0.05), but with a greater magnitude in SHRs (P < 0.01). Acutely, activation of the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase (HX-XO) system produced an endothelium- and NO-dependent vasoconstriction at low concentration (P < 0.01), followed by an endothelium-independent vasorelaxation at greater concentrations in phenylephrine-preconstricted mesenteric beds (P < 0.01). Catalase and SOD (P < 0.01) prevented this endothelium-dependent response, whereas the endothelium-independent vasorelaxation induced by HX-XO was blocked by catalase, SOD and DFX (P < 0.01). Chronic administration of a diet deficient in selenium and vitamin E decreased the glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes and plasma from SHRs and WKY rats (P < 0.001). Moreover, the deficient diet significantly increased the sensitivity of mesenteric arteries to phenylephrine in SHRs (P < 0.001) and WKY rats (P < 0.05), whereas it decreased acetylcholine-induced vasodilatation in SHRs only (P < 0.05). The KCl-induced vasoconstriction in response to oxygen radicals was enhanced only in mesenteric bed from SHRs. CONCLUSION Free radicals seem to potentiate the alpha-adrenergic pathway acutely in low concentrations and to sensitize this pathway chronically in SHRs. These observations may explain the potentiated response to alpha-adrenergic agonists observed in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Girouard
- Research Group on Autonomic Nervous System, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal (Quebec), Canada
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