1
|
Jang H, Gopinath GR, Eshwar A, Srikumar S, Nguyen S, Gangiredla J, Patel IR, Finkelstein SB, Negrete F, Woo J, Lee Y, Fanning S, Stephan R, Tall BD, Lehner A. The Secretion of Toxins and Other Exoproteins of Cronobacter: Role in Virulence, Adaption, and Persistence. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E229. [PMID: 32046365 PMCID: PMC7074816 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
: Cronobacter species are considered an opportunistic group of foodborne pathogenic bacteria capable of causing both intestinal and systemic human disease. This review describes common virulence themes shared among the seven Cronobacter species and describes multiple exoproteins secreted by Cronobacter, many of which are bacterial toxins that may play a role in human disease. The review will particularly concentrate on the virulence factors secreted by C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, and C. turicensis, which are the primary human pathogens of interest. It has been discovered that various species-specific virulence factors adversely affect a wide range of eukaryotic cell processes including protein synthesis, cell division, and ion secretion. Many of these factors are toxins which have been shown to also modulate the host immune response. These factors are encoded on a variety of mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons; this genomic plasticity implies ongoing re-assortment of virulence factor genes which has complicated our efforts to categorize Cronobacter into sharply defined genomic pathotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Jang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Gopal R. Gopinath
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Athmanya Eshwar
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (R.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Shabarinath Srikumar
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Scott Nguyen
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Isha R. Patel
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Samantha B. Finkelstein
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Flavia Negrete
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - JungHa Woo
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - YouYoung Lee
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (R.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Ben D. Tall
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (R.S.); (A.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kawase T, Miura F, Debnath A, Imakura K, Miyoshi SI. Functional analysis of N-terminal propeptide in the precursor of Vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease by using cell-free translational system. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 149:13-16. [PMID: 29635038 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a human pathogen causing fatal septicemia with edematous and hemorrhagic skin damage. Among multiple virulence factors, an extracellular metalloprotease termed as V. vulnificus protease (VVP) is known to play a crucial role in eliciting the skin damage. The mature VVP (413 aa) is composed of two domains, the N-terminal core domain with proteolytic activity and the C-terminal domain mediates efficient attachment to protein substrates. However, VVP is produced as an inactive precursor (609 aa) with a signal peptide (24 aa) and propeptide (172 aa). In order to clarify the function of propeptide, a series of DNA fragments encoding the VVP precursor and its various domains were designed and the proteins were expressed in vitro by using cell-free translational system. The results indicated that the propeptide might function as an intramolecular chaperon to promote the proper folding of both N-terminal and C-terminal domains. The obtained results also suggest that the propeptide, itself was unstable and thus digested easily by the enzymes present in cell lysate used for cell-free system. Additionally, the C-terminal domain in VVP found to inhibit the folding of the N-terminal domain in absence of propeptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Kawase
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Fumi Miura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Anusuya Debnath
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kinuyo Imakura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Elgaml A, Miyoshi SI. Regulation systems of protease and hemolysin production inVibrio vulnificus. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 61:1-11. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Elgaml
- Microbiology and Immunology Department; Faculty of Pharmacy; Mansoura University; Elgomhouria Street Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University; 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka Kita-Ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Elgaml A, Miyoshi SI. Role of the Histone-Like Nucleoid Structuring Protein (H-NS) in the Regulation of Virulence Factor Expression and Stress Response in Vibrio vulnificus. Biocontrol Sci 2016; 20:263-74. [PMID: 26699858 DOI: 10.4265/bio.20.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the important parameters regulating the expression of virulence factors in bacteria. The global regulator, a histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS), is known to play a crucial role in this regulation. In the present study, we first clarified the role of H-NS in the temperature-dependent regulation of virulence factor production in Vibrio vulnificus, including that of the cytolytic toxin (V. vulnificus hemolysin: VVH) and the proteolytic enzyme (V. vulnificus protease: VVP). The expression of hns itself was subjected to temperature regulation, where hns was expressed more at 26 ℃ than at 37 ℃. VVH production and the expression of its gene vvhA were increased by disruption of the hns gene. H-NS appeared to affect the vvhA expression by the well-documented transcriptional silencing mechanism. On the other hand, hns disruption resulted in the reduction of VVP production and the expression of its gene vvpE. H-NS was suggested to positively regulate vvpE expression through the increase in the level of the rpoS mRNA. Moreover, H-NS was found to contribute to the survival of V. vulnificus in stressful environments. When compared to the wild type strain, the hns mutant exhibited reduced survival rates when subjected to acidic pH, hyperosmotic and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Elgaml
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Elgaml A, Higaki K, Miyoshi SI. Effects of temperature, growth phase and luxO-disruption on regulation systems of toxin production in Vibrio vulnificus strain L-180, a human clinical isolate. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:681-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
6
|
Miyoshi SI, Sultan SZ, Yasuno Y, Shinoda S. GROWTH PHASE-DEPENDENT PRODUCTION OF A TOXIC METALLOPROTEASE BY VIBRIO VULNIFICUS. TOXIN REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540500320862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
7
|
Park J, Ryu SY, Kim CM, Shin SH. Two forms of Vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease VvpE are secreted via the type II general secretion system. J Microbiol 2008; 46:338-43. [PMID: 18604505 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus has been known to secrete one form of metalloprotease VvpE (45 kDa) that is cleaved to 34 kDa-VvpE and 11 kDa-C-terminal propeptide via extracellular autoproteolysis. However, we found that extracellular secretion of both the 34 and 45 kDa forms of VvpE began in the early growth phase; moreover, 34 kDa-VvpE existed as the major form in V. vulnificus cell lysates and culture supernatants. In addition, extracellular secretion of both 34 and 45 kDa-VvpE was blocked by mutation of the pilD gene, which encodes for the type IV leader peptidase/N-methyltransferase of the type II general secretion system, and the blocked VvpE secretion was recovered by in trans-complementation of the wild-type pilD gene. These results indicate that 34 kDa-VvpE is the major form secreted along with 45 kDa-VvpE from the early growth phase via the PilD-mediated type II general secretion system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Park
- Research Center for Resistant Cells, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang J, Sasaki T, Maehara Y, Nakao H, Tsuchiya T, Miyoshi SI. Variation of extracellular proteases produced by Vibrio vulnificus clinical isolates: Genetic diversity of the metalloprotease gene (vvp), and serine protease secretion by vvp-negative strains. Microb Pathog 2008; 44:494-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2007] [Revised: 12/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
9
|
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is ubiquitous in aquatic environments; however, it occasionally causes serious and often fatal infections in humans. These include invasive septicemia contracted through consumption of raw seafood, as well as wound infections acquired through contact with brackish or marine waters. In most cases of septicemia, the patients have underlying disease(s), such as liver dysfunction or alcoholic cirrhosis, and the secondary skin lesions including cellulitis, edema and hemorrhagic bulla appear on the limbs. Although V. Vul produces various virulent factors including polysaccharide capsule, type IV pili, hemolysin and proteolytic enzymes, the 45-kDa metalloprotease may be a causative factor of the skin lesions, because the purified protease enhances vascular permeability through generation of chemical mediators and also induces serious hemorrhagic damage through digestion of the vascular basement membrane. As well as other bacteria, V. Vul can regulate the protease production through the quorum-sensing system depending on bacterial cell density. However, this system operates efficiently at 25 degrees C, but not at 37 degrees C. Therefore, V. vulnificus may produce sufficient amounts of the protease only in the interstitial tissue of the limbs, in which temperature is lower than the internal temperature of the human body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chang AK, Kim HY, Park JE, Acharya P, Park IS, Yoon SM, You HJ, Hahm KS, Park JK, Lee JS. Vibrio vulnificus secretes a broad-specificity metalloprotease capable of interfering with blood homeostasis through prothrombin activation and fibrinolysis. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:6909-16. [PMID: 16199560 PMCID: PMC1251599 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.20.6909-6916.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a causative agent of serious food-borne diseases in humans related to the consumption of raw seafood. It secretes a metalloprotease that is associated with skin lesions and serious hemorrhagic complications. In this study, we purified and characterized an extracellular metalloprotease (designated as vEP) having prothrombin activation and fibrinolytic activities from V. vulnificus ATCC 29307. vEP could cleave various blood clotting-associated proteins such as prothrombin, plasminogen, fibrinogen, and factor Xa, and the cleavage could be stimulated by addition of 1 mM Mn2+ in the reaction. The cleavage of prothrombin produced active thrombin capable of converting fibrinogen to fibrin. The formation of active thrombin appeared to be transient, with further cleavage resulting in a loss of activity. The cleavage of plasminogen, however, did not produce an active plasmin. vEP could cleave all three major chains of fibrinogen without forming a clot. It could cleave fibrin polymer formed by thrombin as well as the cross-linked fibrin formed by factor XIIIa. In addition, vEP could also cleave plasma proteins such as bovine serum albumin and gamma globulin, and its broad specificity is reflected in the cleavage sites, which include Asp207-Phe208 and Thr272-Ala273 bonds in prothrombin and a Tyr80-Leu81 bond in plasminogen. Taken together, the data suggest that vEP is a broad-specificity protease that could function as a prothrombin activator and a fibrinolytic enzyme to interfere with blood homeostasis as part of the mechanism associated with the pathogenicity of V. vulnificus in humans and thereby facilitate the development of systemic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan K Chang
- Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|