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Timperley CM, Abdollahi M, Al-Amri AS, Baulig A, Benachour D, Borrett V, Cariño FA, Geist M, Gonzalez D, Kane W, Kovarik Z, Martínez-Álvarez R, Fusaro Mourão NM, Neffe S, Raza SK, Rubaylo V, Suárez AG, Takeuchi K, Tang C, Trifirò F, van Straten FM, Vanninen PS, Vučinić S, Zaitsev V, Zafar-Uz-Zaman M, Zina MS, Holen S, Forman JE, Alwan WS, Suri V. Advice on assistance and protection by the Scientific Advisory Board of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons: Part 2. On preventing and treating health effects from acute, prolonged, and repeated nerve agent exposure, and the identification of medical countermeasures able to reduce or eliminate the longer term health effects of nerve agents. Toxicology 2019; 413:13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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2
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Xiao H, Shi T, Han L, Tong R, Liao Z. Mechanism of penehyclidine hydrochloride on a dysmenorrhea rat model. Drug Dev Res 2018; 80:325-332. [PMID: 30511353 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Primary dysmenorrhea affects the quality of life in young women, particularly school and work performance. This study investigated the mechanisms of penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) efficacy on a rat model of primary dysmenorrhea. The model was induced by injecting both estradiol benzoate and oxytocin. Different doses of PHC were administrated intraperitoneally following estradiol benzoate administration. Writhing scores were assessed, and pathological changes of the uterus were observed via hematoxylin and eosin staining. Western blot and real-time PCR were used to evaluate the expression level of the M3 receptor, both TLR3 and TLR4 in uterine tissue, and the level of Ca2+ was measured in uterine tissues. Writhing scores significantly decreased in the PHC treatment group compared to model, and PHC alleviated the occurrence of edema or necrosis in the uteri compared to model group. PHC can decrease the M3 receptor, TLR3 , TLR4 expression, and the Ca2+ level compared to the model group. PHC is a potential candidate for the future treatment of primary dysmenorrhea due to its ability to attenuate muscarinic receptors and TLRs. Preclinical Research & Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingting Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lizhu Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi Liao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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3
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Chromatographic analysis of chemical compounds related to the Chemical Weapons Convention. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Yu C, Wang J. Neuroprotective effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:622-32. [PMID: 25206707 PMCID: PMC4145985 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Penehyclidine hydrochloride can promote microcirculation and reduce vascular permeability. However, the role of penehyclidine hydrochloride in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury remains unclear. In this study, in vivo middle cerebral artery occlusion models were established in experimental rats, and penehyclidine hydrochloride pretreatment was given via intravenous injection prior to model establishment. Tetrazolium chloride, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling and immunohistochemical staining showed that, penehyclidine hydrochloride pretreatment markedly attenuated neuronal histopathological changes in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum, reduced infarction size, increased the expression level of Bcl-2, decreased the expression level of caspase-3, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Xanthine oxidase and thiobarbituric acid chromogenic results showed that penehyclidine hydrochloride upregulated the activity of superoxide dismutase and downregulated the concentration of malondialdehyde in the ischemic cerebral cortex and hippocampus, as well as reduced the concentration of extracellular excitatory amino acids in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, penehyclidine hydrochloride inhibited the expression level of the NR1 subunit in hippocampal nerve cells in vitro following oxygen-glucose deprivation, as detected by PCR. Experimental findings indicate that penehyclidine hydrochloride attenuates neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress injury after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, thus exerting a neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China ; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Junke Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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Xiao HT, Liao Z, Meng XM, Yan XY, Chen SJ, Mo ZJ. Characterization of the effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride on muscarinic receptor subtypes mediating the contraction of guinea-pig isolated gastrointestinal smooth muscle. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.07.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim was to characterize the effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride, which mediates the relaxation of guinea-pig isolated gastrointestinal smooth muscle, on muscarinic receptor subtypes.
Methods
Radioimmune assay was used to determine cAMP levels in isolated guinea-pig gastrointestinal smooth muscle to compare the selective effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride on muscarinic receptor subtypes.
Key findings
The results indicated that the relaxing effect of penehyclidine hydro-chloride on isolated gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction induced by acetylcholine was stronger than that of atropine (based on PA2 values). In the radioimmune assay, penehyclidine hydrochloride increased the cAMP content in isolated guinea-pig stomach smooth muscle and decreased the cAMP content in isolated guinea-pig intestinal smooth muscle, but the difference was not statistically significant at a dose of 10 μmol/1.
Conclusions
The results suggest that penehyclidine hydrochloride has little or no effect on M2 receptor subtypes in guinea-pig gastrointestinal smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-tao Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China
| | - Zhi Liao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian-min Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, Public Health Clinical Center Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China
| | - Xiao-yan Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu-jie Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China
| | - Zheng-ji Mo
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China
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Xiao HT, Liao Z, Meng XM, Yan XY, Chen SJ, Mo ZJ. Underlying mechanism of penehyclidine hydrochloride on isolated rat uterus. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2009; 23:419-21. [PMID: 19709320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the underlying mechanisms of penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC), a novel selective anticholinergic drug on isolated rat uterus. The method of radio-immunity assay was further employed to determine cyclic adenosine mono phosphate (cAMP) levels in isolated rat uterus for comparing with selective effect on muscarinic receptor subtypes. In the assay, PHC could decrease the content of cAMP in isolated rat uterus, but the difference was not statistically significant at dose of 10 mumol/L. In conclusion, our results suggested that PHC has no or poor effect on M(2) receptor subtypes in isolated rat uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-tao Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial Peoples Hospital, 610072 Chengdu, China.
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John H, Worek F, Thiermann H. LC-MS-based procedures for monitoring of toxic organophosphorus compounds and verification of pesticide and nerve agent poisoning. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:97-116. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Wei J, Wang A. Embryo-fetal development toxicity of prenatal exposure to penequine hydrochloride intramuscularly in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:592-9. [PMID: 17134811 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The potential for penequine hydrochloride to induce maternal and embryo-fetal developmental toxicity was evaluated in Wistar rats. The drug was administered intramuscularly (i.m.) at dose levels of 0, 10, 30 or 50mg/kg/day to groups of pregnant rats from day 6 to 15 of gestation. All dams were observed for maternal body weights, food consumption and any abnormal change, and subjected to caesarean-section on gestation day (GD) 20; all fetuses obtained from caesarean-section were assessed by external inspection, visceral and skeletal examinations. In the 50mg/kg/day group, maternal toxicity included an increase in the incidence of abnormal clinical signs, and decrease in the body weight and body weight gain. Developmental toxicity included an increase in the postimplantation loss, a decrease in the litter size, and a reduction in the gravid uterus weight. In addition, a statistically non-significant increase in the incidence of fetal external, visceral, and skeletal alterations including malformations and variations were seen in high-dose group. There were no treatment-related findings in maternal clinical and intrauterine observations, and fetal morphological examinations in mid-, low-dose and control groups. Thus, under the conditions of this study, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) and lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) of penequine hydrochloride for both maternal and embryo-fetal toxicity in the Wistar rats were considered to be 30mg/kg/day and 50mg/kg/day, which are approximately 900 and 1500 above the therapeutic dosage, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Jin H, Huang C, Wang Z, Wang A. Fertility and early embryonic development toxicity of penequine hydrochloride in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1051-9. [PMID: 17289241 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Penequine hydrochloride, a novel anticholinergic agent, was developed as an effective treatment for organophosphorus intoxication. The potential for penequine hydrochloride to induce fertility and early embryonic developmental toxicity was evaluated in AMMS-1 mice. Totally 320 healthy, sexual mature and nulliparous AMMS-1 mice were orally treated with the chemical in drinking water at dose levels of 0, 2.5, 12.5 and 62.5 mg/L from 60 days before cohabitation to successful copulation in 160 males and from two weeks before cohabitation to GD 6 in 160 females, respectively. All the parental mice were observed for body weights, water consumption and any abnormal change during treatment period. Caesarean sections were carried out on day 14 of pregnancy in half assumed-pregnant females, and all the intrauterine data were recorded. Pups naturally delivered by the other half females were weighed, and examined for viability, sex ratio and gross malformations. About 7 days after cohabitation period, all the paternal males were examined for epididymal and testicular weights, sperm number and sperm motility. The decreases in fertility/fecundity indices and maternal weight gain were found at high-dose level in both caesarean sections and natural delivery observations. The primary developmental toxicity of the chemical included decreases in relative organ (epididymis, liver and lung) weights at mid- and high-dose levels in pups on postnatal day (PND) 35. The cause of both the decreased fertility/fecundity indices in F0 males and the decreased relative organ weights in F1 pups are not well known but are presently under investigation. Under the experimental conditions, penequine hydrochloride did not produce any adverse effects (expect the decreases in certain relative organ weights) up to and including 12.5 mg/L (2.53 mg/kg/day in males and 2.19 mg/kg/day in females) corresponding to approximately 72 times above anticipated dosage in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng He
- a Advanced Separation Technologies, Inc. , Whippany, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas E. Beesley
- a Advanced Separation Technologies, Inc. , Whippany, New Jersey, USA
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Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Huang C, Jin H, Wang Z, Wang A. The pre- and post-natal toxicity of penequine hydrochloride in mice. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 22:710-7. [PMID: 16777373 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Penequine hydrochloride, a novel anticholinergic agent, was developed as an effective treatment for organophosphorus intoxication (e.g., soman poisoning). The current study was performed to assess the potential pre- and post-natal toxicity of penequine hydrochloride in mice. Approximately 120 timed-pregnant mice were assigned to four dose groups (n=30 per group). Dams were exposed orally to 0, 2.5, 12.5, 62.5 mg/L penequine hydrochloride in drinking water from gestation day 6 to lactation day 21. The F1 generation mice, which were not exposed directly to penequine hydrochloride as pups or as adults, were bred to produce F2 generation fetuses for the fertility test of the F1 population. Various pre- and post-natal measurements, including neurobehavioral tests, were performed with the F0 and F1 mice. Among the significant findings were decreases in water consumption, viability, organ weights and delay of physical landmarks in 62.5 mg/L groups. With the exception of treatment-unrelated abnormality in surface righting reflex in the F1 generation, penequine hydrochloride did not produce any adverse effects at doses up to and including 12.5 mg/L (equal to 2.5 mg/kg/day in mice) that were at least 75 times of human therapeutic dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Xuan Wu District, Beijing, China
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12
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Han XY, Liu H, Chen CH, Wu B, Zhong BH, Liu KL. Enantiospecific Synthesis of Penehyclidine Hydrochloride and Its Piperidine Derivatives with R Configuration. CHINESE J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200690074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Synthesis of the optical isomers of a new anticholinergic drug, penehyclidine hydrochloride (8018). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1979-82. [PMID: 15808451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A practical diastereoselective synthetic method for 8018 enantiopure isomers is described. The intramolecular asymmetric epoxidation of mono-sulfonate 4 was applied for the execution of the synthesis of the key chiral building block for the first time. The isomers were obtained with 70-76% yields in 99-100% ee.
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