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Pezzali JG, Shoveller AK. Herbal paw-sibilities: potential use and challenges of Astragalus membranaceus and Panax species (ginseng) in diets intended for cats and dogs. Anim Front 2024; 14:17-27. [PMID: 38910952 PMCID: PMC11188985 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Guazzelli Pezzali
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Chen YF, Wu KJ, Siao LR, Tsai HY. Trilinolein, a Natural Triacylglycerol, Protects Cerebral Ischemia through Inhibition of Neuronal Apoptosis and Ameliorates Intimal Hyperplasia via Attenuation of Migration and Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and RAS/MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway in VSMCs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12820. [PMID: 36361610 PMCID: PMC9658252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is one of the leading causes of disability and death worldwide, and seeking a potential treatment is essential. Trilinolein (TriL) is a natural triacylglycerol presented in several plants. The effects of TriL on cerebrovascular diseases such as cerebral ischemia and carotid stenosis have never been studied. Accordingly, we investigated the protection of TriL on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration in vivo and in vitro. The cerebral infarction area, the intima to media area (I/M ratio), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-staining of the carotid artery were measured. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-stimulated A7r5 cell migration and potential mechanisms of TriL were investigated by wound healing, transwell, and Western blotting. TriL (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced: the cerebral infarction area; neurological deficit; TUNEL-positive apoptosis; intimal hyperplasia; and PCNA-positive cells in rodents. TriL (5, 10, and 20 µM) significantly inhibited PDGF-BB-stimulated A7r5 cell migration and reduced matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), Ras, MEK, and p-ERK protein levels in PDGF-BB-stimulated A7r5 cells. TriL is protective in models of I/R-induced brain injury, carotid artery ligation-induced intimal hyperplasia, and VSMC migration both in vivo and in vitro. TriL could be potentially efficacious in preventing cerebral ischemia and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Fung Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jen Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Ru Siao
- Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Yann Tsai
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
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Gan XT, Karmazyn M. Cardioprotection by ginseng: experimental and clinical evidence and underlying mechanisms. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:859-868. [PMID: 29940129 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protection of the ischemic and reperfused myocardium represents a major therapeutic challenge. Translating results from animal studies to the clinical setting has been disappointing, yet the need for effective intervention, particularly to limit heart damage following infarction or surgical procedures such as coronary artery bypass grafting, is substantial. Among the many compounds touted as cardioprotective agents is ginseng, a medicinal herb belonging to the genus Panax, which has been used as a medicinal agent for thousands of years, particularly in Asian societies. The biological actions of ginseng are very complex and reflect composition of many bioactive components, although many of the biological and therapeutic effects of ginseng have been attributed to the presence of steroid-like saponins termed ginsenosides. Both ginseng and many ginsenosides have been shown to exert cardioprotective properties in experimental models. There is also clinical evidence that traditional Chinese medications containing ginseng exert cardioprotective properties, although such clinical evidence is less robust primarily owing to the paucity of large-scale clinical trials. Here, we discuss the experimental and clinical evidence for ginseng, ginsenosides, and ginseng-containing formulations as cardioprotective agents against ischemic and reperfusion injury. We further discuss potential mechanisms, particularly as these relate to antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Tracey Gan
- University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2X6, Canada.,University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2X6, Canada
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Huang SS, Deng JS, Lin JG, Lee CY, Huang GJ. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Trilinolein from Panax notoginseng Through the Suppression of NF-κB and MAPK Expression and Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 42:1485-506. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of trilinolein (TL) using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage (RAW264.7) and carrageenan (Carr)-induced mouse paw edema model. When RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with different concentrations of TL together with LPS, a significant concentration-dependent inhibition of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1β), and IL-6 production was detected. Western blotting revealed that TL blocked the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), IκBα, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). In the anti-inflammatory test, TL decreased the paw edema at the 5th h after λ-Carr administration in paw edema. We also demonstrated TL significantly attenuated the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the edema paw at the 5th h after Carr injection. TL decreased the NO and TNF-α levels on the serum level at the 5th h after Carr injection. Western blotting revealed that TL decreased Carr-induced iNOS and COX-2 expressions at the 5th h in the edema paw. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of TL might be related to the decrease in the level of iNOS, COX-2, IκBα, and MAPK pathway through the suppression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Shyun Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Shyan Deng
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Jaung-Geng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ying Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jhong Huang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Chou PY, Huang GJ, Pan CH, Chien YC, Chen YY, Wu CH, Sheu MJ, Cheng HC. Trilinolein Inhibits Proliferation of Human Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A549 Through the Modulation of PI3K/Akt Pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 39:803-15. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x11009214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trilinolein has been identified as one of the active constituents isolated from Panax notoginseng used widely in traditional Chinese medicine. Protective actions of Panax notoginseng against cerebral ischemia, beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, and hemostatic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, renoprotective and estrogen-like activities have been illustrated. In the present study, the effects of trilinolein on the growth of non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 were investigated. It was found that the exposure of A549 cells to trilinolein resulted in the growth inhibition and the induction of apoptosis in a dose- and time- dependent manner. Trilinolein treatment induced the upregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax, downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression, which was associated with the proteolytic activation of caspases and the concomitant degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein. Intracellular reactive oxygen species seem to play a role in the trilinolein-induced apoptosis, since ROS were produced early in the trilinolein treatment. Moreover, the activity of PI3K/Akt was downregulated in trilinolein-treated cells. Our results demonstrated that the most important regulators of trilinolein-induced apoptosis are Bcl-2 family and caspase-3, which are associated with cytochrome c release and dephosphorylation on the Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Chou
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jhong Huang
- Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsu Pan
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Chien
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsi Wu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jyh Sheu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Chen Cheng
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung, 402, Taiwan
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Chande N, Laidlaw M, Adams P, Marotta P. Yo Jyo Hen Shi Ko (YHK) improves transaminases in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a randomized pilot study. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51:1183-9. [PMID: 16944007 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-8030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
NASH is a common condition with a rising incidence. There is progression to cirrhosis in some cases and the potential for mortality or requirement of liver transplantation. Currently, there is no approved therapy for NASH. The natural compound YHK has both anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties, and can lead to improvement in transaminases in viral hepatitis. Improvement in transaminases may correlate with improved histology in NASH and hence may impact on the natural history. We sought to determine the effects of YHK on NASH. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to determine the effects of YHK on transaminases and on quality of life (QoL) in patients with biopsy-confirmed NASH and a persistently abnormal ALT or AST. Eight patients were randomized to YHK or placebo for 8 weeks. The ALT and AST were measured at baseline and weeks 4, 8, and 12. SF-36 surveys were serially completed. All five patients in the YHK group but none in the placebo group had a marked decrease in ALT at both week 4 and week 8 compared to baseline. After discontinuing YHK the ALT returned toward baseline at week 12. The mean decrease in ALT compared to baseline was significantly greater in the YHK group than in the placebo group at both week 4 (-42.8+/-23.2 vs. -6.3+/-6.7 U/L; P=0.036) and week 8 (-45.4+/-23.4 vs. 6.0+/-24.6 U/L; P=0.036). There was also a nonsignificant decrease in AST in the YHK group compared to placebo. QoL was not affected and no severe adverse events were reported. In this controlled pilot study we found the novel nutraceutical agent YHK to be effective at reducing ALT values in patients with NASH. YHK is well tolerated. Further studies are justified to assess the impact of YHK in the natural history of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Chande
- Division of Gastroenterology, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.
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Chan P, Chang JJ, Chen FC, Wu MS, Tomlinson B, Cheng JT. Effects of trilinolein on superoxide dismutase activity and mrna levels in aortic smooth muscle cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2000; 27:1002-6. [PMID: 11117219 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1681.2000.03385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is still the leading cause of death in Western countries. Oxygen free radicals are considered to be intimately involved in the development of atherosclerosis. Anti-oxidants may help to protect mammalian cells from the damage induced by these reactive oxygen species. Many reports have indicated that anti-oxidants used in the treatment or prevention of disease could modify the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD). However, the effects of long-term anti-oxidant treatment on the levels of SOD in smooth muscle cells (SMC) is still unclear. In the present study, the effects of the lipophilic anti-oxidant trilinolein on the activity and gene expression of SOD in SMC were evaluated. 2. After 2 days incubation with 0.1 micromol/L trilinolein, the activity and mRNA levels of SOD were increased in rat aortic SMC (A7r5), but there was no significant change in these parameters with a higher concentration of 1 micromol/L trilinolein. 3. In contrast, after 7 days incubation with trilinolein, both the activity and mRNA levels of SOD were lowered in a dose-dependent manner. 4. These data emphasize the importance of choosing an optimal dosage for supplementation with anti-oxidants in humans for the scavenging of oxygen free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taiwan
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Chan P, Tomlinson B. Antioxidant effects of Chinese traditional medicine: focus on trilinolein isolated from the Chinese herb sanchi (Panax pseudoginseng). J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 40:457-61. [PMID: 10806597 DOI: 10.1177/00912700022009215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is thought that oxygen-derived free radicals (OFR) cause lipid peroxidation, which contributes to the process of atherosclerosis, and they are also involved in the myocardial damage seen with ischemia and reperfusion. Antioxidants could potentially ameliorate such harmful effects. Many natural plant products have been shown to have antioxidant effects. Trilinolein, a triacylglycerol purified from Panax pseudoginseng, which is commonly used in Chinese traditional medicine, has been found to have pharmacological effects, including antioxidant activity that may explain the benefits in treating circulatory disorders perceived from the use of the herb over the centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taipei Medical College, Taipei Wan Fang Hospital, Taiwan
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Chiu WT, Chan P, Liao SS, Liou JR, Cheng JT. Effect of trilinolein on the activity and gene expression of superoxide dismutase in cultured rat brain astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 1999; 269:17-20. [PMID: 10821634 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in recent. Oxygen free radicals produced during cerebral infarction increases the damage to neurons. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is the endogenous antioxidant enzyme that can effectively scavenge superoxide radicals. Trilinolein is a lipophilic antioxidant purified from the herb of Panax pseudoginseng. In the cultured rat brain astrocytes (RBA), the activity of SOD (both Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD subtypes) was markedly increased by incubation with trilinolein at low concentration (0.1 microM) for 2 days. This stimulatory effect of trilinolein was not related to the incubating concentration. However, long-term (7 days) incubation with trilinolein at same concentration decreased the activity. Similar changes were also observed in the gene expression of SOD in RBA; short-term (2 days) incubation of RBA by 0.1 microM trilinolein increased the mRNA level that was lowered in RBA received a long-term incubation with 0.1 microM trilinolein. This result shows that trilinolein is an effective antioxidant to increase the activity of SOD in RBA which would be beneficial to neurons subjected to oxygen free radical damage. However, long-term medication of antioxidant shall be concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Chiu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical College affiliated Taipei Wan-Fang Hospital, Taiwan
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