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Abstract
BACKGROUND A systematic approach to the etiology and possible course of acute mediastinitis is a prerequisite for adequate diagnostics and therapy. Chronic mediastinitis represents a rarity in the clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHOD A selective literature search was carried out. RESULTS An acute infection of the mediastinum occurs after perforation of mediastinal structures, such as the esophagus and trachea mostly of iatrogenic origin and as descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) from oropharyngeal foci. The mortality rate of esophageal injuries, irrespective of the cause is currently given as 12 %. A DNM results from an unobstructed spread along the cervicothoracic spaces and is a severe infection which manifests as a clinical picture of sepsis. The mortality rate given in the currently available literature is 14 %. Chronic mediastinitis is a very rare condition which is characterized by the proliferation of fibrous and collagenous tissue in the mediastinum. Whereas the pathogenesis remains unclear, there are indications for a Histoplasma capsulatum infection as the causal link. The prognosis is good. CONCLUSION After perforation of the esophagus or trachea there is always the risk of an infection of the mediastinum; therefore, the diagnosis is followed by further evaluation and early therapy. The DNM can cause unspecific symptoms of sepsis without an obvious focal point. It is important to be aware of a possible correlation between an oropharyngeal center of infection and mediastinitis in order to initiate appropriate diagnostic imaging in cases with the slightest suspicion. Chronic mediastinitis is a rare condition with varying courses and can be difficult to diagnose. An histological clarification for distinction from malignant diseases appears to be a sensible approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kluge
- Klinik für Thoraxchirurgie und thorakale Endoskopie, Helios Klinikum Erfurt, Nordhäuser Str. 74, 99089, Erfurt, Deutschland.
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Li Y, Meng X, Wang Y, Yang Y, Lu X. Fibrosing mediastinitis with pulmonary hypertension as a complication of pulmonary vein stenosis: A case report and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9694. [PMID: 29369193 PMCID: PMC5794377 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibrosingmediastinitis (FM) is caused by a proliferation of fibrous tissue in the mediastinum encasing the mediastinal viscera that results in compression of mediastinal bronchovascular structures. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe complication of FM caused by extrinsic compression of pulmonary blood vessels. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we present the case of a 47-year-old man who presented with a 10-year history of progressive hemoptysis and a 2-year history of shortness of breath, in whom a diagnosis of FM was made. Occlusion of the superior pulmonary veins was noted, with stenosis of the inferior pulmonary veins, leading to PH. Because the patient was a poor candidate for interventional catheterization, the preferred treatment for FM, his PH has been managed with diuretics, and he remains stable. CONCLUSIONS FM is a serious, potentially life-threatening condition that is best managed in specialized centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Li
- Department of Echocardiography, Heart Center
| | | | - Yidan Wang
- Department of Echocardiography, Heart Center
| | - Yuanhua Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuzhang Lu
- Department of Echocardiography, Heart Center
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Seferian A, Steriade A, Jaïs X, Planché O, Savale L, Parent F, Amar D, Jovan R, Fadel E, Sitbon O, Simonneau G, Humbert M, Montani D. Pulmonary Hypertension Complicating Fibrosing Mediastinitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1800. [PMID: 26554778 PMCID: PMC4915879 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosing mediastinitis is caused by a proliferation of fibrous tissue in the mediastinum with encasement of mediastinal viscera and compression of mediastinal bronchovascular structures. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe complication of fibrosing mediastinitis caused by extrinsic compression of the pulmonary arteries and/or veins.We have conducted a retrospective observational study reviewing clinical, functional, hemodynamic, radiological characteristics, and outcome of 27 consecutive cases of PH associated with fibrosing mediastinitis diagnosed between 2003 and 2014 at the French Referral Centre for PH.Fourteen men and 13 women with a median age of 60 years (range 18-84) had PH confirmed on right heart catheterization. The causes of fibrosing mediastinitis were sarcoidosis (n = 13), tuberculosis-infection confirmed or suspected (n = 9), mediastinal irradiation (n = 2), and idiopathic (n = 3). Sixteen patients (59%) were in NYHA functional class III and IV. Right heart catheterization confirmed moderate to severe PH with a median mean pulmonary artery pressure of 42 mm Hg (range 27-90) and a median cardiac index of 2.8 L/min/m (range 1.6-4.3). Precapillary PH was found in 22 patients, postcapillary PH in 2, and combined postcapillary and precapillary PH in 3. Severe extrinsic compression of pulmonary arteries (>60% reduction in diameter) was evidenced in 2, 8, and 12 patients at the main, lobar, or segmental levels, respectively. Fourteen patients had at least one severe pulmonary venous compression with associated pleural effusion in 6 of them. PAH therapy was initiated in 7 patients and corticosteroid therapy (0.5-1 mg/kg/day) was initiated in 3 patients with sarcoidosis, with 9 other being already on low-dose corticosteroids. At 1-year follow-up, 3 patients had died and among the 21 patients evaluated, 3 deteriorated, 14 were stable, and only 4 patients with sarcoidosis improved (4 receiving corticosteroids and 1 receiving corticosteroids and PAH therapy). Survival was 88%, 73%, and 56% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively.We found no clear clinical improvement with the use of specific PAH therapy. Corticosteroid therapy may be associated with clinical improvement, in some patients with fibrosing mediastinitis due to sarcoidosis. Although never performed for this indication, lung transplantation may be proposed in eligible patients with severe PH and fibrosing mediastinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Seferian
- From the University Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine (AS, AS, XJ, OP, LS, FP, DA, RJ, EF, OS, GS, MH, DM); AP-HP, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU) Thorax Innovation (TORINO), Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre (AS, AS, XJ, LS, FP, DA, RJ, OS, GS, MH, DM); UMR_S 999, University Paris-Sud; INSERM; Laboratoire d'Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson (AS, AS, XJ, LS, FP, DA, RJ, EF, OS, GS, MH, DM); AP-HP, Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre (OP); and Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Le Plessis Robinson, France (EF)
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Serraj M, Kamaoui I, El Marzguioui N, Amara B, El Biaze M, Tizniti S, Benjelloun MC. [Acute pulmonary edema, new complication of sclerosing mediastinitis]. REVUE DE PNEUMOLOGIE CLINIQUE 2012; 68:290-294. [PMID: 22763333 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneumo.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sclerosing mediastinitis is a rare and benign disease, which can cause obstruction of mediastinal structures, this determines the clinical presentation and prognosis. The obstruction of pulmonary venous structures secondary to mediastinal fibrosis has been rarely reported, clinically it mimics mitral stenosis. We describe the clinical case of a young patient with idiopathic sclerosing mediastinitis. The radiologic exams found stenosis of the right pulmonary artery, the right bronchus and pulmonary veins. Through this observation, we discuss this rare entity that although benign, can also be deadly. We study the different etiologies, clinical and therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Serraj
- Service de Pneumologie, CHU Hassan II, BP 5552, 30006 Fès Sidi Brahim, Fès, Maroc.
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McNeeley MF, Chung JH, Bhalla S, Godwin JD. Imaging of Granulomatous Fibrosing Mediastinitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012; 199:319-327. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.11.7319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. McNeeley
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 Pacific Ave NE, Box 357115, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Sanjeev Bhalla
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology at Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - J. David Godwin
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 Pacific Ave NE, Box 357115, Seattle, WA 98195
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den Bakker MA, Thomeer M, Maat APWM, Groeninx van Zoelen CE. Life-threatening hemoptysis caused by chronic idiopathic pulmonary hilar fibrosis with unilateral pulmonary vein occlusion. Ann Diagn Pathol 2005; 9:319-22. [PMID: 16308160 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We present the case of a patient who has a life-threatening hemoptysis caused by occlusion of the right pulmonary vein owing to external compression by excessive fibrous tissue. Because the patient's lung was essentially nonfunctional and hemoptysis persisted, we performed a pneumonectomy on her. Pathological analysis of the lung showed severe hypertensive changes in the arterial and venous microvasculature of the lung. Parenchymal-pleural to intercostal systemic venous connections had developed, facilitating venous drainage of the lung circulation. Upon review of the patient's history and the pathological and radiological evidence, we concluded that the pathological changes were caused by a variant of mediastinal fibrosis termed chronic idiopathic pulmonary hilar fibrosis, of which only a few cases have been described in the literature. A detailed case history and review of the literature are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A den Bakker
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Canotilho MJ, Sotto-Mayor R, Teixeira E, Manique A, Bugalho de Almeida A. [Idiophatic mediastinal fibrosis: a case report]. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2005; 11:155-63. [PMID: 15947859 DOI: 10.1016/s0873-2159(15)30497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein report a case of a male patient, who presented a mediastinal mass that had a slow growth over the years. After surgery, that made the diagnosis of idiopathic mediastinal fibrosis, the growth stabilized. Four years latter it was observed a substantial increase which lead to the inevitable compression of vital structures which, in turn, led to pulmonary hypertension. Idiopathic mediastinal fibrosis is an extremely rare pathology. There are same cases in which it is associated with other pathologies but has always a fatal prognosis when surgery is not an option.
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9
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Abstract
Fibrosing mediastinitis is a rare benign disorder caused by proliferation of acellular collagen and fibrous tissue within the mediastinum. Although many cases are idiopathic, many (and perhaps most) cases in the United States are thought to be caused by an abnormal immunologic response to Histoplasma capsulatum infection. Affected patients are typically young and present with signs and symptoms of obstruction or compression of the superior vena cava, pulmonary veins or arteries, central airways, or esophagus. There may be two types of fibrosing mediastinitis: focal and diffuse. The focal type usually manifests on computed tomographic (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) images as a localized, calcified mass in the paratracheal or subcarinal regions of the mediastinum or in the pulmonary hila. The diffuse type manifests on CT or MR images as a diffusely infiltrating, often noncalcified mass that affects multiple mediastinal compartments. CT and MR imaging play a vital role in the diagnosis and management of fibrosing mediastinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Rossi
- Deprtment of Radiology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Frazier AA, Galvin JR, Franks TJ, Rosado-De-Christenson ML. From the archives of the AFIP: pulmonary vasculature: hypertension and infarction. Radiographics 2000; 20:491-524; quiz 530-1, 532. [PMID: 10715347 DOI: 10.1148/radiographics.20.2.g00mc17491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is the hemodynamic consequence of vascular changes within the precapillary (arterial) or postcapillary (venous) pulmonary circulation. These changes may be idiopathic, as in primary pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, but more commonly they represent a secondary response to alterations in pulmonary blood flow. The pulmonary and systemic bronchial circulations form broad anastomoses that largely prevent infarction except in settings of markedly elevated pulmonary venous pressure, underlying malignancy, or excessive embolic burden. Causes of precapillary pulmonary hypertension include long-standing cardiac left-to-right shunt, chronic thromboembolic disease, and widespread pulmonary embolism arising from intravascular malignant cells, parasites, or foreign materials. The classic radiologic features of precapillary pulmonary hypertension are central arterial enlargement, sharply pruned peripheral vascularity, and right-sided heart hypertrophy and chamber dilatation. Postcapillary pulmonary hypertension may develop secondary to focal venous constriction or to compromised pulmonary venous drainage due to left atrial neoplasia, mitral stenosis, or left ventricular failure. Radiologic manifestations of postcapillary pulmonary hypertension include prominent septal lines, small pleural effusions, and occasionally air-space opacities. In addition, radiologic evaluation of postcapillary pulmonary hypertension may demonstrate evidence of pulmonary arterial hypertension, secondary to the retrograde transmission of elevated pulmonary venous pressure across the capillary bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Frazier
- Departments of Radiologic Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, 20306-6000, USA.
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Gerard A, Durieu I, Cordier JF, Champsaur G, Loire R, Vital Durand D. [Primary sarcoma of the pulmonary artery. Case report]. Rev Med Interne 1999; 20:705-8. [PMID: 10480175 DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(99)80492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sarcoma of the common pulmonary artery is a rare malignant tumor that can mimic pulmonary embolism. EXEGESIS We report a case of a pulmonary artery sarcoma that occurred in a 60-year-old woman and had an unusual (4-year duration) evolution. CONCLUSION Early diagnosis with adequate surgical procedures (complete resection) leads to better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gerard
- Service de médecine interne-angiologie, centre hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
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12
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Álvares E, Telles E, Celeste Vagueiro M. Aspectos actuais da hipertensão arterial pulmonar: primária e secundária. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0873-2159(15)31082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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