Hematologic problems in the preoperative patient

Perioperative management of a patient with May-Hegglin anomaly requiring craniotomy

May-Hegglin anomaly (MHA) is a rare type of autosomal dominant platelet disorder associated with mutations in the gene encoding nonmuscle myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9). It is characterized by the presence of large platelets, leukocyte inclusions, and thrombocytopenia. The bleeding tendency is usually mild, but severe hemorrhages have been reported. This is the first reported case of a patient with MHA who underwent craniotomy for intractable seizure disorder of temporal lobe origin. Patients who have thrombocytopenia have a higher likelihood of developing intraoperative or postoperative intracranial hematoma and bleeding complications. The patient was administered desmopressin (DDAVP) prior to the neurosurgical procedure and had no complications. With this approach, the use of platelet concentrates could be avoided. We discuss the role of DDAVP in MHA and related platelet disorders and review the current literature.

Medical assessment of bleeding in the surgical patient

The key to avoidance of hemostatic failure during surgery is to be able to identify the high-risk patient and make a diagnosis and treat the defect before surgery. A thorough history and physical examination are mandatory in this regard. A screening coagulation profile is not a substitute for the history and physical examination. Selected presurgical tests are useful in major surgical cases and in certain high-risk cases. Otolaryngologists have advised presurgical testing for patients undergoing tonsillectomy, but the subject of presurgical testing is still a matter for investigation in view of the necessity for cost containment. Knowledge of the hemostatic system combined with a knowledge of the tests available to diagnose coagulation defects permits a rational approach to therapy of the bleeding surgical patient.

The significance of thrombocytopenia in the development of postoperative intracranial hematoma

A group of 35 patients undergoing intracranial surgery who exhibited perioperative thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 150,000/microliters) was studied retrospectively. Of the 35 patients, 14 (40%) developed postoperative intracranial hematomas requiring reoperation and seven (20%) died within 2 weeks after the operation. Analysis revealed that a perioperative platelet count below 100,000/microliters in a patient who failed to respond to platelet transfusions was associated with a higher risk of postoperative hematoma formation. All six patients with this profile developed postoperative hematomas. If the platelet count rose promptly from below 100,000/microliters to a normal level after platelet transfusions, the incidence of hematoma formation decreased dramatically. None of the three patients with this response developed postoperative hematoma. In patients in whom an acute drop in platelet count from the normal range to between 100,000 and 124,000/microliters occurred in the immediate perioperative period, there was a significantly higher change of hematoma formation; this finding has not hitherto been described. Of the 14 patients with this clinical course, eight developed postoperative hematoma after craniotomy for tumors and vascular lesions. This latter observation was substantiated by the fact that thrombocytopenic patients with postoperative hematomas had a greater reduction in platelet count than thrombocytopenic patients with no postoperative hematomas (p = 0.0004).