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Prego-Meleiro P, Recalde-Esnoz I, Sordo L, Del Castillo H, García-Ruiz C, Montalvo G, López-Cuadrado T. Drug-facilitated sexual assault in youth nightlife contexts in Spain. Public Health 2024; 233:157-163. [PMID: 38901300 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to provide epidemiological information on drug-facilitated sexual assault in Spanish youth partying, with a focus on prevalence rates and associated sociodemographic factors. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Quota sampling was used to recruit 1601 young people aged 18-35 years in Spain from a digital panel. A validated questionnaire on drug-facilitated sexual assault was used to assess five types of lifetime victimisation experiences while partying. Chi-square and the exact Fisher tests were used to describe the prevalence of victimisation, drug use patterns, and perpetrator profiles. Generalised ordered logistic regression was used to explore factors associated with victimisation, analysed by gender. RESULTS Half of young women and one-quarter of young men had experienced drug-facilitated sexual assault in their lifetime. Female victimisation due to touching and kissing was notably high, whereas men comprised almost half of the victims of more invasive DFSA experiences involving masturbation, penetration, and oral sex. Opportunism prevailed as the assault tactic, consisting of taking advantage of the victims' incapacity derived from voluntary alcohol use. Among women, risk of victimisation was associated with a lower education level, foreign-born status, and being non-heterosexual. Male victimisation risk was highest among non-heterosexual men. CONCLUSIONS Drug-facilitated sexual violence in youth nightlife contexts is a serious public health issue in Spain, which requires urgent action. Most assaults involve taking advantage of victims who are incapacitated by the effects of voluntary alcohol consumption. This sexual violence primarily affects women with lower educational levels or those who are foreign-born and non-heterosexual men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Prego-Meleiro
- Department of Public-Health and Maternal-Child, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Observatorio Universitario de Violencia Sexual Facilitada por Drogas, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Recalde-Esnoz
- Universidad de Alcalá, Observatorio Universitario de Violencia Sexual Facilitada por Drogas, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Ciencias de la Educación, C/ San Cirilio, s/n, 28804, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Sordo
- Department of Public-Health and Maternal-Child, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute, San Carlos University Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - H Del Castillo
- Universidad de Alcalá, Observatorio Universitario de Violencia Sexual Facilitada por Drogas, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Ciencias de la Educación, C/ San Cirilio, s/n, 28804, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - C García-Ruiz
- Universidad de Alcalá, Observatorio Universitario de Violencia Sexual Facilitada por Drogas, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Montalvo
- Universidad de Alcalá, Observatorio Universitario de Violencia Sexual Facilitada por Drogas, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - T López-Cuadrado
- National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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García MG, Pérez-Cárceles MD, Osuna E, Legaz I. Drug-facilitated sexual assault and other crimes: A systematic review by countries. J Forensic Leg Med 2021; 79:102151. [PMID: 33773270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) and drug-facilitated crime (DFC) constitute a mode of violence that is generally unknown to the population and may go unnoticed by health professionals. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the victims of DFC, compiling their sociodemographic characteristics, the toxic substances used and their biological matrices and modes of action, in order to identify the substances that are commonly put to criminal use. The aim would be to establish political and health strategies that inform and warn people about possible criminal social behaviors consequent danger to health. This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Alcohol, benzodiazepines and cocaine were among the most commonly detected substances. In most of the hospitals, immunoassays, liquid chromatography (LC-MS), or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were used to identify the substances, while the most frequently used biological matrices were blood and urine. From a judicial point of view, the instrumental protocols and techniques followed for the detection of toxics in different biological matrices must guarantee the reliability and validity of the results for use in a court of law. The recommendations of international organizations should be followed and must be called upon to strengthen their respective national laws against this chemical submission (CS) phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G García
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M D Pérez-Cárceles
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - E Osuna
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - I Legaz
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Fernández Alonso C, Lázaro Del Nogal M, Quintela Jorge Ó, Santiago-Sáez AE. [Suspicion of chemical submission in older subjects attending a hospital emergency department]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2020; 55:354-357. [PMID: 32718580 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical Submission (CS) is considered a danger to health and a form of violence. There are different forms of proactive CS (involuntary consumption of psychoactive substances) and opportunistic CS (voluntary consumption), with criminal intent, usually theft, submission, or sexual assault. The objective of this work is to describe the characteristics of cases of suspected CS in adults older than 65 years treated in the Emergency Department of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital and the results of the toxicological analysis performed by the INTCF in Madrid (April 1, 2015-2019). There were 12 (8%) cases of suspected CS, with a mean age of 75 (SD 8) years, of which 8 (66.7%) men, with two different profiles, all associated with theft, and in 3 (25%) possible sexual assault. In 9 (75%) cases, benzodiazepines and / or usual drugs were identified. CS is a problem to consider in Emergency Departments and is not exclusive to the young population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesáreo Fernández Alonso
- Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España; Comisión Contra la Violencia, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España.
| | - Montserrat Lázaro Del Nogal
- Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España; Comisión Contra la Violencia, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
| | - Óscar Quintela Jorge
- Servicio de Química, Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses (INTCF)
| | - Andres E Santiago-Sáez
- Servicio de Medicina Legal, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España; Comisión Contra la Violencia, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
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Increasing awareness of the severity of female victimization by opportunistic drug-facilitated sexual assault: A new viewpoint. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 315:110460. [PMID: 32858463 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The victimization of women by opportunistic drug-facilitated sexual assault in leisure contexts was studied in this work by applying a novel approximation. A multifocal analytical strategy based on an intersectional gender-sensitive approach was used to analyse the evidence coming from both forensic case studies and contextual studies about sexual interrelation and drug use. The process of victimization comprises social changes affecting consumption patterns and sexual interaction, intersecting in the hegemonic recreational nightlife model. However, victims experience a range of situations that make it difficult for them to self-acknowledge themselves as such. Widespread myths about the victimization process add to the social questioning faced by victims, stemming from gender-based double standards which condition the expected female behaviors regarding the use of drugs and sexual interaction. The victims usually experience amnesia, lack of injuries and emotional harm, which make difficult the self-acknowledgement as a victim of sexual assault and the reporting of the episode suffered. Consequently, it is an urgent public health need to implement a new viewpoint about the victimization of women by opportunistic drug-facilitated sexual assault in leisure contexts, able to increase awareness of the severity of this form of sexual violence. Society must recognize the existence of this problem within itself to help victims to acknowledge themselves as such, lodge a complaint and seek adequate help. The lack of this social support feeds the perpetuation of the victimization process, which exacerbates the risk of locking victims into spirals of cyclical re-victimization and favors both the underreporting as well as inadequate coping strategies. In addition to focusing on the need to increase awareness of the severity of female victimization by opportunistic drug-facilitated sexual assault in leisure contexts, other recommendations include the use of the term "take advantage", the development of specific criminal approaches, and the in-depth knowledge of the phenomenon via victimization surveys. These steps are necessary for developing well-targeted and evidence-based preventive measures consistent-with-reality.
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Torre-Laso JDL. ¿Por qué se Cometen Agresiones Sexuales en Grupo? Una Revisión de las Investigaciones y Propuestas Teóricas. ANUARIO DE PSICOLOGÍA JURÍDICA 2020. [DOI: 10.5093/apj2019a18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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6
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Prego-Meleiro P, Quintela-Jorge Ó, Montalvo G, García-Ruiz C. Multi-target methodology for the screening of blood specimens in drug-facilitated sexual assault cases. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Caballero CG, Jorge ÓQ, Landeira AC. Alleged drug-facilitated sexual assault in a Spanish population sample. Forensic Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Identificación de la droga de abuso flakka (α-PVP) como sospecha de sumisión química no probada en Urgencias de un hospital terciario. Med Clin (Barc) 2016; 147:227-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Becerra-García JA. Epidemiología de la sumisión química con fines sexuales. Med Clin (Barc) 2015; 144:401-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Xifró-Collsamata A, Pujol-Robinat A, Barbería-Marcalain E, Arroyo-Fernández A, Bertomeu-Ruiz A, Montero-Núñez F, Medallo-Muñiz J. Estudio prospectivo de la sumisión química con finalidad sexual en Barcelona. Med Clin (Barc) 2015; 144:403-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Folgar MI, Rivera FF, Sierra JC, Vallejo-Medina P. Binge drinking: conductas sexuales de riesgo y drogas facilitadoras del asalto sexual en jóvenes españoles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sumpsi.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xifró A, Barbería E, Laguna C, Arroyo A. Respuesta. Med Clin (Barc) 2013; 140:140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Burillo-Putze G, López-Hernández A, Expósito-Rodríguez M, Dueñas-Laita A. [Chemical submission, opportunistic or premeditated]. Med Clin (Barc) 2012; 140:139. [PMID: 22981083 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2012.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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de Castro A, Lendoiro E, Quintela Ó, Concheiro M, López-Rivadulla M, Cruz A. Hair analysis interpretation of an unusual case of alleged scopolamine-facilitated sexual assault. Forensic Toxicol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-012-0141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Xifró A, Barbería E, Laguna C, Arroyo A. Sumisión química: mejoras en la coordinación. Med Clin (Barc) 2012; 138:458-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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16
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Sumisión química. Med Clin (Barc) 2009; 133:684-5; author reply 685-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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