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Zhao DF. Value of C-Reactive Protein-Triglyceride Glucose Index in Predicting Cancer Mortality in the General Population: Results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutr Cancer 2023; 75:1934-1944. [PMID: 37873764 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2023.2273577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is one of the leading causes of death. The current work aims to investigate the association between C-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index (CTI) and the risk of incident cancer mortality and to evaluate the usefulness of CTI to refine the risk stratification of cancer mortality. METHODS The study enrolled 19,957 subjects from American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. CTI was defined as 0.412*Ln(CRP) + ln[T.G. (mg/dL) × FPG (mg/dL)/2]. Cox regression was performed to investigate the association. RESULTS During a follow-up of 215417.52 person-years, 736 subjects died due to malignant tumors, and the incidence of cancer mortality was 3.42 per 1,000 person-years. Kaplan-Meier curve revealed that the fourth quartile group had the lowest cancer mortality-free rate (Log-Rank p < 0.001). After full adjustment, each SD increase of CTI cast a 32.7% additional risk of incident cancer mortality. Furthermore, cancer mortality risk elevated proportionally with the increase of CTI. Finally, ROC and reclassification analyses supported the usefulness of CTI in improving the risk stratification of incident cancer mortality. CONCLUSION The study revealed a significant association between CTI and cancer mortality risk, suggesting the value of CTI in improving the risk stratification of incident cancer mortality. KEY MESAGESC-reactive protein-triglyceride glucose index (CTI) is positively associated with cancer mortality risk in the general population.The association was linear in the whole range of CTI.CTI could improve the risk prediction of cancer mortality in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Feng Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- The 105th Class, Clinical Medicine ("5 + 3" Integration), China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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2
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Zhang AM, Wellberg EA, Kopp JL, Johnson JD. Hyperinsulinemia in Obesity, Inflammation, and Cancer. Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:285-311. [PMID: 33775061 PMCID: PMC8164941 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative insufficiency of insulin secretion and/or insulin action causes diabetes. However, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus can be associated with an absolute increase in circulating insulin, a state known as hyperinsulinemia. Studies are beginning to elucidate the cause-effect relationships between hyperinsulinemia and numerous consequences of metabolic dysfunctions. Here, we review recent evidence demonstrating that hyperinsulinemia may play a role in inflammation, aging and development of cancers. In this review, we will focus on the consequences and mechanisms of excess insulin production and action, placing recent findings that have challenged dogma in the context of the existing body of literature. Where relevant, we elaborate on the role of specific signal transduction components in the actions of insulin and consequences of chronic hyperinsulinemia. By discussing the involvement of hyperinsulinemia in various metabolic and other chronic diseases, we may identify more effective therapeutics or lifestyle interventions for preventing or treating obesity, diabetes and cancer. We also seek to identify pertinent questions that are ripe for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni M.Y. Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A. Wellberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Janel L. Kopp
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James D. Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Corresponding author: James D. Johnson https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7523-9433 Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2329 W Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, BC, Canada E-mail:
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3
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Huang H, Lee DH, Zabolotny JM, Kim YB. Metabolic actions of Rho-kinase in periphery and brain. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:506-14. [PMID: 23938132 PMCID: PMC3783562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has increased at an alarming rate in recent years and is now a worldwide public health problem. Elucidating the mechanisms behind the metabolic dysfunctions associated with obesity is of high priority. The metabolic function of Rho-kinase (Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing kinase; ROCK) has been the subject of a great deal of investigation in metabolic-related diseases. It appears that inhibition of ROCK activity is beneficial for the treatment of a wide range of cardiovascular-related diseases. However, recent studies with genetic models of ROCK demonstrate that ROCK plays a positive role in insulin and leptin signaling. Here we discuss the newly identified functions of ROCK in regulating glucose and energy metabolism, with particular emphasis on metabolic actions of insulin and leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dae-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea 570-749
| | - Janice M Zabolotny
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer & Diabetes Institute, Graduate Schools of Medicine, Gachon University of Medicine & Science, Incheon, Korea 406-799
- Corresponding author: Young-Bum Kim, Ph.D., Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, Phone: (617) 735-3216, Fax: (617) 735-3323,
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4
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King B, Jiang Y, Su X, Xu J, Xie L, Standard J, Wang W. Weight control, endocrine hormones and cancer prevention. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:502-8. [PMID: 23856901 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213480695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is increasing which becomes worrisome due to its association with several diseases and certain types of cancers. While weight control through dietary caloric restriction and/or physical activity protects against cancer in animal models, the underlying mechanisms are not fully defined. Weight loss due to negative energy balance is associated with alterations of multiple growth factors and endocrine hormones. The altered hormones and hormone-related functions appear to be responsible for anti-cancer mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the recent studies related to weight loss and the altered endocrine hormones, focusing on the reduced levels of the mitogenic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and adipokine leptin as well as the raised levels of adiponectin and glucocorticoids. The potential molecular targets of these hormone-dependent signalling pathways are also discussed. Considering the increasing trends of obesity throughout the world, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms between body weight, endocrine hormones and cancer risk may lead to novel approaches to cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenee King
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Krishnamoorthy S, Liu Z, Hong A, Zhu R, Chen H, Li T, Zhou X, Gao X. A Novel Phosphopeptide Microarray Based Interactome Map in Breast Cancer Cells Reveals Phosphoprotein-GRB2 Cell Signaling Networks. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67634. [PMID: 23826330 PMCID: PMC3694890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The architecture of cellular proteins connected to form signaling pathways in response to internal and external cues is much more complex than a group of simple protein-protein interactions. Post translational modifications on proteins (e.g., phosphorylation of serine, threonine and tyrosine residues on proteins) initiate many downstream signaling events leading to protein-protein interactions and subsequent activation of signaling cascades leading to cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell death. As evidenced by a rapidly expanding mass spectrometry database demonstrating protein phosphorylation at specific motifs, there is currently a large gap in understanding the functional significance of phosphoproteins with respect to their specific protein connections in the signaling cascades. A comprehensive map that interconnects phospho-motifs in pathways will enable identification of nodal protein interactions that are sensitive signatures indicating a disease phenotype from the physiological hemostasis and provide clues into control of disease. Using a novel phosphopeptide microarray technology, we have mapped endogenous tyrosine-phosphoproteome interaction networks in breast cancer cells mediated by signaling adaptor protein GRB2, which transduces cellular responses downstream of several RTKs through the Ras-ERK signaling cascade. We have identified several previously reported motif specific interactions and novel interactions. The peptide microarray data indicate that various phospho-motifs on a single protein are differentially regulated in various cell types and shows global downregulation of phosphoprotein interactions specifically in cells with metastatic potential. The study has revealed novel phosphoprotein mediated signaling networks, which warrants further detailed analysis of the nodes of protein-protein interaction to uncover their biomarker or therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SK); (XG)
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ailing Hong
- LC Sciences, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ruijuan Zhu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Haosi Chen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tongbin Li
- LC Sciences, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Xiaolian Gao
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SK); (XG)
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although insulin products and treatment strategies have improved significantly, clinical challenges still exist. Meeting glycemic goals while minimizing glucose variability and hypoglycemia is of utmost importance when considering existing insulin therapies and designing investigational insulin treatments. METHODS A PubMed search identified relevant, peer-reviewed articles related to the evolution of insulin development for this nonsystematic review. Search terms included "animal insulin," "synthetic insulin," "regular human insulin," "insulin lispro," "insulin aspart," "insulin glulisine," "insulin glargine," "insulin detemir," "insulin degludec," "biphasic human insulin," "insulin premixes," "ultra-long acting," "oral insulin," and "inhaled insulin." RESULTS While the discovery of animal insulin significantly decreased mortality rates from diabetes, issues with availability and large variability between batches led to difficulty in determining proper doses and, subsequently, challenges in achieving glycemic control and avoiding hypoglycemia. The development of synthetic insulin created a more readily available supply, but hypoglycemia still persisted. Recombinant DNA technology solved insulin production problems and allowed for the development of better retarding agents, but pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles still did not mimic natural insulin. Insulin premixes offered improved glycemic control, decreased intrapatient variability versus self-mixing, and required fewer injections per day; however, patient adherence remained a problem due to the need to inject 30-60 minutes before a meal for optimal control. This prompted the development of rapid-acting insulin analogs that could be injected right before a meal and long-acting insulin analogs with flatter time-action profiles. CONCLUSION Despite advances in insulin development, a need to provide more physiologic basal insulin coverage and reduce hypoglycemic risk in patients with diabetes remains. Newer insulin analogs and more convenient routes of insulin delivery have shown promising safety and efficacy results. Many patients with diabetes have not reached glycemic goals on currently available insulins. Additional studies are necessary to tailor optimal insulin delivery strategies to specific subsets of diabetes patients.
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7
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Wang Y, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Tian W, Hua S, Zhao J, Zhang H, Xue F. Insulin promotes proliferation, survival, and invasion in endometrial carcinoma by activating the MEK/ERK pathway. Cancer Lett 2012; 322:223-31. [PMID: 22459351 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of insulin in endometrial carcinoma (EC) was investigated using radioimmunoassay, Western blot, immunoprecipitation, MTT, and Annexin V-FITC/PI assays in tissue samples and cultured cells. Serum levels of insulin, p-p52Shc, p-p46Shc, Shc·Grb2 complexes, p-MEK, p-ERK, and cyclin D1 were elevated in patients with EC. Expression of key proteins in the MEK/ERK pathway, including p-p52Shc, Shc·Grb2 complexes, p-MEK, p-ERK, and cyclin D1, was significantly higher in patients with advanced FIGO stage, high grade, and lymph-node metastasis and correlated positively with serum insulin concentration. Insulin promotes Ishikawa 3-H-12 cell proliferation, survival, and invasion, and these effects induced by insulin were significantly blocked by MEK inhibitor PD98059. Insulin thus promotes EC cell proliferation, survival, and invasion via the MEK/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China
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8
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Abstract
Weight control via dietary caloric restriction and/or physical activity has been demonstrated in animal models for cancer prevention. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Body weight loss due to negative energy balance significantly reduces some metabolic growth factors and endocrinal hormones such as IGF-1, leptin, and adiponectin, but enhances glucocorticoids, that may be associated with anti-cancer mechanisms. In this review, we summarized the recent studies related to weight control and growth factors. The potential molecular targets focused on those growth factors- and hormones-dependent cellular signaling pathways are further discussed. It appears that multiple factors and multiple signaling cascades, especially for Ras-MAPK-proliferation and PI3K-Akt-anti-apoptosis, could be involved in response to weight change by dietary calorie restriction and/or exercise training. Considering prevalence of obesity or overweight that becomes apparent over the world, understanding the underlying mechanisms among weight control, endocrine change and cancer risk is critically important. Future studies using "-omics" technologies will be warrant for a broader and deeper mechanistic information regarding cancer prevention by weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- YU JIANG
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - WEIQUN WANG
- Department of Human Nutrition, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Li H, Baldwin BR, Zahnow CA. LIP expression is regulated by IGF-1R signaling and participates in suppression of anoikis. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:100. [PMID: 21854628 PMCID: PMC3176234 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription factor, CCAAT enhancer binding protein-β (C/EBPβ), is expressed as several distinct protein isoforms (LAP1, LAP2 and LIP) that have opposing actions in cellular proliferation and differentiation. Increases in the ratio of LIP/LAP are associated with aggressive, metastatic breast cancer; however, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms that regulate LIP expression or the biological actions of an increase in the LIP/LAP ratio. Metastasis is highly dependent upon the suppression of anoikis and the role of C/EBPβ and LIP in this anchorage-independent, survival process is currently not known in mammary epithelial cells. IGF-1R signaling is important for the survival of breast cancer cells and crosstalk between IGF-1R and EGFR signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of more aggressive disease. We therefore evaluated in mammary epithelial cells whether IGF-1R signaling regulates the LIP/LAP ratio, analyzed the potential interplay between EGFR and IGF-1R signaling and addressed the biological significance of increased LIP expression in cellular survival and suppression of anoikis. Results Our data provide the first evidence that IGF-1R signaling regulates LIP expression in an EGFR independent manner to increase the LIP/LAP ratio in mammary epithelial cells. Although crosstalk between IGF-1R signaling and EGFR signaling is detectable in MCF10A cells, this crosstalk is not required for the IGF-1 mediated regulation of LIP expression. Rather, the critical regulator of IGF-1 induced LIP expression appears to be EGFR-independent, Akt activity. Our data also demonstrate that increases in LIP expression promote cell survival via suppression of anoikis. Likewise, knockdown of total C/EBPβ leads to increased cell death and suggest that C/EBPβ expression is important for survival and resistance to anoikis. IGF-1 treatment can partially rescue vector control cells from anoikis; however, cells with reduced C/EBPβ expression do not survive anoikis. Conclusions Taken together, our data demonstrate that IGF-1R signaling regulates LIP expression in an EGFR independent manner to increase the LIP/LAP ratio in mammary epithelial cells. C/EBPβ expression and elevations in LIP play an important role in regulating cellular survival via suppression of anoikis, in an IGF-1R mediated context or in a manner independent of IGF-1R signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Li
- Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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10
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Draznin B. Mechanism of the mitogenic influence of hyperinsulinemia. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2011; 3:10. [PMID: 21668983 PMCID: PMC3125332 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-3-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Either endogenous or exogenous hyperinsulinemia in the setting of insulin resistance promotes phosphorylation and activation of farnesyltransferase, a ubiquitous enzyme that farnesylates Ras protein. Increased availability of farnesylated Ras at the plasma membrane enhances mitogenic responsiveness of cells to various growth factors, thus contributing to progression of cancer and atherosclerosis. This effect is specific to insulin, but is not related to the type of insulin used. Stimulatory effect of hyperinsulinemia on farnesyltransferase in the presence of insulin resistance represents one potential mechanism responsible for mitogenicity and atherogenicity of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Draznin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Either endogenous or exogenous hyperinsulinaemia in the setting of insulin resistance promotes phosphorylation and activation of farnesyltransferase, a ubiquitous enzyme that farnesylates Ras proteins. Increased availability of farnesylated Ras at the plasma membrane enhances mitogenic responsiveness of cells to various growth factors, thus contributing to progression of cancer and atherosclerosis. This effect is specific to insulin, but is not related to the type of insulin used. The stimulatory effect of hyperinsulinaemia on farnesyltransferase in the presence of insulin resistance represents one potential mechanism responsible for mitogenicity and atherogenicity of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Draznin
- Adult Diabetes Program, University of Colorado Denver, Mail Stop 8106, 12631 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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12
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Smith MJ, Hardy WR, Li GY, Goudreault M, Hersch S, Metalnikov P, Starostine A, Pawson T, Ikura M. The PTB domain of ShcA couples receptor activation to the cytoskeletal regulator IQGAP1. EMBO J 2010; 29:884-96. [PMID: 20075861 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptor proteins respond to stimuli and recruit downstream complexes using interactions conferred by associated protein domains and linear motifs. The ShcA adaptor contains two phosphotyrosine recognition modules responsible for binding activated receptors, resulting in the subsequent recruitment of Grb2 and activation of Ras/MAPK. However, there is evidence that Grb2-independent signalling from ShcA has an important role in development. Using mass spectrometry, we identified the multidomain scaffold IQGAP1 as a ShcA-interacting protein. IQGAP1 and ShcA co-precipitate and are co-recruited to membrane ruffles induced by activated receptors of the ErbB family, and a reduction in ShcA protein levels inhibits the formation of lamellipodia. We used NMR to characterize a direct, non-canonical ShcA PTB domain interaction with a helical fragment from the IQGAP1 N-terminal region that is pTyr-independent. This interaction is mutually exclusive with binding to a more conventional PTB domain peptide ligand from PTP-PEST. ShcA-mediated recruitment of IQGAP1 may have an important role in cytoskeletal reorganization downstream of activated receptors at the cell surface.
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13
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Abstract
Experimental, epidemiological and clinical evidence implicates insulin resistance and its accompanying hyperinsulinaemia in the development of cancer, but the relative importance of these disturbances in cancer remains unclear. There are, however, theoretical mechanisms by which hyperinsulinaemia could amplify such growth-promoting effects as insulin may have, as well as the growth-promoting effects of other, more potent, growth factors. Hyperinsulinaemia may also induce other changes, particularly in the IGF (insulin-like growth factor) system, that could promote cell proliferation and survival. Several factors can independently modify both cancer risk and insulin resistance, including subclinical inflammation and obesity. The possibility that some of the effects of hyperinsulinaemia might then augment pro-carcinogenic changes associated with disturbances in these factors emphasizes how, rather than being a single causative factor, insulin resistance may be most usefully viewed as one strand in a network of interacting disturbances that promote the development and progression of cancer.
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CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta: its role in breast cancer and associations with receptor tyrosine kinases. Expert Rev Mol Med 2009; 11:e12. [PMID: 19351437 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399409001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) are a family of leucine-zipper transcription factors that regulate gene expression to control cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation and metabolism. Encoded by an intronless gene, C/EBPbeta is expressed as several distinct protein isoforms (LAP1, LAP2, LIP) whose expression is regulated by the differential use of several in-frame translation start sites. LAP1 and LAP2 are transcriptional activators and are associated with differentiation, whereas LIP is frequently elevated in proliferative tissue and acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor of transcription. However, emerging evidence suggests that LIP can serve as a transcriptional activator in some cellular contexts, and that LAP1 and LAP2 might also have unique actions. The LIP:LAP ratio is crucial for the maintenance of normal growth and development, and increases in this ratio lead to aggressive forms of breast cancer. This review discusses the regulation of C/EBPbeta activity by post-translational modification, the individual actions of LAP1, LAP2 and LIP, and the functions and downstream targets that are unique to each isoform. The role of the C/EBPbeta isoforms in breast cancer is discussed and emphasis is placed on their interactions with receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Houthoofd K, Vanfleteren JR. Public and private mechanisms of life extension in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Genet Genomics 2007; 277:601-17. [PMID: 17364197 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-007-0225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Model organisms have been widely used to study the ageing phenomenon in order to learn about human ageing. Although the phylogenetic diversity between vertebrates and some of the most commonly used model systems could hardly be greater, several mechanisms of life extension are public (common characteristic in divergent species) and likely share a common ancestry. Dietary restriction, reduced IGF-signaling and, seemingly, reduced ROS-induced damage are the best known mechanisms for extending longevity in a variety of organisms. In this review, we summarize the knowledge of ageing in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and compare the mechanisms of life extension with knowledge from other model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Houthoofd
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Golubovskaya VM, Cance WG. Focal adhesion kinase and p53 signaling in cancer cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2007; 263:103-53. [PMID: 17725966 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(07)63003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The progression of human cancer is characterized by a process of tumor cell motility, invasion, and metastasis to distant sites, requiring the cancer cells to be able to survive the apoptotic pressures of anchorage-independent conditions. One of the critical tyrosine kinases linked to these processes of tumor invasion and survival is the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). FAK was first isolated from human tumors, and FAK mRNA was found to be upregulated in invasive and metastatic human breast and colon cancer samples. Recently, the FAK promoter was cloned, and it has been found to contain p53-binding sites. p53 inhibits FAK transcription, and recent data show direct binding of FAK and p53 proteins in vitro and in vivo. The structure of FAK and p53, proteins interacting with FAK, and the role of FAK in tumorigenesis and FAK-p53-related therapy are reviewed. This review focuses on FAK signal transduction pathways, particularly on FAK and p53 signaling, revealing a new paradigm in cell biology, linking signaling from the extracellular matrix to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita M Golubovskaya
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida School of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Smith MJ, Hardy WR, Murphy JM, Jones N, Pawson T. Screening for PTB domain binding partners and ligand specificity using proteome-derived NPXY peptide arrays. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:8461-74. [PMID: 16982700 PMCID: PMC1636785 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01491-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Modular interaction domains that recognize peptide motifs in target proteins can impart selectivity in signaling pathways. Phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains are components of cytoplasmic docking proteins that bind cell surface receptors through NPXY motifs. We have employed a library of human proteome-derived NXXY sequences to explore PTB domain specificity and function. SPOTS peptide arrays were used to create a comprehensive matrix of receptor motifs that were probed with a set of 10 diverse PTB domains. This approach confirmed that individual PTB domains have selective and distinct recognition properties and provided a means to explore over 2,500 potential PTB domain-NXXY interactions. The results correlated well with previously known associations between full-length proteins and predicted novel interactions, as well as consensus binding data for specific PTB domains. Using the Ret, MuSK, and ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinases, we show that interactions of these receptors with PTB domains predicted to bind by the NXXY arrays do occur in cells. Proteome-based peptide arrays can therefore identify networks of receptor interactions with scaffold proteins that may be physiologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Smith
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
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Sisci D, Morelli C, Garofalo C, Romeo F, Morabito L, Casaburi F, Middea E, Cascio S, Brunelli E, Andò S, Surmacz E. Expression of nuclear insulin receptor substrate 1 in breast cancer. J Clin Pathol 2006; 60:633-41. [PMID: 16882697 PMCID: PMC1955087 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2006.039107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), a cytoplasmic protein transmitting signals from the insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors, has been implicated in breast cancer. Previously, it was reported that IRS-1 can be translocated to the nucleus and modulate oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) activity in vitro. However, the expression of nuclear IRS-1 in breast cancer biopsy specimens has never been examined. AIMS To assess whether nuclear IRS-1 is present in breast cancer and non-cancer mammary epithelium, and whether it correlates with other markers, especially ERalpha. Parallel studies were carried out for the expression of cytoplasmatic IRS-1. METHODS IRS-1 and ERalpha expression was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis. Data were evaluated using Pearson's correlation, linear regression and receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS Median nuclear IRS-1 expression was found to be low in normal mammary epithelial cells (1.6%) and high in benign tumours (20.5%), ductal grade 2 carcinoma (11.0%) and lobular carcinoma (approximately 30%). Median ERalpha expression in normal epithelium, benign tumours, ductal cancer grade 2 and 3, and lobular cancer grade 2 and 3 were 10.5, 20.5, 65.0, 0.0, 80 and 15%, respectively. Nuclear IRS-1 and ERalpha positively correlated in ductal cancer (p<0.001) and benign tumours (p<0.01), but were not associated in lobular cancer and normal mammary epithelium. In ductal carcinoma, both nuclear IRS-1 and ERalpha negatively correlated with tumour grade, size, mitotic index and lymph node involvement. Cytoplasmic IRS-1 was expressed in all specimens and positively correlated with ERalpha in ductal cancer. CONCLUSIONS A positive association between nuclear IRS-1 and ERalpha is a characteristic for ductal breast cancer and marks a more differentiated, non-metastatic phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins
- Mammary Glands, Human/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sisci
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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19
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Lin HJ, Hsieh FC, Song H, Lin J. Elevated phosphorylation and activation of PDK-1/AKT pathway in human breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2006; 93:1372-81. [PMID: 16288304 PMCID: PMC2361529 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of kinases signalling pathways contributes to various malignant phenotypes in human cancers, including breast tumour. To examine the possible activation of these signalling molecules, we examined the phosphorylation status in 12 protein kinases and transcription factors in normal primary human mammary epithelial cells, telomerase-immortalised human breast epithelial cell line, and two breast cancer lines, MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7, using Kinexus phosphorylated protein screening assays. The phosphorylation of FAK, mTOR, p70S6K, and PDK-1 were elevated in both breast cancer cell lines, whereas the phosphorylation of AKT, EGFR, ErbB2/Her2, PDGFR, Shc, and Stat3 were elevated in only one breast cancer line compared to normal primary mammary epithelial cells and telomerase-immortalised breast epithelial cells. The same findings were confirmed by Western blotting and by kinase assays. We further substantiated the phosphorylation status of these molecules in tissue microarray slides containing 89 invasive breast cancer tissues as well as six normal mammary tissues with immunohistochemistry staining using phospho-specific antibodies. Consistent findings were obtained as greater than 70% of invasive breast carcinomas expressed moderate to high levels of phosphorylated PDK-1, AKT, p70S6K, and EGFR. In sharp contrast, phosphorylation of the same proteins was nearly undetectable or was at low levels in normal mammary tissues under the same assay. Elevated phosphorylation of PDK-1, AKT, mTOR, p70S6K, S6, EGFR, and Stat3 were highly associated with invasive breast tumours (P<0.05). Taken together, our results suggest that activation of these kinase pathways by phosphorylation may in part account for molecular pathogenesis of human breast carcinoma. Particularly, moderate to high level of PDK-1 phosphorylation was found in 86% of high-grade metastasised breast tumours. This is the first report demonstrating phosphorylation of PDK-1 is frequently elevated in breast cancer with concomitantly increased phosphorylation of downstream kinases, including AKT, mTOR, p70S6K, S6, and Stat3. This finding thus suggested PDK-1 may promote oncogenesis in part through the activation of AKT and p70S6K and rationalised that PDK-1 as well as downstream components of PDK-1 signalling pathway may be promising therapeutic targets to treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Lin
- Division of Medical Technology, School of Allied Medical Professions, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Suite 535A, Atwell Hall, 453 West 10th Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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20
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Haluska P, Carboni JM, Loegering DA, Lee FY, Wittman M, Saulnier MG, Frennesson DB, Kalli KR, Conover CA, Attar RM, Kaufmann SH, Gottardis M, Erlichman C. In vitro and In vivo Antitumor Effects of the Dual Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I/Insulin Receptor Inhibitor, BMS-554417. Cancer Res 2006; 66:362-71. [PMID: 16397250 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) and insulin receptor are either overactivated and/or overexpressed in a wide range of tumor types and contribute to tumorigenicity, proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Here, we show that BMS-554417, a novel small molecule developed as an inhibitor of IGF-IR, inhibits IGF-IR and insulin receptor kinase activity and proliferation in vitro, and reduces tumor xenograft size in vivo. In a series of carcinoma cell lines, the IC50 for proliferation ranged from 120 nmol/L (Colo205) to >8.5 micromol/L (OV202). The addition of stimulatory ligands was unnecessary for the antiproliferative effect in MCF-7 and OV202 cells. BMS-554417 treatment inhibited IGF-IR and insulin receptor signaling through extracellular signal-related kinase as well as the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway, as evidenced by decreased Akt phosphorylation at Ser473. At doses that inhibited proliferation, the compound also caused a G0-G1 arrest and prevented nuclear accumulation of cyclin D1 in response to LR3 IGF-I. In Jurkat T-cell leukemia cells, this agent triggered apoptotic cell death via the mitochondrial pathway. BMS-554417 was orally bioavailable and significantly inhibited the growth of IGF1R-Sal tumor xenografts in vivo. BMS-554417 is a member of a novel class of IGF-IR/insulin receptor inhibitors that have potential clinical applications because of their antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Haluska
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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21
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Abstract
Among the key protein regulators of the various and numerous small GTPases are the GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). Experimental studies of some of the approximately 170 GAPs predicted by the human genome indicate that their catalytic GAP activity is regulated by a variety of mechanisms, including phosphorylation, protein-protein interactions, proteolysis, and interactions with lipids. Most reported biochemical studies to address the specificity of GAPs for particular GTPases have been conducted in vitro with bacterially produced GTPases. Thus, the potential influence of these various regulatory mechanisms in the context of GAP-GTPase specificity may be overlooked in such assays. Here, we present experimental studies that highlight the role of lipids in modulating the GTPase specificity for some of the Rho GAPs. We find that particular phospholipids can substantially alter the substrate "preference" for the p190 GAPs. We find that C-terminal prenylation of GTPases can influence the specificity of GAP interactions as well. These observations emphasize the limitations of standard in vitro GAP assays in definitively establishing the physiologically relevant GTPase targets for particular GAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Ligeti
- Semmelweis University, Department of Physiology, Budapest, Hungary
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22
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Gómez del Pulgar T, Benitah SA, Valerón PF, Espina C, Lacal JC. Rho GTPase expression in tumourigenesis: evidence for a significant link. Bioessays 2005; 27:602-13. [PMID: 15892119 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rho proteins belong to the small GTPases superfamily. They function as molecular switches that, in response to diverse stimuli, control key signaling and structural aspects of the cell. Although early studies proposed a role for Rho GTPases in cellular transformation, this effect was underestimated due to the fact that no genetic mutations affecting Rho-encoding genes were found in tumors. Recently, it has become evident that Rho GTPases participate in the carcinogenic process by either overexpression of some of the members of the family with oncogenic activity, downmodulation of other members with suggested tumor suppressor activity, or by alteration of upstream modulators or downstream effectors. Thus, alteration of the levels of expression of different members of the family of Rho GTPases has been detected in many types of human tumors leading to a great interest in the cellular effects elicited by these oncoproteins. This essay reviews the current evidence of dysregulation of Rho signaling by overexpression in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gómez del Pulgar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Translational Oncology Unit, CSIC-UAM-La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Randi AS, Cocca C, Carbone V, Nuñez M, Croci M, Gutiérrez A, Bergoc R, Kleiman de Pisarev DL. Hexachlorobenzene is a tumor co-carcinogen and induces alterations in insulin-growth factors signaling pathway in the rat mammary gland. Toxicol Sci 2005; 89:83-92. [PMID: 16237195 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a widespread environmental pollutant. Controversy still exists about the breast carcinogenic properties of organochlorines in humans. The ligands, receptors, and related signaling proteins of the insulin growth factor family are involved in the regulation of breast-cancer cell growth. The aims of this study were to determine: (1) whether HCB is co-carcinogenic in a medium term assay of N-nitroso N-methylurea (NMU)-induced mammary tumors in rats; (2) the effect of HCB on insulin receptor (IR), insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) levels and on IRS-1 phosphorylation; (3) microsomal and cytosolic Protein Tyrosine Kinase (PTK) activities in mammary glands and NMU-induced tumors. Sprague Dawley rats were injected with 50 mg/kg body weight of NMU at 50, 80, and 110 days old. HCB (100 mg/kg body weight) was administered three times a week from 65 to 110 days of age. Rats were separated in four groups: control, NMU, HCB, and NMU-HCB. HCB alone did not induce tumor development. Parameters of tumor development were increased in NMU-HCB compared to NMU rats. A higher cellular undifferentiation was observed in NMU-HCB tumors. IR, IGF-IR, and IRS-1 levels were higher in HCB than in controls. Conversely IGF-IR levels decreased in NMU-HCB vs. NMU group. The IRS-1 phosphorylation increased in HCB rats; however, it decreased in NMU-HCB vs. NMU. HCB decreased microsomal PTK activity in tumors. This study showed for the first time that HCB is a co-carcinogenic agent in NMU-induced mammary tumors in rats. Our results suggest that the IR and/or IGF-IR signaling pathway may be involved in the mechanism of action of HCB.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Carcinogenicity Tests
- Carcinogens/toxicity
- Cocarcinogenesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Hexachlorobenzene/classification
- Hexachlorobenzene/toxicity
- Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Methylnitrosourea
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Randi
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 5to piso, Buenos Aires, CP 1121, Argentina.
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24
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Nanji M, Hopper NA, Gems D. LET-60 RAS modulates effects of insulin/IGF-1 signaling on development and aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging Cell 2005; 4:235-45. [PMID: 16164423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2005.00166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The DAF-2 insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor signals via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway to control dauer larva formation and adult longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Yet epistasis analysis suggests signal bifurcation downstream of DAF-2. We have used epistasis analysis to test whether the Ras pathway (which plays a role in signaling from mammalian insulin receptors) acts downstream of DAF-2. We find that an activated Ras mutation, let-60(n1046gf), weakly suppresses constitutive dauer diapause in daf-2 and age-1 (PI3K) mutants. Moreover, increased Ras pathway signaling partially suppresses the daf-2 mutant feeding defect, while reduced Ras pathway signaling enhances it. By contrast, activated Ras extends the longevity induced by mutation of daf-2, while reduced Ras pathway signaling partially suppresses it. Thus, Ras pathway signaling appears to act with insulin/IGF-1 signaling during larval development, but against it during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Nanji
- Department of Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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