1
|
Kwek E, Yan C, Ding H, Hao W, He Z, Liu J, Ma KY, Zhu H, Chen ZY. Effects of hawthorn seed oil on plasma cholesterol and gut microbiota. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:55. [PMID: 35962418 PMCID: PMC9373405 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypercholesterolemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis are associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Hawthorn fruits has shown to be cardioprotective and hypocholesterolemic. However, no studies to date have studied the biological activity of hawthorn seed oil (HSO). The present study was to investigate if HSO could favourably reduce plasma cholesterol and modulate gut microbiota in hypercholesterolemia hamsters. Methods Golden Syrian hamsters (age, 8 weeks) were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8, each) and fed one of the following five diets, namely a non-cholesterol diet, a high cholesterol diet containing 0.15% cholesterol (HCD); a HCD diet with addition of 4.75% HSO (LHSO), a HCD diet with addition of 9.5% HSO (HHSO), a HCD diet with addition of 0.50% cholestyramine as positive control diet. After 6-week dietary intervention, plasma lipids, inflammatory markers, atherosclerosis plaque, hepatic and fecal lipids were quantified. Microbiota in fresh feces were analysed by sequencing 16S rRNA genes, while RT-PCR and Western blot analyses were employed to quantify the expression of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Results HSO at a dose of 9.5% HSO could decrease plasma cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol by 15%. Additionally, both HSO experimental groups also suppressed mRNA of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase (HMG-CoA-R). Supplementation of HSO at 4.75% could significantly increase the excretion of fecal acidic sterols, accompanied by elevation of short-chain fatty acid levels in feces. The analyses of gut microbiome indicated that HSO supplementation could selectively alter the genera abundance of gut bacteria that were correlated with cholesterol metabolism including unclassified_f__Christensenellaceae, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_ group, norank_o_Gastranaerophilales, Faecalibaculum, Peptococcus, norank_f__Clostridiales_vadinBB60_group and Ruminococcus_2. Conclusions HSO supplementation was able to decrease plasma cholesterol by favourably modulating gut microbiota composition and gut-derived metabolites associated with cholesterol regulation. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Kwek
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Yan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huafang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wangjun Hao
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zouyan He
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China. .,School of Food Science and Engineering / South China Food Safety Research Center, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lancaster SM, Lee-McMullen B, Abbott CW, Quijada JV, Hornburg D, Park H, Perelman D, Peterson DJ, Tang M, Robinson A, Ahadi S, Contrepois K, Hung CJ, Ashland M, McLaughlin T, Boonyanit A, Horning A, Sonnenburg JL, Snyder MP. Global, distinctive, and personal changes in molecular and microbial profiles by specific fibers in humans. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:848-862.e7. [PMID: 35483363 PMCID: PMC9187607 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fibers act through the microbiome to improve cardiovascular health and prevent metabolic disorders and cancer. To understand the health benefits of dietary fiber supplementation, we investigated two popular purified fibers, arabinoxylan (AX) and long-chain inulin (LCI), and a mixture of five fibers. We present multiomic signatures of metabolomics, lipidomics, proteomics, metagenomics, a cytokine panel, and clinical measurements on healthy and insulin-resistant participants. Each fiber is associated with fiber-dependent biochemical and microbial responses. AX consumption associates with a significant reduction in LDL and an increase in bile acids, contributing to its observed cholesterol reduction. LCI is associated with an increase in Bifidobacterium. However, at the highest LCI dose, there is increased inflammation and elevation in the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase. This study yields insights into the effects of fiber supplementation and the mechanisms behind fiber-induced cholesterol reduction, and it shows effects of individual, purified fibers on the microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Lancaster
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brittany Lee-McMullen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Charles Wilbur Abbott
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeniffer V Quijada
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Hornburg
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Heyjun Park
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dalia Perelman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dylan J Peterson
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Tang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron Robinson
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sara Ahadi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kévin Contrepois
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chia-Jui Hung
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Melanie Ashland
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tracey McLaughlin
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anna Boonyanit
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron Horning
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Justin L Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dietary Fiber, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051155. [PMID: 31126110 PMCID: PMC6566984 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies have shown that dietary fiber intake is associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. Dietary fiber is a non-digestible form of carbohydrates, due to the lack of the digestive enzyme in humans required to digest fiber. Dietary fibers and lignin are intrinsic to plants and are classified according to their water solubility properties as either soluble or insoluble fibers. Water-soluble fibers include pectin, gums, mucilage, fructans, and some resistant starches. They are present in some fruits, vegetables, oats, and barley. Soluble fibers have been shown to lower blood cholesterol by several mechanisms. On the other hand, water-insoluble fibers mainly include lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose; whole-grain foods, bran, nuts, and seeds are rich in these fibers. Water-insoluble fibers have rapid gastric emptying, and as such may decrease the intestinal transit time and increase fecal bulk, thus promoting digestive regularity. In addition to dietary fiber, isolated and extracted fibers are known as functional fiber and have been shown to induce beneficial health effects when added to food during processing. The recommended daily allowances (RDAs) for total fiber intake for men and women aged 19–50 are 38 gram/day and 25 gram/day, respectively. It is worth noting that the RDA recommendations are for healthy people and do not apply to individuals with some chronic diseases. Studies have shown that most Americans do not consume the recommended intake of fiber. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding dietary fiber, sources of food containing fiber, atherosclerosis, and heart disease risk reduction.
Collapse
|