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Esfandiari N, Aliofkhazraei M. Advances in the determination of trace amounts of iron cations through electrochemical methods: A comprehensive review of principles and their limits of detection. Talanta 2024; 277:126365. [PMID: 38964047 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Quantification of trace amounts of iron is of great importance in various fields. In the industrial sector, it is crucial to monitor the release of iron out of corrosion, pickling treatment, and steel manufacturing to address potential environmental and economic challenges. In biological systems, despite its indispensability, it is essential to maintain iron concentration below a specific threshold. Electrochemical (EC) methods provide significant analytical capabilities due to their simplicity, ease of use, and cost-effectiveness. This review focuses on the fundamental principles of EC methods for iron detection, including potentiometry, amperometry, coulometry, voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It further explains the process of obtaining calibration curves, and subsequently, determining the concentration of unknown ions. Additionally, technical notes are presented on selecting the initial signal value, reducing the duration of tests, excluding non-faradaic signals, and extending the linear region with the lowest detection limit. These notes are supported by key findings from relevant case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeemeh Esfandiari
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-143, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Aliofkhazraei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
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On-line spectrophotometric determination of ferrous and total iron in monominerals by flow injection combined with a Schlenk line-based digestion apparatus to exclude oxygen. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yang G, Wang J, Zhang H, Jia H, Zhang Y, Gao F. Applying bio-electric field of microbial fuel cell-upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor catalyzed blast furnace dusting ash for promoting anaerobic digestion. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 149:215-224. [PMID: 30447526 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel manner of bio-electric field (BEF) which generated by upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)-microbial fuel cell (MFC) integrated system facilitated iron-carbon micro-electrolysis in blast furnace dusting ash (BFDA) was proposed for the reinforcement of anaerobic digestion in UASB. The responses of COD removal efficiency and biogas production with (0.1-0.4 V) BEF catalyzed 5 g BFDA(RMFC-5gBFDA-UASB) were much higher than the other tests, and maximum reached 86% and 240 ml/d respectively. Ultra-fast acidogenesis was achieved with 0.3 V BEF supplied to BFDA and the time shortened 94 h compared controlled (RUASB) with RMFC-5gBFDA-UASB. With the electrochemical and microbial community analysis, the redox ability and direct interspecies electron transfer accumulated with BEF catalyzed. The abundance of Firmicutes which could generate bio-hydrogen was highest in RMFC-5gBFDA-UASB (44.58%) compared to RUASB (31.36%) and R5gBFDA-UASB (40.04%). In addition, the structure and morphology variation of BFDA revealed that the synergistic effects of BEF stimulated iron-carbon micro-electrolysis for electron transferring and enhanced the activities of methanogens and acetogens with high relative abundance to biotransform organic compounds, as well as adsorption and precipitation of iron oxides (hematite and magnetite) promoting anaerobic digestion. The MFC-BFDA-UASB integrated system provides a promising and cost-effective way to enhance anaerobic digestion and recycled functionalized waste effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, 300387, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Hui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, 300387, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Fei Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, 300387, China
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CAMPOS RAQUELA, PATRÍCIO PAMELAR, VARGAS SILVIAJULIANAR, SILVA LUISHENRIQUEMDA, HESPANHOL MARIAC. Green speciation of iron using aqueous two-phase system. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:1929-1944. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - MARIA C. HESPANHOL
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
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Borzoei M, Zanjanchi MA, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H, Saghaie L. Optimization of a methodology for determination of iron concentration in aqueous samples using a newly synthesized chelating agent in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Food Chem 2018; 264:9-15. [PMID: 29853409 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish a new dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique for the determination of iron concentration in aqueous solutions and fruit juices based on the reaction between iron and 3-hydroxy-1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpyridin-4(1H)-one (3-OH-PMPO) as a chelating agent. A central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the effects of independent parameters (pH, volume of disperser solvent and extractant solvent and chelating agent concentration) on extraction efficiency. Under the optimized conditions, the analytical curve is linear in a concentration range of 10-750 μgL-1 with a detection limit of 5 μgL-1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for ten repeated determinations of iron concentrations at 40 and 200 μgL-1 was calculated to be 4.2% and 1.2%, respectively. Relative recovery of iron in several water samples was investigated and the average was obtained in the range of 91-108%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Borzoei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht 41335-1914, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Zanjanchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht 41335-1914, Iran.
| | - Hojjat Sadeghi-Aliabadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Lotfollah Saghaie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran
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Węgiel K, Robak J, Baś B. Voltammetric determination of iron with catalytic system at a bismuth bulk annular band electrode electrochemically activated. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03019c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel DPV procedure based on in situ activated bismuth bulk annular band electrode (BiABE) was applied for the determination of Fe(iii).
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Węgiel
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics
- AGH University of Science and Technology
- 30-059 Krakow
- Poland
| | - Justyna Robak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Lodz
- 91-403 Lodz
- Poland
| | - Bogusław Baś
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics
- AGH University of Science and Technology
- 30-059 Krakow
- Poland
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Moawed E, El-Hagrasy M, Embaby N. Substitution influence of halo polyurethane foam on the removal of bismuth, cobalt, iron and molybdenum ions from environmental samples. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Moghadam MR, Shabani AMH, Dadfarnia S. Spectrophotometric determination of iron species using a combination of artificial neural networks and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 197:176-182. [PMID: 21999983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) and artificial neural networks method was developed for the simultaneous separation/preconcentration and speciation of iron in water samples. In this method, an appropriate mixture of ethanol (as the disperser solvent) and 1-undecanol (as the extracting solvent) containing appropriate amount of 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) (as the complexing agent) was injected rapidly into the water sample containing iron (II) and iron (III) species. At this step, the iron species interacted with the TTA and extracted into the 1-undecanol. After the phase separation, the absorbance of the extracted irons was measured in the wavelength region of 450-600 nm. The artificial neural networks were then applied for simultaneous determination of individual iron species. Under optimum conditions, the calibration graphs were linear in the range of 95-1070 μg L(-1) and 31-350 μg L(-1) with detection limits of 25 and 8 μg L(-1) for iron (II) and iron (III), respectively. The relative standard deviations (R.S.D., n=6) were lower than 4.2%. The enhancement factor of 162 and 125 were obtained for Fe(3+) and Fe(2+) ions, respectively. The procedure was applied to power plant drum water and several potable water samples; and accuracy was assessed through the recovery experiments and independent analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.
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Bura-Nakić E, Krznarić D, Helz GR, Ciglenečki I. Characterization of Iron Sulfide Species in Model Solutions by Cyclic Voltammetry. Revisiting an Old Problem. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Saçmacı Ş, Kartal Ş. Selective extraction, separation and speciation of iron in different samples using 4-acetyl-5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 623:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Diáková K, Holcová V, Síma J, Dusek J. The Distribution of Iron Oxidation States in a Constructed Wetland as an Indicator of Its Redox Properties. Chem Biodivers 2006; 3:1288-300. [PMID: 17193243 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200690132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Wastewater-treatment processes taking place inside constructed wetlands are closely connected with chemical properties of these systems. The aeration of a wetland via the roots of the vegetation (and a subsequent formation of redox-potential gradients) strongly influences the wastewater treatment efficiency, and thus it represents one of the most important characteristics of the wetland. The concentration ratios of individual iron oxidation states (Fe(II) and Fe(III)) were determined as the indicator of the redox properties of the constructed wetland reed bed during this study. Interstitial water from the wetland was sampled eleven times throughout the year 2005. The spectrophotometric method using 1,10-phenanthroline was properly optimized (limits of detection and quantification, sensitivity, linear dynamic range, repeatability, and accuracy values were assessed) and applied for iron determination. Most of iron, ca. 98%, is reduced to the Fe(II) form in raw wastewater and water from the inflow zone of the constructed wetland, however, at the outflow and in the vegetation bed both iron oxidation states are usually detected. The presence of Fe(III) in the reed bed (ca. 10-30% for some samples) demonstrates the aeration of the wetland by the vegetation (Phragmites australis) resulting in a re-oxidation of Fe(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Diáková
- Department of Ecology and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Branisovská 31, CZ-370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Xiong C, Jiang Z, Hu B. Speciation of dissolved Fe(II) and Fe(III) in environmental water samples by micro-column packed with N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine loaded on microcrystalline naphthalene and determination by electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ugo P, Moretto L, De Boni A, Scopece P, Mazzocchin G. Iron(II) and iron(III) determination by potentiometry and ion-exchange voltammetry at ionomer-coated electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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