A selective membrane electrode for iodide ion based on a thiopyrilium ion derivative as a new ionophore

Halogen Bonding Ionophore for Potentiometric Iodide Sensing

Iodide (I^-) is an essential micronutrient for thyroid function. Hence, rapid and portable sensing is important for I^- quantification in food and biological samples. Herein, we report the first example of a halogen bonding (XB) tripodal ionophore (XB1) which is selective for the I^- anion. NMR binding studies of XB1 and its H-triazole analog HB2 with I^- demonstrated the dominant influence of XB interactions between the ionophore and the I^- analyte. The phase boundary model was applied to formulate iodide-selective electrodes with the ionophore XB1. The optimal electrode exhibited a near-Nernstian response of -51.9 mV per decade within a large dynamic range (10^-1 to 10^-6 M) and notably anti-Hofmeister selectivity for I^- over thiocyanate (SCN^-), enabling the in situ determination of I^- in complex samples. This work establishes XB as a viable supramolecular interaction in the potentiometric sensing of anions.

Potentiometric zinc ion sensor based on honeycomb-like NiO nanostructures

In this study honeycomb-like NiO nanostructures were grown on nickel foam by a simple hydrothermal growth method. The NiO nanostructures were characterized by field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The characterized NiO nanostructures were uniform, dense and polycrystalline in the crystal phase. In addition to this, the NiO nanostructures were used in the development of a zinc ion sensor electrode by functionalization with the highly selective zinc ion ionophore 12-crown-4. The developed zinc ion sensor electrode has shown a good linear potentiometric response for a wide range of zinc ion concentrations, ranging from 0.001 mM to 100 mM, with sensitivity of 36 mV/decade. The detection limit of the present zinc ion sensor was found to be 0.0005 mM and it also displays a fast response time of less than 10 s. The proposed zinc ion sensor electrode has also shown good reproducibility, repeatability, storage stability and selectivity. The zinc ion sensor based on the functionalized NiO nanostructures was also used as indicator electrode in potentiometric titrations and it has demonstrated an acceptable stoichiometric relationship for the determination of zinc ion in unknown samples. The NiO nanostructures-based zinc ion sensor has potential for analysing zinc ion in various industrial, clinical and other real samples.

Perchlorate-selective polymeric membrane electrode based on bis(dibenzoylmethanato)cobalt(II) complex as a neutral carrier

A synthesized bis(dibenzoylmethanato)Co(II) complex (Co(DBM)(2)), has been used as a ionophore for the preparation of a new perchlorate ion-selective electrode. The electrode exhibits a Nernstian response over the perchlorate concentration range of 8.0x10(-7)-1.0x10(-1)M with a slope of 60.3+/-0.5 mV per decade of concentration. The limit of detection as determined from the intersection of the extrapolated linear segments of the calibration plot is 5.6x10(-7)M. The electrode shows good selectivity towards perchlorate with respect to many common anions. The response time of the sensor is very fast (< or = 5s), and can be used for at least 2 months in the pH range of 2.0-9.0. The electrode was used to determine perchlorate in water and human urine. The interaction of the ionophore with perchlorate ions was demonstrated by UV-vis spectroscopy.

Developments in the Field of Conducting and Non-conducting Polymer Based Potentiometric Membrane Sensors for Ions Over the Past Decade

Many research studies have been conducted on the use of conjugated polymers in the construction of chemical sensors including potentiometric, conductometric and amperometric sensors or biosensors over the last decade. The induction of conductivity on conjugated polymers by treating them with suitable oxidizing agents won Heeger, MacDiarmid and Shirakawa the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Common conjugated polymers are poly(acetylene)s, poly(pyrrole)s, poly(thiophene)s, poly(terthiophene)s, poly(aniline)s, poly(fluorine)s, poly(3-alkylthiophene)s, polytetrathiafulvalenes, polynapthalenes, poly(p-phenylene sulfide), poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polyparaphenylene, polyazulene, polyparaphenylene sulfide, polycarbazole and polydiaminonaphthalene. More than 60 sensors for inorganic cations and anions with different characteristics based on conducting polymers have been reported. There have also been reports on the application of non-conducting polymers (nCPs), i.e. PVC, in the construction of potentiometric membrane sensors for determination of more than 60 inorganic cations and anions. However, the leakage of ionophores from the membranes based on these polymers leads to relatively lower life times. In this article, we try to give an overview of Solid-Contact ISE (SCISE), Single-Piece ISE (SPISE), Conducting Polymer (CP)-Based, and also non-conducting polymer PVC-based ISEs for various ions which their difference is in the way of the polymer used with selective membrane. In SCISEs and SPISEs, the plasticized PVC containing the ionophore and ionic additives govern the selectivity behavior of the electrode and the conducting polymer is responsible of ion-to-electron transducer. However, in CPISEs, the conducting polymer layer is doped with a suitable ionophore which enhances the ion selectivity of the CP while its redox response has to be suppressed.

Capillary electrophoresis as a useful tool for the analysis of chemical tracers applied to hydrological systems

A capillary electrophoretic method was optimised for the separation and determination of iodide used as artificial tracer in hydrology. The influence of the buffer concentration and pH, electroosmotic flow modifier concentration (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)), the injection time and voltage applied, on the electrophoretic separation was studied. A running buffer of 20 mM phosphate (pH 8) containing 1 mM CTAB was found to provide the optimum separation of iodide with respect to resolution, migration time and selectivity. The water samples were injected hydrostatically at 10 cm for 110 s, the voltage applied was -20 kV and a detection wavelength of 214 nm. The influence of the sulphite added to water samples in order to prevent the oxidation of iodide to iodate was also studied. This method can be applied to the determination of iodide free of sulphite interference up to at least a ratio of 1:1000 (I(-):SO3(2-)). The other inorganic anions, which are present in the water samples (mainly chloride, sulphate, nitrate, carbonate), do not interfere with the determination of iodide. This method allows the simultaneous determination of bromide, nitrite, and nitrate together with iodide. The electrophoretic method showed to be linear from 0.5 to 5 mg l(-1) of iodide (the migration time was 2.6 min) with a quantitation limit of 0.45 mg l(-1) and a intraday repeatability lower than 4% of R.S.D. at different concentration levels.

Novel Imidazole PVC-Based Sensor Based on a Thiopyrilium Compound

A novel imidazole membrane sensor based on 2,4,6-triphenyl thiopyrilium perchlorate (TTP) as an excellent charged carrier, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), the plasticizer dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and oleic acid as an additive is described. The sensor responds to imidazole over a wide concentration range from 1.0 x 10(-5) to 1.0 x 10(-1) M with a slope of +33.5 +/- 0.5 mV per decade. The detection limit of the electrode is 3.0 x 10(-6) M and it can be used for at least four weeks without any measurable change in sensitivity. The sensitivity of the electrode is high enough to permit the detection of as little as 0.2 microg/ml of imidazole without any significant interference from high levels of other components and especially, amino acids. The potentiometric selectivity coefficient data revealed negligible interference from common cations, anions and amino acids. The electrode has a relatively fast response time (<30 s), and good slope stability. The proposed sensor was successfully applied to the determination of imidazole in synthetic serum samples.