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Bouges E, Segers C, Leys N, Lebeer S, Zhang J, Mastroleo F. Human Intestinal Organoids and Microphysiological Systems for Modeling Radiotoxicity and Assessing Radioprotective Agents. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5859. [PMID: 38136404 PMCID: PMC10741417 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a commonly employed treatment for colorectal cancer, yet its radiotoxicity-related impact on healthy tissues raises significant health concerns. This highlights the need to use radioprotective agents to mitigate these side effects. This review presents the current landscape of human translational radiobiology, outlining the limitations of existing models and proposing engineering solutions. We delve into radiotherapy principles, encompassing mechanisms of radiation-induced cell death and its influence on normal and cancerous colorectal cells. Furthermore, we explore the engineering aspects of microphysiological systems to represent radiotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity and how to include the gut microbiota to study its role in treatment failure and success. This review ultimately highlights the main challenges and future pathways in translational research for pelvic radiotherapy-induced toxicity. This is achieved by developing a humanized in vitro model that mimics radiotherapy treatment conditions. An in vitro model should provide in-depth analyses of host-gut microbiota interactions and a deeper understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms of radioprotective food supplements. Additionally, it would be of great value if these models could produce high-throughput data using patient-derived samples to address the lack of human representability to complete clinical trials and improve patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Bouges
- RadioPharma Research, Nuclear Medical Applications, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.B.); (C.S.); (N.L.)
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Charlotte Segers
- RadioPharma Research, Nuclear Medical Applications, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.B.); (C.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Natalie Leys
- RadioPharma Research, Nuclear Medical Applications, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.B.); (C.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felice Mastroleo
- RadioPharma Research, Nuclear Medical Applications, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.B.); (C.S.); (N.L.)
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Gonon G, de Toledo SM, Perumal V, Jay-Gerin JP, Azzam EI. Impact of the redox environment on propagation of radiation bystander effects: The modulating effect of oxidative metabolism and oxygen partial pressure. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 883-884:503559. [PMID: 36462795 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox modulated pathways play important roles in out-of-field effects of ionizing radiation. We investigated how the redox environment impacts the magnitude of propagation of stressful effects from irradiated to bystander cells. Normal human fibroblasts that have incorporated [3H]-thymidine were intimately co-cultured with bystander cells in a strategy that allowed isolation of bystander cells with high purity. The antioxidant glutathione peroxidase (GPX) was maintained either at wild-type conditions or overexpressed in the bystanders. Following 24 h of coculture, levels of stress-responsive p21Waf1, p-Hdm2, and connexin43 proteins were increased in bystander cells expressing wild-type GPX relative to respective controls. These levels were significantly attenuated when GPX was ectopically overexpressed, demonstrating by direct approach the involvement of a regulator of intracellular redox homeostasis. Evidence of participation of pro-oxidant compounds was generated by exposing confluent cell cultures to low fluences of 3.7 MeV α particles in presence or absence of t-butyl hydroperoxide. By 3 h post-exposure to fluences wherein only ∼2% of cells are traversed through the nucleus by a particle track, increases in chromosomal damage were greater than expected in absence of the drug (p < 0.001) and further enhanced in its presence (p < 0.05). While maintenance and irradiation of cell cultures at low oxygen pressure (pO2 3.8 mm Hg) to mimic in vivo still supported the participation of bystander cells in responses assessed by chromosomal damage and stress-responsive protein levels (p < 0.001), the effects were attenuated compared to ambient pO2 (155 mm Hg) (p < 0.05). Together, the results show that bystander effects are attenuated at below ambient pO2 and when metabolic oxidative stress is reduced but increased when the basal redox environment tilts towards oxidizing conditions. They are consistent with bystander effects being independent of radiation dose rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Gonon
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE/SERAMED/LRAcc, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Sonia M de Toledo
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Venkatachalam Perumal
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Jean-Paul Jay-Gerin
- Département de médecine nucléaire et de radiobiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Edouard I Azzam
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Radiobiology and Health Branch, Isotopes, Radiobiology & Environment Directorate (IRED), Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.
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Vukmirovic D, Seymour C, Mothersill C. Reprint of: Deciphering and simulating models of radiation genotoxicity with CRISPR/Cas9 systems. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 785:108318. [PMID: 32800271 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This short review explores the utility and applications of CRISPR/Cas9 systems in radiobiology. Specifically, in the context of experimentally simulating genotoxic effects of Ionizing Radiation (IR) to determine the contributions from DNA targets and 'Complex Double-Stranded Breaks' (complex DSBs) to the IR response. To elucidate this objective, this review considers applications of CRISPR/Cas9 on nuclear DNA targets to recognize the respective 'nucleocentric' response. The article also highlights contributions from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) - an often under-recognized target in radiobiology. This objective requires accurate experimental simulation of IR-like effects and parameters with the CRISPR/Cas9 systems. Therefore, the role of anti-CRISPR proteins in modulating enzyme activity to simulate dose rate - an important factor in radiobiology experiments is an important topic of this review. The applications of auxiliary domains on the Cas9 nuclease to simulate oxidative base damage and multiple stressor experiments are also topics of discussion. Ultimately, incorporation of CRISPR/Cas9 experiments into computational parameters in radiobiology models of IR damage and shortcomings to the technology are discussed as well. Altogether, the simulation of IR parameters and lack of damage to non-DNA targets in the CRISPR/Cas9 system lends this rapidly emerging tool as an effective model of IR induced DNA damage. Therefore, this literature review ultimately considers the relevance of complex DSBs to radiobiology with respect to using the CRISPR/Cas9 system as an effective experimental tool in models of IR induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Vukmirovic
- McMaster University, Radiation Sciences Graduate Program, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Colin Seymour
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Carmel Mothersill
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada.
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Vukmirovic D, Seymour C, Mothersill C. Deciphering and simulating models of radiation genotoxicity with CRISPR/Cas9 systems. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 783:108298. [PMID: 32386748 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This short review explores the utility and applications of CRISPR/Cas9 systems in radiobiology. Specifically, in the context of experimentally simulating genotoxic effects of Ionizing Radiation (IR) to determine the contributions from DNA targets and 'Complex Double-Stranded Breaks' (complex DSBs) to the IR response. To elucidate this objective, this review considers applications of CRISPR/Cas9 on nuclear DNA targets to recognize the respective 'nucleocentric' response. The article also highlights contributions from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) - an often under-recognized target in radiobiology. This objective requires accurate experimental simulation of IR-like effects and parameters with the CRISPR/Cas9 systems. Therefore, the role of anti-CRISPR proteins in modulating enzyme activity to simulate dose rate - an important factor in radiobiology experiments is an important topic of this review. The applications of auxiliary domains on the Cas9 nuclease to simulate oxidative base damage and multiple stressor experiments are also topics of discussion. Ultimately, incorporation of CRISPR/Cas9 experiments into computational parameters in radiobiology models of IR damage and shortcomings to the technology are discussed as well. Altogether, the simulation of IR parameters and lack of damage to non-DNA targets in the CRISPR/Cas9 system lends this rapidly emerging tool as an effective model of IR induced DNA damage. Therefore, this literature review ultimately considers the relevance of complex DSBs to radiobiology with respect to using the CRISPR/Cas9 system as an effective experimental tool in models of IR induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Vukmirovic
- McMaster University, Radiation Sciences Graduate Program, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Colin Seymour
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Carmel Mothersill
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada.
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Vukmirovic D, Vo NTK, Seymour C, Rollo D, Mothersill C. Characterization of Radioprotective, Radiomitigative and Bystander Signaling Modulating Effects of Endogenous Metabolites - Phenylacetate, Ursodeoxycholate and Tauroursodeoxycholate - on HCT116 Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Line. Radiat Res 2019; 192:28-39. [PMID: 31058578 DOI: 10.1667/rr15323.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Exposures to ionizing radiation can cause depletion in stem cell reservoirs and lead to chronic injury processes that exacerbate carcinogenic and inflammatory responses. Therefore, radioprotective measures, against both acute and chronic biological effects of radiation, require frequent intake of nontoxic natural products, which have practical oral administration. The goal of this study was to characterize the radioprotective, radiomitigative and radiation-induced bystander effect-inhibiting properties of endogenous metabolites: phenylacetate, ursodeoxycholate and tauroursodeoxycholate. Compounds were administered pre- and postirradiation as well as in donor and recipient bystander flasks to analyze whether these might adequately protect against radiation injury as well as facilitate recovery from the exposures. The clonogenic HCT116 p53 wild-type cancer cell line in this study shares characteristics of stem cells, such as high reproductive viability, which is an effective marker to demonstrate compound effectiveness. Clonogenic assays were therefore used to characterize radioprotective, radiomitigative and bystander inhibiting properties of treatment compounds whereby cellular responses to radiation were quantified with macroscopic colony counts to measure cell survival in flasks. The results were statistically significant for phenylacetate and tauroursodeoxycholate when administered preirradiation, conferring radioprotection up to 2 Gy, whereas administration postirradiation and in bystander experiments did not confer radioprotection in vitro. These findings suggest that phenylacetate and tauroursodeoxycholate might be effective radioprotectors, although they possess no radiomitigative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nguyen T K Vo
- b Department of Biology, McMaster University, West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L8
| | - Colin Seymour
- b Department of Biology, McMaster University, West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L8
| | | | - Carmel Mothersill
- b Department of Biology, McMaster University, West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L8
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Baverstock K, Belyakov OV. Classical radiation biology, the bystander effect and paradigms: a reply. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 24:537-42. [PMID: 16270755 DOI: 10.1191/0960327105ht562oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although, in retrospect, it can be seen that the bystander effect and the related effect of genomic instability were observed well before they were recognized as such, they have not been able to be accommodated within the existing understanding of how radiation causes late effects, which provides the basis for radiological protection standards. It is argued here that before these effects can be fully researched and there can be full confidence in radiological protection, a paradigm shift that provides a framework in which these effects can be considered alongside the well established effects of radiation is needed. In particular this framework will encompass the epigenetic as well as genetic aspects of radiation biology. Examples of how this might be achieved are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Baverstock
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Kuopio, Finland.
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Li M, Gonon G, Buonanno M, Autsavapromporn N, de Toledo SM, Pain D, Azzam EI. Health risks of space exploration: targeted and nontargeted oxidative injury by high-charge and high-energy particles. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1501-23. [PMID: 24111926 PMCID: PMC3936510 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE During deep space travel, astronauts are often exposed to high atomic number (Z) and high-energy (E) (high charge and high energy [HZE]) particles. On interaction with cells, these particles cause severe oxidative injury and result in unique biological responses. When cell populations are exposed to low fluences of HZE particles, a significant fraction of the cells are not traversed by a primary radiation track, and yet, oxidative stress induced in the targeted cells may spread to nearby bystander cells. The long-term effects are more complex because the oxidative effects persist in progeny of the targeted and affected bystander cells, which promote genomic instability and may increase the risk of age-related cancer and degenerative diseases. RECENT ADVANCES Greater understanding of the spatial and temporal features of reactive oxygen species bursts along the tracks of HZE particles, and the availability of facilities that can simulate exposure to space radiations have supported the characterization of oxidative stress from targeted and nontargeted effects. CRITICAL ISSUES The significance of secondary radiations generated from the interaction of the primary HZE particles with biological material and the mitigating effects of antioxidants on various cellular injuries are central to understanding nontargeted effects and alleviating tissue injury. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the cellular responses to HZE particles, particularly under reduced gravity and situations of exposure to additional radiations, such as protons, should be useful in reducing the uncertainty associated with current models for predicting long-term health risks of space radiation. These studies are also relevant to hadron therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- 1 Department of Radiology, Cancer Center, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
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Lara PC, López-Peñalver JJ, Farias VDA, Ruiz-Ruiz MC, Oliver FJ, Ruiz de Almodóvar JM. Direct and bystander radiation effects: a biophysical model and clinical perspectives. Cancer Lett 2013; 356:5-16. [PMID: 24045041 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In planning treatment for each new patient, radiation oncologists pay attention to the aspects that they control. Thus their attention is usually focused on volume and dose. The dilemma for the physician is how to protract the treatment in a way that maximizes control of the tumor and minimizes normal tissue injury. The initial radiation-induced damage to DNA may be a biological indicator of the quantity of energy transferred to the DNA. However, until now the biophysical models proposed cannot explain either the early or the late adverse effects of radiation, and a more general theory appears to be required. The bystander component of tumor cell death after radiotherapy measured in many experimental works highlights the importance of confirming these observations in a clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Carlos Lara
- Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr Negrín, Barranco de La Ballena s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, CP 35010, Spain
| | - Jesús Joaquín López-Peñalver
- Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Conocimiento 2, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Virgínea de Araújo Farias
- Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Conocimiento 2, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - M Carmen Ruiz-Ruiz
- Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Conocimiento 2, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Oliver
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, Avda. Conocimiento 4, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - José Mariano Ruiz de Almodóvar
- Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Conocimiento 2, 18016 Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Avda. Dr. Olóriz s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain.
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Gómez-Millán J, Katz ISS, Farias VDA, Linares-Fernández JL, López-Peñalver J, Ortiz-Ferrón G, Ruiz-Ruiz C, Oliver FJ, Ruiz de Almodóvar JM. The importance of bystander effects in radiation therapy in melanoma skin-cancer cells and umbilical-cord stromal stem cells. Radiother Oncol 2011; 102:450-8. [PMID: 22169765 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine direct and bystander radiation-induced effects in normal umbilical-cord stromal stem cell (HCSSC) lines and in human cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The UCSSC lines used in this study were obtained in our laboratory. Two cell lines (UCSSC 35 and UCSSC 37) and two human melanoma skin-cancer cells (A375 and G361) were exposed to ionizing radiation to measure acute radiation-dosage cell-survival curves and radiation-induced bystander cell-death response. Normal cells, although extremely sensitive to ionizing radiation, were resistant to the bystander effect whilst tumor cells were sensitive to irradiated cell-conditioned media, showing a dose-response relationship that became saturated at relatively low doses. We applied a biophysical model to describe bystander cell-death through the binding of a ligand to the cells. This model allowed us to calculate the maximum cell death (χ(max)) produced by the bystander effect together with its association constant (K(By)) in terms of dose equivalence (Gy). The values obtained for K(By) in A375 and G361 cells were 0.23 and 0.29 Gy, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings help to understand how anticancer therapy could have an additional decisive effect in that the response of sub-lethally hit tumor cells to damage might be required for therapy to be successful because the survival of cells communicating with irradiated cells is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Gómez-Millán
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Oncología, Málaga, Spain
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Buonanno M, de Toledo SM, Pain D, Azzam EI. Long-term consequences of radiation-induced bystander effects depend on radiation quality and dose and correlate with oxidative stress. Radiat Res 2011; 175:405-15. [PMID: 21319986 DOI: 10.1667/rr2461.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Widespread evidence indicates that exposure of cell populations to ionizing radiation results in significant biological changes in both the irradiated and nonirradiated bystander cells in the population. We investigated the role of radiation quality, or linear energy transfer (LET), and radiation dose in the propagation of stressful effects in the progeny of bystander cells. Confluent normal human cell cultures were exposed to low or high doses of 1GeV/u iron ions (LET ∼ 151 keV/µm), 600 MeV/u silicon ions (LET ∼ 51 keV/µm), or 1 GeV protons (LET ∼ 0.2 keV/µm). Within minutes after irradiation, the cells were trypsinized and co-cultured with nonirradiated cells for 5 h. During this time, irradiated and nonirradiated cells were grown on either side of an insert with 3-µm pores. Nonirradiated cells were then harvested and allowed to grow for 20 generations. Relative to controls, the progeny of bystander cells that were co-cultured with cells irradiated with iron or silicon ions, but not protons, exhibited reduced cloning efficiency and harbored higher levels of chromosomal damage, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. This correlated with decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes, inactivation of the redox-sensitive metabolic enzyme aconitase, and altered translation of proteins encoded by mitochondrial DNA. Together, the results demonstrate that the long-term consequences of the induced nontargeted effects greatly depend on the quality and dose of the radiation and involve persistent oxidative stress due to induced perturbations in oxidative metabolism. They are relevant to estimates of health risks from exposures to space radiation and the emergence of second malignancies after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Buonanno
- Department of Radiology, UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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Lee YS, Mollah ML, Sohn KC, Shi G, Kim DH, Kim KH, Cho MJ, Kim S, Lee YH, Kim CD, Lee JH. ID3 mediates X-ray-induced apoptosis of keratinocytes through the regulation of β-catenin. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 60:138-42. [PMID: 21030215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionizing radiation is used to treat many of cancers, however, it also produces unwanted side effect on normal tissues, such as radiodermatitis. We previously established an animal model for radiodermatitis, and found that X-ray irradiation induced the expression of ID3 in hairless mouse skin by cDNA microarray. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the functional role of ID3 in X-ray irradiated keratinocytes. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and Western blot were performed to demonstrate the ID3 induction by X-ray irradiation. HaCaT keratinocytes were transduced with the recombinant adenovirus expressing HA-ID3, and then effects on apoptosis were analyzed. RESULTS X-ray irradiation increased markedly the ID3 protein level in epidermis of mouse skin. X-ray irradiation also induced the expression of ID3 in HaCaT keratinocytes cultured in vitro, at both mRNA and protein levels. When ID3 was overexpressed by recombinant adenovirus, apoptosis of keratinocytes were induced even in the absence of X-ray irradiation. Furthermore, overexpression of ID3 sensitized X-ray-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, X-ray irradiation significantly reduced the endogenous β-catenin level, which was related with induction of apoptosis. Similarly, overexpression of ID3 led to remarkable reduction in β-catenin level. CONCLUSION These results suggest that ID3 plays a role as an apoptosis inducer in response to X-ray irradiation via the regulation of endogenous β-catenin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sook Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Lee YS, Sohn KC, Kim KH, Cho MJ, Hur GM, Yoon TJ, Kim SK, Lee K, Lee JH, Kim CD. Role of protein kinase C delta in X-ray-induced apoptosis of keratinocyte. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:50-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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In vivo bystander effect: cranial X-irradiation leads to elevated DNA damage, altered cellular proliferation and apoptosis, and increased p53 levels in shielded spleen. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 70:554-62. [PMID: 18207032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is well accepted that irradiated cells may "forward" genome instability to nonirradiated neighboring cells, giving rise to the "bystander effect" phenomenon. Although bystander effects were well studied by using cell cultures, data for somatic bystander effects in vivo are relatively scarce. METHODS AND MATERIALS We set out to analyze the existence and molecular nature of bystander effects in a radiation target-organ spleen by using a mouse model. The animal's head was exposed to X-rays while the remainder of the body was completely protected by a medical-grade shield. Using immunohistochemistry, we addressed levels of DNA damage, cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and p53 protein in the spleen of control animals and completely exposed and head-exposed/body bystander animals. RESULTS We found that localized head radiation exposure led to the induction of bystander effects in the lead-shielded distant spleen tissue. Namely, cranial irradiation led to increased levels of DNA damage and p53 expression and also altered levels of cellular proliferation and apoptosis in bystander spleen tissue. The observed bystander changes were not caused by radiation scattering and were observed in two different mouse strains; C57BL/6 and BALB/c. CONCLUSION Our study proves that bystander effects occur in the distant somatic organs on localized exposures. Additional studies are required to characterize the nature of an enigmatic bystander signal and analyze the long-term persistence of these effects and possible contribution of radiation-induced bystander effects to secondary radiation carcinogenesis.
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Lee YS, Sohn KC, Jang S, Lee Y, Hwang C, Kim KH, Cho MJ, Kim CD, Lee JH. Anti-apoptotic role of S100A8 in X-ray irradiated keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2008; 51:11-8. [PMID: 18325741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionizing radiation is used to treat a lot of cancers, however, it also produced unwanted side effect on normal tissues, such as radiodermatitis. We previously established an animal model for radiodermatitis, and identified many of radiation-induced genes by cDNA microarray. Of the candidates, we chose S100A8 gene for a further study. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the functional role of S100A8 in X-ray irradiated keratinocytes. METHODS RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed to demonstrate the S100A8 induction by X-ray irradiation. HaCaT keratinocytes were transduced with the recombinant adenovirus expressing GFP-S100A8, and then effects on cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry and Western blot. RESULTS X-ray irradiation markedly induced S100A8 expression in the hyperplastic epidermis of mouse. Overexpression of S100A8 by adenoviral transduction led to the enhancement of cell proliferation in the absence and/or presence of X-ray irradiation, as compared with Ad/GFP control group. Furthermore, overexpression of S100A8 significantly protected the X-ray-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION These results suggest that S100A8 have an anti-apoptotic role in X-ray irradiated keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sook Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Research Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 640 Daesa-dong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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15
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Prise KM, Burdak-Rothkamm S, Folkard M, Kashino G, Shao C, Tartier L. New insights on radiation-induced bystander signalling and its relationship to DNA repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2006.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Lee YS, Choi DK, Kim CD, Im M, Mollah ML, Jang JY, Oh TJ, An S, Seo YJ, Hur GM, Cho MJ, Park JK, Lee JH. Expression profiling of radiation-induced genes in radiodermatitis of hairless mice. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:829-38. [PMID: 16634882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation induces many cellular events leading to radiodermatitis. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to establish a radiodermatitis model using experimental animals, and to examine the expression profile of radiation-induced genes. METHODS Hairless mice were irradiated on the dorsal skin; then total RNAs were isolated and microarray hybridizations were performed. RESULTS Irradiation with a total of 40 Gy (10 Gy day-1 for four consecutive days) provokes radiodermatitis in the hairless mouse. After microarray analysis, 130 genes that showed upregulation by radiation were selected and organized into four different clusters, depending on the time-kinetic pattern. Classification of these genes into several functional categories revealed that various biological processes were globally affected by radiation. These include transcription regulation, signal transduction, cell communication, cell death regulation and metabolism. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the complexity of the transcriptional profile of the radiation response, providing important clues on which to base further investigations of the molecular events underlying radiodermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Dajeon, and Department of Radiation Oncology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
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17
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Muroya Y, Plante I, Azzam EI, Meesungnoen J, Katsumura Y, Jay-Gerin JP. High-LET ion radiolysis of water: visualization of the formation and evolution of ion tracks and relevance to the radiation-induced bystander effect. Radiat Res 2006; 165:485-91. [PMID: 16579662 DOI: 10.1667/rr3540.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation-induced bystander effects, commonly observed in cell populations exposed to high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiations, are initiated by damage to a cellular molecule which then gives rise to a toxic signal exported to neighboring cells not directly hit by radiation. A major goal in studies of this phenomenon is the identification of this initial radiation-induced lesion. Liquid water being the main constituent of biological matter, reactive species produced by water radiolysis in the cellular environment are likely to be major contributors to the induction of this lesion. In this context, the radiation track structure is of crucial importance in specifying the precise location and identity of all the radiolytic species and their subsequent signaling or damaging effects. We report here Monte Carlo track structure simulations of the radiolysis of liquid water by four different impacting ions 1H+, 4He2+, 12C6+ and 20Ne10+, with the same LET ( approximately 70 keV/ microm). The initial radial distribution profiles of the various water decomposition products (eaq(-), *OH, H*, H2 and H2O2) for the different ions considered are presented and discussed briefly in the context of track structure theory. As an example, the formation and temporal evolution of simulated 24 MeV 4He2+ ion tracks (LET approximately 26 keV/microm) are reported for each radiolytic species from 1 ps to 10 micros. The calculations reveal that the ion track structure is completely lost by approximately 1 micros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusa Muroya
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et de Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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18
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Chaudhry MA. Bystander effect: biological endpoints and microarray analysis. Mutat Res 2006; 597:98-112. [PMID: 16414093 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In cell populations exposed to ionizing radiation, the biological effects occur in a much larger proportion of cells than are estimated to be traversed by radiation. It has been suggested that irradiated cells are capable of providing signals to the neighboring unirradiated cells resulting in damage to these cells. This phenomenon is termed the bystander effect. The bystander effect induces persistent, long-term, transmissible changes that result in delayed death and neoplastic transformation. Because the bystander effect is relevant to carcinogenesis, it could have significant implications for risk estimation for radiation exposure. The nature of the bystander effect signal and how it impacts the unirradiated cells remains to be elucidated. Examination of the changes in gene expression could provide clues to understanding the bystander effect and could define the signaling pathways involved in sustaining damage to these cells. The microarray technology serves as a tool to gain insight into the molecular pathways leading to bystander effect. Using medium from irradiated normal human diploid lung fibroblasts as a model system we examined gene expression alterations in bystander cells. The microarray data revealed that the radiation-induced gene expression profile in irradiated cells is different from unirradiated bystander cells suggesting that the pathways leading to biological effects in the bystander cells are different from the directly irradiated cells. The genes known to be responsive to ionizing radiation were observed in irradiated cells. Several genes were upregulated in cells receiving media from irradiated cells. Surprisingly no genes were found to be downregulated in these cells. A number of genes belonging to extracellular signaling, growth factors and several receptors were identified in bystander cells. Interestingly 15 genes involved in the cell communication processes were found to be upregulated. The induction of receptors and the cell communication processes in bystander cells receiving media from irradiated cells supports the active involvement of these processes in inducing bystander effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ahmad Chaudhry
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Radiation Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, 302 Rowell Building, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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19
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Prise KM, Folkard M, Kuosaite V, Tartier L, Zyuzikov N, Shao C. What role for DNA damage and repair in the bystander response? Mutat Res 2006; 597:1-4. [PMID: 16414091 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The radiation-induced bystander effect challenges the accepted paradigm of direct DNA damage in response to energy deposition driving the biological consequences of radiation exposure. With the bystander response, cells which have not been directly exposed to radiation respond to their neighbours being targeted. In our own studies we have used novel targeted microbeam approaches to specifically irradiate parts of individual cells within a population to quantify the bystander response and obtain mechanistic information. Using this approach it has become clear that energy deposited by radiation in nuclear DNA is not required to trigger the effect, with cytoplasmic irradiation required. Irradiated cells also trigger a bystander response regardless of whether they themselves live or die, suggesting that the phenotype of the targeted cell is not a determining factor. Despite this however, a range of evidence has shown that repair status is important for dealing with the consequences of a bystander signal. Importantly, repair processes involved in the processing of dsb appear to be involved suggesting that the bystander response involves the delayed or indirect production of dsb-type lesions in bystander cells. Whether these are infact true dsb or complexes of oxidised bases in combination with strand breaks and the mechanisms for their formation, remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Prise
- Gray Cancer Institute, PO Box 100, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, UK.
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20
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Koturbash I, Rugo RE, Hendricks CA, Loree J, Thibault B, Kutanzi K, Pogribny I, Yanch JC, Engelward BP, Kovalchuk O. Irradiation induces DNA damage and modulates epigenetic effectors in distant bystander tissue in vivo. Oncogene 2006; 25:4267-75. [PMID: 16532033 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Irradiated cells induce chromosomal instability in unirradiated bystander cells in vitro. Although bystander effects are thought to be linked to radiation-induced secondary cancers, almost no studies have evaluated bystander effects in vivo. Furthermore, it has been proposed that epigenetic changes mediate bystander effects, but few studies have evaluated epigenetic factors in bystander tissues in vivo. Here, we describe studies in which mice were unilaterally exposed to X-irradiation and the levels of DNA damage, DNA methylation and protein expression were evaluated in irradiated and bystander cutaneous tissue. The data show that X-ray exposure to one side of the animal body induces DNA strand breaks and causes an increase in the levels of Rad51 in unexposed bystander tissue. In terms of epigenetic changes, unilateral radiation suppresses global methylation in directly irradiated tissue, but not in bystander tissue at given time-points studied. Intriguingly, however, we observed a significant reduction in the levels of the de novo DNA methyltransferases DNMT3a and 3b and a concurrent increase in the levels of the maintenance DNA methyltransferase DNMT1 in bystander tissues. Furthermore, the levels of two methyl-binding proteins known to be involved in transcriptional silencing, MeCP2 and MBD2, were also increased in bystander tissue. Together, these results show that irradiation induces DNA damage in bystander tissue more than a centimeter away from directly irradiated tissues, and suggests that epigenetic transcriptional regulation may be involved in the etiology of radiation-induced bystander effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Koturbash
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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21
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Abstract
Ionising radiation has been an important part of cancer treatment for almost a century, being used in external-beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy, and targeted radionuclide therapy. At the molecular and cellular level, cell killing has been attributed to deposition of energy from the radiation in the DNA within the nucleus, with production of DNA double-strand breaks playing a central part. However, this DNA-centric model has been questioned because cell-death pathways, in which direct relations between cell killing and DNA damage diverge, have been reported. These pathways include membrane-dependent signalling pathways and bystander responses (when cells respond not to direct radiation exposure but to the irradiation of their neighbouring cells). New insights into mechanisms of these responses coupled with technological advances in targeting of cells in experimental systems with microbeams have led to a reassessment of the model of how cells are killed by ionising radiation. This review provides an update on these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Prise
- Gray Cancer Institute, Mount Vernon Hospital, PO Box 100, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, UK.
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22
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Kalb R, Duerr M, Wagner M, Herterich S, Gross M, Digweed M, Joenje H, Hoehn H, Schindler D. Lack of sensitivity of primary Fanconi's anemia fibroblasts to UV and ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 2004; 161:318-25. [PMID: 14982482 DOI: 10.1667/rr3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Clinical observations and theoretical considerations suggest some degree of radiosensitivity in Fanconi's anemia (FA), but experimental evidence remains controversial. We tested the sensitivity of primary skin fibroblast cultures from all known FA complementation groups to ionizing radiation and ultraviolet light using conventional cell growth and colony formation assays. In contrast to previous studies, and because FA fibroblasts grow and clone poorly at ambient oxygen, we performed our sensitivity tests under hypoxic cell culture conditions. Fibroblast strains from healthy donors served as negative controls and those from patients with ataxia telangiectasia (AT) and Cockayne syndrome (CS) as positive controls. We observed interstrain variation but no systematic difference in the response of FA and non-FA control fibroblasts to ionizing radiation. After exposure to UV radiation, only complementation group A, G and D2 strains displayed values for colony formation EC50 that were intermediate between those for the negative and positive controls. Because of considerable interstrain variation, minor alterations of the response of individual FA strains to ionizing and UV radiation should be interpreted with caution and should not be taken as evidence for genotype-specific sensitivities of primary FA fibroblasts. All together, our data indicate neither systematic nor major sensitivities of primary FA fibroblast cultures of any complementation group grown under hypoxic cell culture conditions to ionizing or UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Kalb
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Wuerzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
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23
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Mitchell SA, Randers-Pehrson G, Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. The Bystander Response in C3H 10T½ Cells: The Influence of Cell-to-Cell Contact. Radiat Res 2004; 161:397-401. [PMID: 15038773 DOI: 10.1667/rr3137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although radiation-induced heritable damage in mammalian cells was thought to result from the direct interaction of radiation with DNA, it is now accepted that biological effects may occur in cells that were not themselves traversed by ionizing radiation but are close to those that were. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying such a bystander effect, although cell-to-cell communication is thought to be of importance. Previous work using the Columbia microbeam demonstrated a significant bystander effect for clonogenic survival and oncogenic transformation in C3H 10T(1/2) cells. The present study was undertaken to assess the importance of the degree of cell-to-cell contact at the time of irradiation on the magnitude of this bystander effect by varying the cell density. When 10% of cells were exposed to a range of 2-12 alpha particles, a significantly greater number of cells (P < 0.0001) were inactivated when cells were irradiated at high density (>90% in contact with neighbors) than at low density (<10% in contact). In addition, the oncogenic transformation frequency was significantly higher in high-density cultures (P < 0.0004). These results suggest that when a cell is hit by radiation, the transmission of the bystander signal through cell-to-cell contact is an important mediator of the effect, implicating the involvement of intracellular communication through gap junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Mitchell
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Light emitted from a wide variety of microorganisms was considered previously as a waste product. However, it is becoming apparent that it might be involved in microbial communication. This paper presents information on such a novel mode of communication in different microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V Trushin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lobachevskiy str. 2/31, P.O. Box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia.
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25
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Coleman CN. Linking radiation oncology and imaging through molecular biology (or now that therapy and diagnosis have separated, it's time to get together again!). Radiology 2003; 228:29-35. [PMID: 12832573 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2281021567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Among the areas defined by the National Cancer Institute as "Extraordinary Opportunities for Research Investment" that are highly relevant to the technology-oriented disciplines within the broad field of radiology are cancer imaging, defining the signatures (ie, underlying molecular features) of cancer cells, and molecular targets of prevention and treatment. In molecular target credentialing, a specific molecular target is imaged, the molecular signature is defined, a treatment is given, and the effect of the intervention on the image findings and the signature is then evaluated. Such an approach is used to validate the proposed target as a legitimate one for cancer therapy or prevention and to provide the opportunity to ultimately individualize therapy on the basis of both the initial characteristics of the tumor and the tumor's response to an intervention. Therapeutic radiation is focused biology (ie, radiation produces molecular events in the irradiated tissue). Radiation can (a) kill cancer cells by itself, (b) be combined with cytotoxic or cytostatic drugs, and (c) serve to initiate radiation-inducible molecular targets that are amenable to treatment with drugs and/or biologic therapies. Focused biology can be anatomically confined with various types of external beams and with brachytherapy, and it can be used systemically with targeted radioisotopes. These new paradigms link diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy, and nuclear medicine in unique ways by way of basic biology. It is timely to develop new collaborative research, training, and education agendas by building on one another's expertise and adopting new fields of microtechnology, nanotechnology, and mathematical analysis and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Norman Coleman
- National Cancer Institute, Radiation Oncology Branch, Bldg 10, B3-B69, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA.
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Jay-Gerin JP, Meesungnoen J, Banville P, Mankhetkorn S. Comment on "The radiation-induced lesions which trigger the bystander effect" by J.F. Ward [Mutat. Res. 499 (2002) 151-154]. Mutat Res 2003; 525:125-7. [PMID: 12650913 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(03)00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shcheglov VS, Alipov ED, Belyaev IY. Cell-to-cell communication in response of E. coli cells at different phases of growth to low-intensity microwaves. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1572:101-6. [PMID: 12204338 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Effects of millimeter waves (MMW) at the frequency of 51.755 GHz were studied in logarithmic and stationary E. coli cells at various cell densities. The changes in the genome conformational state (GCS) were analyzed by the method of anomalous viscosity time dependence (AVTD). Before lysis, the cells were adjusted to the cell density of 4x10(7) cells/ml and all AVTD measurements were run at this cell density. Stationary cells responded to MMW by increase in AVTD, while the same MMW exposure decreased AVTD in logarithmic cells. MMW effects depended on cell density during exposure and were stronger for stationary cells. The observed dependence on cell density suggested a cell-to-cell communication between cells during exposure to microwaves. Decrease in power density (PD) resulted in more striking differences between responses at different cell densities. The data provided evidence that intercellular communication in response to MMW depended on cell status and PD of microwaves. The MMW effects were studied in more detail at low intensity of 10(-17) W/cm(2) in the range of cell densities 4x10(7) to 8x10(8) cells/ml. The obtained sigmoid-like dependence of MMW effect on cell density saturated at approximately 5x10(8) cells/ml. The dependence of MMW effect on cell density was very similar in this study and in previous studies with weak extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF). The data suggested that cell-to-cell communication might be involved in response of cells to weak EMF of various frequency ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Shcheglov
- Department of Biophysics, Radiation Physics and Ecology, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Russia
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