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Hadidi S, Shiri F, Norouzibazaz M. Conversion mechanism and isomeric preferences of the cis and trans isomers of anti-cancer medicine carmustine; A double hybrid DFT calculation. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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A DFT study of the degradation mechanism of anticancer drug carmustine in an aqueous medium. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-1285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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3
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A DFT study of both the hydrolytic degradation and protonation of semustine in variation conditions of pH and interaction of drug with DNA nucleobases. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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4
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Zheng X, Chen X, Zhao L, Guo M, Zhong R. Assessment of DNA interstrand crosslinks in NIH/3T3 cells induced by Chloroethylnitrosoureas. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20170801019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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5
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Measurement of O 6 -alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity in tumour cells using stable isotope dilution HPLC-ESIMS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1033-1034:138-146. [PMID: 27544051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li L, Wang W, Ding M, Luo G, Liang Q. Single-Cell-Arrayed Agarose Chip for in Situ Analysis of Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of DNA Cross-Linking Agents. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6734-42. [PMID: 27269449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Development of approach or device to allow continuous multiple measurements, such as integrating cytotoxic and genotoxic analysis, is quite appealing for study of the drug's activity and mechanism of action or resistance. In this study, a single-cell-arrayed agarose chip system was developed to combine cell cultivation with subsequent in situ analysis of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the chemotherapeutic agent. The modified alkaline comet assay coupled with the Live/Dead assay was used to monitor the interstrand cross-links (ICLs) formation and the cytotoxic effects in different glioma cell lines. In addition, the ICL-induced double strand breaks (DSBs) was measured on the chip to reflect the level of ICLs indirectly. Compared with the traditional methods, the microarray agarose device offers higher throughput, reproducibility, and robustness, exhibiting good potential for high-content drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Weixing Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Ding
- Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Guoan Luo
- Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Li L, Li S, Sun G, Peng R, Zhao L, Zhong R. Influence of the Expression Level of O6-Alkylguanine-DNA Alkyltransferase on the Formation of DNA Interstrand Crosslinks Induced by Chloroethylnitrosoureas in Cells: A Quantitation Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121225. [PMID: 25799182 PMCID: PMC4370500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroethylnitrosoureas (CENUs), which are bifunctional alkylating agents widely used in the clinical treatment of cancer, exert anticancer activity by inducing crosslink within a guanine-cytosine DNA base pair. However, the formation of dG-dC crosslinks can be prevented by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), ultimately leading to drug resistance. Therefore, the level of AGT expression is related to the formation of dG-dC crosslinks and the sensitivity of cells to CENUs. In this work, we determined the CENU-induced dG-dC crosslink in mouse L1210 leukemia cells and in human glioblastoma cells (SF-763, SF-767 and SF-126) containing different levels of AGT using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The results indicate that nimustine (ACNU) induced more dG-dC crosslinks in L1210 leukemia cells than those induced by carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU) and fotemustine (FTMS). This result was consistent with a previously reported cohort study, which demonstrated that ACNU had a better survival gain than BCNU, CCNU and FTMS for patients with high-grade glioma. Moreover, we compared the crosslinking levels and the cytotoxicity in SF-763, SF-767 and SF-126 cells with different AGT expression levels after exposure to ACNU. The levels of dG-dC crosslink in SF-126 cells (low AGT expression) were significantly higher than those in SF-767 (medium AGT expression) and SF-763 (high AGT expression) cells at each time point. Correspondingly, the cytotoxicity of SF-126 was the highest followed by SF-767 and SF-763. The results obtained in this work provided unequivocal evidence for drug resistance to CENUs induced by AGT-mediated repair of DNA ICLs. We postulate that the level of dG-dC crosslink has the potential to be employed as a biomarker for estimating drug resistance and anticancer efficiencies of novel CENU chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sisi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Guohui Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ruizeng Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lijiao Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
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Penketh PG, Patridge E, Shyam K, Baumann RP, Zhu R, Ishiguro K, Sartorelli AC. Influence of glutathione and glutathione S-transferases on DNA interstrand cross-link formation by 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine, the active anticancer moiety generated by laromustine. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1440-9. [PMID: 25012050 PMCID: PMC4137992 DOI: 10.1021/tx500197t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
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Prodrugs
of 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine
(90CE) are promising anticancer agents. The 90CE moiety is a readily
latentiated, short-lived (t1/2 ∼
30 s) chloroethylating agent that can generate high yields of oxophilic
electrophiles responsible for the chloroethylation of the O-6 position
of guanine in DNA. These guanine O-6 alkylations are believed to be
responsible for the therapeutic effects of 90CE and its prodrugs.
Thus, 90CE demonstrates high selectivity toward tumors with diminished
levels of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase
(MGMT), the resistance protein responsible for O6-alkylguanine repair. The formation of O6-(2-chloroethyl)guanine lesions ultimately leads to the generation
of highly cytotoxic 1-(N3-cytosinyl),-2-(N1-guaninyl)ethane DNA interstrand cross-links
via N1,O6-ethanoguanine
intermediates. The anticancer activity arising from this sequence
of reactions is thus identical to this component of the anticancer
activity of the clinically used chloroethylnitrosoureas. Herein, we
evaluate the ability of glutathione (GSH) and other low molecular
weight thiols, as well as GSH coupled with various glutathione S-transferase enzymes (GSTs) to attenuate the final yields
of cross-links generated by 90CE when added prior to or immediately
following the initial chloroethylation step to determine the major
point(s) of interaction. In contrast to studies utilizing BCNU as
a chloroethylating agent by others, GSH (or GSH/GST) did not appreciably
quench DNA interstrand cross-link precursors. While thiols alone offered
little protection at either alkylation step, the GSH/GST couple was
able to diminish the initial yields of cross-link precursors. 90CE
exhibited a very different GST isoenzyme susceptibility to that reported
for BCNU, this could have important implications in the relative resistance
of tumor cells to these agents. The protection afforded by GSH/GST
was compared to that produced by MGMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Penketh
- Department of Pharmacology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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9
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Li L, Zhao L, Zhong R. Quantification of DNA interstrand crosslinks induced by ACNU in NIH/3T3 and L1210 cells using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:439-447. [PMID: 24497281 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chloroethylnitrosoureas (CENUs) are important alkylating agents employed for the clinical treatment of cancer. The cellular toxicity of CENUs is primarily due to induction of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), which has been characterized as l-(3-deoxycytidyl), 2-(l-deoxyguanosinyl)ethane (dG-dC). However, the formation of dG-dC crosslinks can be prevented by O(6) -alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), which removes the O(6) -chloroethyl group from O(6) -chloroethylguanine (O(6) -ClEt-Gua), and ultimately its increased expression can result in drug resistance. Differing levels of AGT expression can lead to varying amounts of dG-dC crosslinking, which influences the sensitivity of cells to CENUs. METHODS In this work, a sensitive method for the quantitation of dG-dC crosslinks in cellular DNA has been established using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS). RESULTS The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the method were determined to be 2 fmol and 8 fmol on-column, respectively, and the recovery ranged from 96% to 105% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) below 5%. Using this method, the levels of dG-dC crosslink induced by 1-(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea hydrochloride (ACNU) were determined in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts cells (high level of expression of AGT) and L1210 leukemia cells (low level of expression of AGT). The time-course profile indicated that the levels of dG-dC crosslink uniformly increased in the early incubation period and reached the maximum at 12 h. Subsequently, the amount of dG-dC crosslinking decreased to very low levels presumably owing to the repair of O(6) -ClEt-Gua by AGT. The crosslinking levels in L1210 cells were significantly higher than those in NIH/3T3 cells at each time point. This provides strong evidence that high express of AGT in CENU-resistant cells inhibits the formation of dG-dC crosslinks. CONCLUSIONS This work will contribute to the further understanding of the drug resistance of CENUs, and will provide a means to evaluate the anticancer activity of new bifunctional anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental & Viral Oncology, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P.R., China
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Zhao L, Ma X, Zhong R. Comparative theoretical investigation of the formation of DNA interstrand crosslinks induced by two kinds ofN-nitroso compounds: nitrosoureas and nitrosamines. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Zhao
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing; 100124; P. R. China
| | - Xinyan Ma
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing; 100124; P. R. China
| | - Rugang Zhong
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering; Beijing University of Technology; Beijing; 100124; P. R. China
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Bai B, Zhao L, Zhong R. Quantification of meCCNU-induced dG-dC crosslinks in oligonucleotide duplexes by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2027-2034. [PMID: 21698685 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chloroethynitrosoureas (CENUs) are important alkylating agents widely used in the treatment of cancers. Decomposition of CENUs generates active electrophilic ions that damage DNA, including the formation of dG-dC crosslinks which represents the most important cytotoxic mechanism of CENUs. In this work, a high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS) method was employed to analyze the dG-dC crosslinks induced by 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (meCCNU, Semustine). The direct quantitation of dG-dC crosslinks in oligonucleotide duplexes was achieved by the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode using synthesized (15) N(3) -labeled dG-dC as an internal standard. Methods of enzymatic digestion and HPLC separation were developed for obtaining separation and reproducibility of the dG-dC peak in chromatograms. The limit-of-detection (LOD) was determined to be 0.08 nM and the limit-of-quantification (LOQ) was determined to be 0.16 nM. The linearity of the calibration curve was 0.9997 over the range of 0.08 to 32 nM. The precision and accuracy of the method ranged from 1.1 to 6.6% and 96 to 109%, respectively. The recovery of the dG-dC crosslink in the enzymatic hydrolysates from the oligonucleotide duplex was determined to be from 91 to 106%. The results of the validation study indicate that the method is suitable for quantifying dG-dC crosslinks in DNA. Consequently, this method was used to determine meCCNU-induced dG-dC crosslinks in four duplexes with different GC contents. The results showed that the crosslinking fraction (CF) increased as the GC content in the duplex increased, and a relatively low CF was observed in the early period of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Bai
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
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12
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Jones GDD, Le Pla RC, Farmer PB. Phosphotriester adducts (PTEs): DNA's overlooked lesion. Mutagenesis 2009; 25:3-16. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gep038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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DNA alkylation products formed by 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea as molecular dosimeters of therapeutic response. J Neurooncol 2008; 91:257-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-008-9715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Saito R, Bringas J, Mirek H, Berger MS, Bankiewicz KS. Invasive phenotype observed in 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea-resistant sublines of 9L rat glioma cells: a tumor model mimicking a recurrent malignant glioma. J Neurosurg 2004; 101:826-31. [PMID: 15540922 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2004.101.5.0826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Chemotherapy is suspected of having an effect on the generation of phenotypical heterogeneity and the development of drug resistance in tumors. Recurrent gliomas feature drug resistance as well as greater invasive growth than original tumors. The authors investigated phenotypical changes in invasion observed in 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU)-resistant sublines of the 9L rat gliosarcoma. METHODS Two established BCNU-resistant sublines, derived from 9L gliosarcoma cells by treating these cells with BCNU in vivo or in vitro, were used in the study. An in vitro examination confirmed the resistance of the cells to BCNU treatment. The cells were implanted into the striatum of Fisher 344 rats, and histological examinations were performed to compare the growth patterns of the resultant tumors. A new brain tumor model was established by implanting 9L-2 cells in Fisher 344 rats. The 9L-2 and BTRC-19 cells displayed a distinct increase in BCNU resistance compared with the 9L cells. Both BCNU-resistant sublines developed a tumor mass with invasive margins, which is not the case with 9L tumor models. The newly developed 9L-2 tumor model demonstrated 100% tumor uptake with consistent growth patterns. CONCLUSIONS Cells that acquire drug resistance also demonstrated invasive growth. Because the 9L-2 and BTRC-19 cells were derived from 9L cells that had been treated with BCNU in vivo and in vitro, this change in phenotype was likely caused by the drug treatment, which may have implications for chemotherapy of gliomas. The tumor model that developed from the 9L-2 cells can be used as a model of a recurrent glioma, which features drug resistance and invasive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Saito
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94103, USA
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Zhang XY, Elfarra AA. Identification and characterization of a series of nucleoside adducts formed by the reaction of 2'-deoxyguanosine and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane under physiological conditions. Chem Res Toxicol 2004; 16:1606-15. [PMID: 14680375 DOI: 10.1021/tx0341355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene (BD) has been attributed to its in vivo metabolites, 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB) and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB). In this study, DEB was demonstrated to react with 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) under in vitro physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) to yield several pairs of diastereomeric adducts, including N-(2-hydroxy-1-oxiranylethyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine (P4-1 and P4-2), 7,8-dihydroxy-3-(2-deoxy-beta-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-3,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1,3-diazepino[1,2-a]purin-11(11H)one (P6), 1-(2-hydroxy-2-oxiranylethyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine (P8 and P9), 1-[3-chloro-2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)propyl]-2'-deoxyguanosine (1AP9 and 2AP9), and 4,8-dihydroxy-1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-9-hydroxymethyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrimido[2,1-b]purinium ion (1BP4 and 2BP4). The 7-alkylation dG adducts (P5 and P5') were not characterized directly by NMR spectrometry because of their instability. However, their formula weights were determined to be 354, and their acid hydrolysis products were characterized as 2-amino-7-(3-chloro-2,4-dihydroxybutyl)-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one (H3), consistent with the structures of P5 and P5' being diastereomers of 6-oxo-2-amino-9-(2-deoxy-beta-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-7-(2-hydroxy-2-oxiranylethyl)-6,9-dihydro-1H-purinium ion. Time-course experiments indicated that alkaline pH and/or high DEB:dG molar ratios made the reactions faster without changing the adduct profile. The adducts were detected in the following chronological order: 7- (P5 and P5'), 1- (P8 and P9), N(2)- (P4-1 and P4-2), and P6. Whereas P4-1, P4-2, and P6 appeared stable during the courses of the reactions, P5, P5', P8, and P9 were labile and completely decomposed by the time dG was fully consumed. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the chemical reactivity and strong mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of DEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Zhang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences and the Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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