Synthesis of aryl semicarbazone of 4-aminoacetophenone and their anti-HIV activity

N-Heterocycles as Promising Antiviral Agents: A Comprehensive Overview

Viruses are a real threat to every organism at any stage of life leading to extensive infections and casualties. N-heterocycles can affect the viral life cycle at many points, including viral entrance into host cells, viral genome replication, and the production of novel viral species. Certain N-heterocycles can also stimulate the host's immune system, producing antiviral cytokines and chemokines that can stop the reproduction of viruses. This review focused on recent five- or six-membered synthetic N-heterocyclic molecules showing antiviral activity through SAR analyses. The review will assist in identifying robust scaffolds that might be utilized to create effective antiviral drugs with either no or few side effects.

Synthesis, Theoretical, in Silico and in Vitro Biological Evaluation Studies of New Thiosemicarbazones as Enzyme Inhibitors

Eleven new thiosemicarbazone derivatives (1-11) were designed from nine different biologically and pharmacologically important isothiocyanate derivatives containing functional groups such as fluorine, chlorine, methoxy, methyl, and nitro at various positions of the phenyl ring, in addition to the benzyl unit in the molecular skeletal structure. First, their substituted-thiosemicarbazide derivatives were synthesized from the treatment of isothiocyanate with hydrazine to synthesize the designed compounds. Through a one-step easy synthesis and an eco-friendly process, the designed compounds were synthesized with yields of up to 95 % from the treatment of the thiosemicarbazides with aldehyde derivatives having methoxy and hydroxy groups. The structures of the synthesized molecules were elucidated with elemental analysis and FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, and 13 C-NMR spectroscopic methods. The electronic and spectroscopic properties of the compounds were determined by the DFT calculations performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p) level of theory, and the experimental findings were supported. The effects of some global reactivity parameters and nucleophilic-electrophilic attack abilities of the compounds on the enzyme inhibition properties were also investigated. They exhibited a highly potent inhibition effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) (KI values are in the range of 23.54±4.34 to 185.90±26.16 nM, 103.90±23.49 to 325.90±77.99 nM, and 86.15±18.58 to 287.70±43.09 nM for AChE, hCA I, and hCA II, respectively). Furthermore, molecular docking simulations were performed to explain each enzyme-ligand complex's interaction.

Ultrasound promoted green synthesis, anticancer evaluation, and molecular docking studies of hydrazines: a pilot trial

We reported herein an efficient, environmentally friendly synthesis of hydrazine carboxamides (6a-l) in a water-glycerol (6:4) solvent system using ultrasonic irradiation. Ultrasonicated reactions were found to be much faster and more productive than conventional synthesis. The prepared compounds (6a-l) were tested against nine panels of 60 cancer cell lines according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI US) protocol. N-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)hydrazine-1-carboxamide (6b) was discovered to be promising anticancer agents with higher sensitivity against CCRF-CEM, HOP-92, UO-31, RMPI-8226, HL-60(TB), and MDA-MB-468 with percent growth inhibitions (%GIs) of 143.44, 33.46, 33.21, 33.09, 29.81, and 29.55 respectively. Compounds (6a-l) tested showed greater anticancer activity than Imatinib, except for compound 6k. Compounds 6b and 6c were found to be lethal on the CCRF-CEM leukaemia cell line, with %GIs of 143.44 and 108.91, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis was performed to investigate ligand binding affinity at the active site of epidermal growth factor (EGFR).

Utility of 1-(4-Substituted Aminophenyl)Ethanones in Heterocyclic Synthesis Part(II)

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The improvement of new synthetic routes towards thiophene, oxazole, triazole, pyrimidine, pyridine, quinolone, coumarin, imidazopyrimidine, pyridoimidazole and triazolo[1,5-a] pyridine for their biological and medicinal exploration is an appealing vicinity for researchers. This review focuses on the utility of 1-(4-substituted-aminophenyl) ethanones and their derivatives as critical intermediates for the synthesis of these systems developed within the closing decade.

An Efficient Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Optical Nonlinearity Response of Novel Salicylaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives

In this study, seven derivatives of salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazones (1-7) were synthesized by refluxing substituted thiosemicarbazide and salicylaldehyde in an ethanol solvent. Different spectral techniques (UV-vis, IR, and NMR) were used to analyze the prepared compounds (1-7). Accompanied by the experimental study, quantum chemical studies were also carried out at the M06/6-311G(d,p) level. A comparative analysis of the UV-visible spectra and vibrational frequencies between computational and experimental findings was also performed. These comparative data disclosed that both studies were observed to be in excellent agreement. Furthermore, natural bond orbital investigations revealed that nonbonding transitions were significant for the stability of prepared molecules. In addition, frontier molecular orbital (FMO) findings described that a promising charge transfer phenomenon was found in 1-7. The energies of FMOs were further used to determine global reactivity parameters (GRPs). These GRP factors revealed that all synthesized compounds (1-7) contain a greater hardness value (η = 2.1 eV) and a lower softness value (σ = 0.24 eV), which indicated that these compounds were less reactive and more stable. Nonlinear optical (NLO) evaluation displayed that compound 5 consisted of greater values of linear polarizability ⟨α⟩ and third-order polarizability ⟨γ⟩ of 324.93 and 1.69 × 105 a.u., respectively, while compound 3 exhibited a larger value of second-order polarizability (βtotal) of 508.41 a.u. The NLO behavior of these prepared compounds may be significant for the hi-tech NLO applications.

The Potential of Sub-Saharan African Plants in the Management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections: A Review

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Southern Africa. Phytomedicines are an integral part of African health care. The Southern African flora is composed of at least 23 400 taxa. Despite this richness, only a handful of botanical products have been assessed for activities against HIV. This study aimed to summarize the potential of Sub-Saharan African plants, based on their composition and the established bioactivities, as sources of agents to manage HIV symptoms and as retroviral therapy. At least 109 plant species from 42 families and 94 genera that are found in Southern Africa were shown to have potential or actual activities against HIV. Only 12 of these plant species from 6 families and 10 genera were shown to harbour anti-HIV properties. Phytochemicals that include β-sitosterols, terpenoids, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins and alkaloids, which harbour anti-HIV properties, were found to have a near cosmopolitan presence across the plant families in the region. Bioactivities of multiple phytochemicals are comparable to those for standard allopathic antiretroviral drugs. Research to determine the anti-HIV activities of the identified and other plants, including clinical trials, is long overdue.