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Sharma K, Gupta M, Parasher RK. The Role of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization Exercises in Stress Urinary Incontinence Among Females Aged 18-40 Years. Cureus 2024; 16:e59828. [PMID: 38846252 PMCID: PMC11156425 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is prevalent among females across various age groups, yet societal taboos and unawareness contribute to under-reporting and hinder effective management strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) compared to traditional Kegel exercises in females with stress urinary incontinence, focusing on assessing the impact of DNS on pelvic floor strength and core musculature activation to provide valuable insights into urinary continence management. METHODOLOGY This is a single-blinded, randomized trial with 90 females aged 18-40 years assessed perineometer readings, pelvic floor electromyography (EMG), and transverse abdominis activation via pressure biofeedback. RESULTS Significant improvements in pelvic floor strength and core musculature activation were observed in the DNS group compared to the Kegel exercise group. Perineometer values, EMG measurements, and pressure biofeedback unit readings demonstrated substantial enhancements post-intervention in both groups. Effect sizes, including Cohen's D and point biserial correlation coefficient, indicated medium to large effects favoring the DNS intervention. CONCLUSION DNS is superior to Kegel exercises for SUI management, emphasizing the importance of targeting core musculature. Future research should explore long-term outcomes and patient-reported measures for a comprehensive understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Sharma
- Physiotherapy, Amity Institute of Health Allied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, IND
| | - Meena Gupta
- Physiotherapy, Amity Institute of Health Allied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, IND
| | - Raju K Parasher
- Physiotherapy, Venkateshwar Hospital, University of Delhi, New Delhi, IND
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Herena-Funes MDC, Correia de Alencar C, Velázquez-Torres DM, Marrero García E, Castellote-Caballero Y, León-Morillas F, Infante-Guedes A, Cruz-Díaz D. Effects of Hypopressive Abdominal Training on Ventilatory Capacity and Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:893. [PMID: 38727450 PMCID: PMC11083795 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12090893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pelvic floor dysfunctions, associated with alterations in respiratory mechanics and, consequently, quality of life, are the cause of the most frequent gynecological problems. Pelvic floor muscle training emerges as a first-line treatment, with new approaches such as hypopressive exercises. The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of an 8-week supervised training program of hypopressive exercises on the pelvic floor and its impact on improving the ventilatory mechanics and quality of life in women. Analysis of the spirometric parameters showed a significant main Group × Time effect for three parameters: the ratio of FEV1/FVC (p = 0.030), the forced expiratory flow at 75% of the expired vital capacity (p < 0.001), and the forced expiratory flow over the middle half of the forced vital capacity (p = 0.005). No statistical significance was found regarding the SF-12 questionnaire components; only differences were found over time in the physical role (p = 0.023), bodily pain (p = 0.001), and vitality (p < 0.010) domains and in the physical component summary score (p = 0.010). After an 8-week intervention of hypopressive exercises, an improvement in the ventilatory and pulmonary capacities can be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Carmen Herena-Funes
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (M.d.C.H.-F.); (D.C.-D.)
| | - Caroline Correia de Alencar
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (M.d.C.H.-F.); (D.C.-D.)
| | | | | | - Yolanda Castellote-Caballero
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (M.d.C.H.-F.); (D.C.-D.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Atlántico Medio, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Felipe León-Morillas
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Podiatry and Therapy Occupational, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Aday Infante-Guedes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Atlántico Medio, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - David Cruz-Díaz
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (M.d.C.H.-F.); (D.C.-D.)
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Fuentes-Aparicio L, Rejano-Campo M, López-Bueno L, Marie Donnelly G, Balasch-Bernat M. The effect of an abdominopelvic exercise program alone VS in addition to postural instructions on pelvic floor muscle function in climacteric women with stress urinary incontinence. A randomized controlled trial. Physiother Theory Pract 2023; 39:738-749. [PMID: 35068328 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2022.2028323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scarce literature exists regarding the influence of posture-based interventions for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). OBJECTIVE The aim of this randomized controlled trial with two parallel groups was to investigate whether the addition of postural instructions to a 12-week abdominopelvic exercise program is superior to an abdominopelvic exercise program alone, in terms of PFMs function and symptoms in climacteric women with SUI. METHODS Climacteric women aged between 40-75 years old who presented with SUI were included in this parallel study (NCT03727945). Two randomized groups performing one 40-minutes session per week for 12-weeks were compared: one performing an abdominopelvic exercise program (AEP) and a second one performing the same intervention with the addition of postural instructions (AEPPI). PFMs electromyographical (EMG) activity and strength (Oxford Grading Scale) were quantified during a maximal voluntary contraction. SUI symptoms were assessed using a 3-day bladder diary. These outcomes were collected at baseline, immediately after intervention, and 3-months after the intervention. RESULTS A total of 47 women were included in the study (AEP [n = 23], AEPPI [n = 24]). Between-group analysis showed significant differences for post-intervention EMG and strength values, showing higher values for the AEPPI compared to the AEP group. At 3-months follow-up, statistically significant differences were only obtained in strength, with higher values in the AEPPI group. No significant differences were obtained in terms of UI symptoms. CONCLUSION A 12-session abdominopelvic exercise program supplemented with postural instructions is superior to an abdominopelvic exercise program alone in terms of PFMs function in women with SUI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fuentes-Aparicio
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Physiotherapy in Motion, Multi-Speciality Research Group (Ptinmotion), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Laura López-Bueno
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gráinne Marie Donnelly
- Perinatal Physical Activity Research Group, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK
- Pelvic Health department, Absolute Physio, Ireland, UK
| | - Mercè Balasch-Bernat
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Physiotherapy in Motion, Multi-Speciality Research Group (Ptinmotion), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Ghroubi S, Jelassi O, Abidi S, Trabelsi E, Ben Ayed H, Chlif M, Elleuch MH. Association between isokinetic abdominal muscle strength, pelvic floor muscle strength and stress urinary incontinence severity. Prog Urol 2022; 32:727-734. [PMID: 35697554 DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies have shown that there is co-activation between abdominal and pelvic floor muscles (PFM) in physiological conditions. This study aimed to assess pelvic floor and isokinetic trunk flexors function in non-active incontinent women, and to investigate the association between the strength of these muscle groups and the severity of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out. Twenty-five incontinent women were enrolled after one-hour pad test results and compared to twenty asymptomatic women. The severity of SUI was determined by the Pad test and Urinary Distress Inventory, Short Form (UDI-6). PFM function was assessed using the modified Oxford Scale, intra-vaginal PFM electromyography, and PFM endurance according to the PERFECT scheme. Trunk flexors strength was assessed using a Cybex Norm II dynamometer. RESULTS Incontinent women had a weaker PFM and isokinetic abdominal muscle strength compared to continent women (P<0,05). SUI severity was negatively correlated with PFM strength (r=-0,620, P=0,001), isokinetic trunk flexors strength (r=-0,605, P=0,001), and PFM endurance (r=-0,561, P=0,003) in incontinent women. A positive correlation between PFM function and isokinetic trunk flexors strength was found in incontinent women (r=0,488, P=0,013). CONCLUSION Non-active incontinent women had weaker pelvic floor muscles and isokinetic trunk flexors strength compared to continent ones. The positive correlation found between these two muscle groups may be explained by their synergic activity. These findings suggest that the severity of SUI could be related not only to PFM strength but also to abdominal muscle weakness. Further research is needed to recommend abdominal wall training as an alternative method to treat SUI. LEVEL OF PROOF 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghroubi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia; Unité de Recherche de L'évaluation des Pathologies de L'appareil Locomoteur LR20ES09, Université du Sud, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - O Jelassi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia; Unité de Recherche de L'évaluation des Pathologies de L'appareil Locomoteur LR20ES09, Université du Sud, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - S Abidi
- Research Unit Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, UR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - E Trabelsi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia; Unité de Recherche de L'évaluation des Pathologies de L'appareil Locomoteur LR20ES09, Université du Sud, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - H Ben Ayed
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Hospital Hygiene, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - M Chlif
- Sport Science Department, EA 3300 "APS and Motor Patterns: Adaptations-Rehabilitation", Picardie Jules Verne University, 80025 Amiens Cedex, France; Tunisian Research Laboratory Sport Performance Optimization, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia (CNMSS), Bp263, Avenue Med Ali Akid, 1004 El Menzah, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M H Elleuch
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia; Unité de Recherche de L'évaluation des Pathologies de L'appareil Locomoteur LR20ES09, Université du Sud, Sfax, Tunisia.
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The role of diaphragmatic breathing exercise on urinary incontinence treatment: A pilot study. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2022; 29:146-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bladder Base Displacement during Abdominal Muscles Contraction and Functional Activities in Primiparous Women Assessed by Transabdominal Ultrasound: A Descriptive Study. J Clin Med 2021; 11:jcm11010025. [PMID: 35011767 PMCID: PMC8745356 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study described the response of the bladder base (BB) by transabdominal ultrasound in primiparous women during movements that activate the abdominopelvic cavity musculature and cause variations in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 64 primiparous women at eight weeks after uncomplicated delivery. BB displacement was measured using a 5-MHz convex transducer in a suprapubic position. Participants were asked to perform the isolated contraction of pelvic floor musculature (PFM) and transverse abdominis (TrA), cough at high lung volume and trunk flexion with and without maximal voluntary contraction of PFM. PFM contraction elevated the BB in all but one participant, whereas TrA contraction caused the BB to ascend in 56% of the women and descend in the rest; their combined contraction rose the BB in 65% of the women although the effect was greater with only PFM contraction (p < 0.01). The BB descended in all participants during coughing and trunk flexion although the descent was inferior with the joint maximal voluntary contraction of PFM (p < 0.01). In conclusion, TrA contraction must be assessed individually in puerperal women since its effect on the BB varies among subjects. During movements increasing IAP, such as coughing or curl-ups, the anticipatory contraction of PFM reduces bladder descent although not sufficiently to counteract bladder displacement.
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Śnieżek A, Czechowska D, Curyło M, Głodzik J, Szymanowski P, Rojek A, Marchewka A. Physiotherapy according to the BeBo Concept as prophylaxis and treatment of urinary incontinence in women after natural childbirth. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18096. [PMID: 34508116 PMCID: PMC8433362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pelvic floor muscle dysfunctions can lead to urinary incontinence, a condition which often affects women both during pregnancy and after childbirth. As a result of this, certain exercises are recommended during and after pregnancy to prevent and treat this incontinence, and the BeBo Concept is one of these methods used to prevent pelvic floor muscle dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a 6-week course of physical therapy according to the BeBo Concept on the improvement of perineal muscle strength and endurance as well as urinary continence in women after their first vaginal delivery. The study was conducted on a group of 56 women who were randomly assigned to the exercise (n = 30) or control (n = 26) group. The exercising group participated in a 6-week physical therapy program according to the BeBo Concept. Pelvic floor muscles were assessed using the perineometer and palpation Perfect Test. UDI6 and ICIQ-SF questionnaires were used to obtain information about the symptoms of urinary incontinence, evaluate the frequency, severity and impact of urine leakage on the quality of life. In all women after natural childbirth, regardless of treatment, it was observed that measured parameters improved, but the improvement was slightly more explicit in those who participated in the Bebo Concept exercise group (e.g. ICIQ-SF exercise group p = 0.001, control group p = 0.035). Due to its positive impact on the pelvic floor, this exercise program should be recommended to women after natural childbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Śnieżek
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Dorota Czechowska
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Curyło
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Głodzik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Biological Recovery, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Szymanowski
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Rojek
- Gabinet Fizjoterapii ReSport, Tarnów, Poland
| | - Anna Marchewka
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Zając B, Sulowska-Daszyk I, Mika A, Stolarczyk A, Rosłoniec E, Królikowska A, Rzepko M, Oleksy Ł. Reliability of Pelvic Floor Muscle Assessment with Transabdominal Ultrasound in Young Nulliparous Women. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3449. [PMID: 34362232 PMCID: PMC8348606 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of pelvic floor muscles evaluation via transabdominal ultrasonography in young nulliparous women and to present the methodology for quantitative assessment of the ultrasound image of the pelvic floor muscles visible as displacement of the posterior wall of the bladder, caused by action of the pelvic floor muscles. The study comprised 30 young, Caucasian, nulliparous women (age 22-27; 168.6 ± 5.1 cm; 57.1 ± 11.8 kg) without pelvic floor muscle dysfunctions. The intra-rater, test-retest and inter-rater reliability of pelvic floor muscles evaluation was performed using transabdominal ultrasound at rest and during voluntary contraction. The reliability was assessed at three points of the image (at the middle, on the right and left side). The reliability of the three-point measurement of the pelvic floor muscles transabdominal ultrasound is excellent in the case of intra-rater assessments, both at rest (ICC = 0.98-0.99) and during contraction (ICC = 0.97-0.98); moderate at rest (ICC = 0.54-0.62) and poor during contraction (ICC = 0.22-0.50) in the case of test-retest assessment; excellent at rest (ICC = 0.95-0.96), and good during contraction (ICC = 0.81-0.87) in the case of inter-rater assessment. Transabdominal ultrasound is a reliable method of pelvic floor muscle evaluation. The three-points of assessment used in our study allowed for broader and more comprehensive imaging of the pelvic floor muscle, e.g., for quantitative detection contractility imbalances between the left and right side Due to the fact that understanding mechanisms of pelvic floor muscle functioning is crucial in the therapy of pelvic floor dysfunctions, therefore, reliable, valid tests and instruments are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Zając
- Laboratory of Functional Diagnostics, Central Scientific and Research Laboratory, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Iwona Sulowska-Daszyk
- Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (A.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Anna Mika
- Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (A.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Artur Stolarczyk
- Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland; (A.S.); (Ł.O.)
| | - Ewelina Rosłoniec
- Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (A.M.); (E.R.)
| | - Aleksandra Królikowska
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Marian Rzepko
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Rzeszów University, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Oleksy
- Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland; (A.S.); (Ł.O.)
- Oleksy Medical & Sports Sciences, 37-100 Łańcut, Poland
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Iguchi S, Inoue-Hirakawa T, Nojima I, Noguchi T, Sugiura H. Relationships between stress urinary incontinence and trunk muscle mass or spinal alignment in older women. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2021; 14:10-16. [PMID: 34288434 PMCID: PMC9290447 DOI: 10.1111/luts.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Relationships between stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and physical function and spinal alignment have not been fully elucidated; therefore, we examined these relationships in older women. METHODS The participants of this cross-sectional study comprised 21 women with SUI (SUI group) and 41 continent women (continent group) aged >65 years who participated in a community-based health-check survey from 2018 to 2019. We examined age, body mass index, number of deliveries, age at first childbirth, and medical histories as participants' characteristics. SUI was evaluated using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF). We also assessed spinal alignment and physical activity, grip strength, trunk and lower limb muscle mass, gait speed, and one-leg standing time as measures of participants' physical function. RESULTS Body mass index was significantly higher in the SUI group compared with continents (P = 0.04), and trunk muscle mass in the SUI group was significantly lower (P < 0.01). Additionally, the thoracic kyphosis angle in the SUI group was significantly larger (P = 0.02). In the logistic regression analysis, trunk muscle mass (odds ratio = 0.546, P = 0.03) and increased thoracic kyphosis angle (odds ratio = 1.066, P = 0.045) were independent factors affecting SUI. Furthermore, there was a negative weak correlation between total ICIQ-SF score and trunk muscle mass (r = -0.36, P < 0.01), and a positive weak correlation between total ICIQ-SF score and thoracic kyphosis angle (r = 0.27, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Trunk muscle mass and thoracic kyphosis angle relate to SUI status and severity among Japanese community-dwelling older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Iguchi
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoe Inoue-Hirakawa
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ippei Nojima
- Division of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Taiji Noguchi
- Department of Social Science, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.,Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideshi Sugiura
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Efficacy of biofeedback-assisted pelvic floor muscle training in females with pelvic floor dysfunction. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Werner LA, Dayan M. Diastasis Recti Abdominis-diagnosis, Risk Factors, Effect on Musculoskeletal Function, Framework for Treatment and Implications for the Pelvic Floor. CURRENT WOMENS HEALTH REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573404814666180222152952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Diastasis Recti Abdominis (DRA) can occur during pregnancy and postpartum. It is defined as an increase of the inter-recti distance (IRD) beyond normal values. The diagnosis of DRA is inconsistent within the literature and varies depending on measurement instrument and activity during measurement (rest versus active curl-up). DRA is characterized by the stretching of linea alba (LA) and contributes to a protrusion of the anterior abdominal wall due to increased laxity in the myofascial system that supports abdominal viscera. DRA has been postulated to affect lumbopelvic support and function due to laxity of the LA and altered angle of muscle insertion, but recent studies have not confirmed this. Risk factors for the development of DRA have been investigated in pregnancy to 12-months postpartum.Objective:Rehabilitation for DRA has been traditionally focused on reducing the IRD, but recent research has proposed that a sole focus on closing the DRA is suboptimal.Results:It is important alongside the rehabilitation of the abdominal wall that there is the consideration of the pelvic floor (PF). In healthy individuals, with the activation of the transversus abdominis, there is a sub-maximal co-contraction of the PF muscles. This co-contraction can be lost or altered in women with urinary incontinence. An increase in intra-abdominal pressure without simultaneous co-contraction of the PF may cause caudal displacement of the PF.Conclusion:The aim of this review is to bring the reader up to date on the evidence on DRA and to propose a rehabilitation framework for the whole abdominal wall in DRA with consideration of the impact on the PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Anne Werner
- Shelbourne Physiotherapy 100B-3200 Shelbourne V8P 5G8, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marcy Dayan
- Dayan Physiotherapy and Pelvic Floor Clinic 909-750 W Broadway V5Z 1H8 Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Vesentini G, El Dib R, Righesso LAR, Piculo F, Marini G, Ferraz GAR, Calderon IDMP, Barbosa AMP, Rudge MVC. Pelvic floor and abdominal muscle cocontraction in women with and without pelvic floor dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2019; 74:e1319. [PMID: 31778432 PMCID: PMC6862713 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2019/e1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing discussion regarding abdominal muscle (AbM) and pelvic floor muscle (PFM) synergism. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the cocontraction between AbMs and PFMs in women with or without pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD). The following databases were searched up to December 21, 2018: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, PEDro and CENTRAL. We included any study that assessed the cocontraction between PFMs and AbMs in women with and without PFD. Two reviewers independently screened eligible articles and extracted data. The outcomes were extracted and analyzed as continuous variables with random effect models. Twenty studies were included. A meta-analysis did not show differences in women with and without PFD. However, a sensitivity analysis suggested cocontraction of the transversus abdominis (TrA) during PFM contraction in healthy women (standardized mean difference (SMD) -1.02 [95% confidence interval (CI) -1.90 to -0.14], P=0.02; I2= not applicable; very low quality of evidence). Women with PFD during contraction of PFMs showed cocontraction of the obliquus internus (OI) (SMD 1.10 [95% CI 0.27 to 1.94], P=0.01; I2= not applicable; very low quality of evidence), and obliquus externus (OE) (SMD 2.08 [95% CI 1.10 to 3.06], P<0.0001; I2 = not applicable; very low quality of evidence). Increased cocontraction of the TrA may be associated with maximal contraction of PFMs in women without PFD. On the other hand, there is likely an increased cocontraction with the OI and OE in women with PFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Vesentini
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetricia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Regina El Dib
- Departamento de Biociencias e Diagnostico Bucal, Instituto de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, BR
- McMaster Institute of Urology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Fernanda Piculo
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetricia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, BR
| | - Gabriela Marini
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetricia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, BR
- Departamento de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Sagrado Coracao, Bauru, SP, BR
| | - Guilherme Augusto Rago Ferraz
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetricia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, BR
| | | | | | - Marilza Vieira Cunha Rudge
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetricia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, BR
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Emerich Gordon K, Reed O. The Role of the Pelvic Floor in Respiration: A Multidisciplinary Literature Review. J Voice 2018; 34:243-249. [PMID: 30447797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct an interdisciplinary literature review on the function of the pelvic floor musculature during respiration and its role in phonation, particularly singing. STUDY DESIGN This is a literature review. METHODS A literature review was conducted using three electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. An index search was also performed for the NATS Journal/Journal of Singing utilizing the keywords from the original search, as these articles did not appear in the original search. Peer-reviewed articles from 1985 to 2017 were gathered on the respiratory musculature and/or support mechanisms for phonation (anatomy and physiology). Articles that pertained to the muscular function of the respiratory system in breathing and/or phonation were utilized in the review. Eighty-five articles were included in this review. RESULTS Breathing and support strategies were variable and nonspecific in much of the singing voice literature. The voice science literature was a rich source of articles written about breathing and support for singing. Multiple studies looked at musculature utilized in respiration and breath support and subglottal pressure generation for muscular support. However, little or no mention was made specifically of the pelvic floor. The physical medicine literature includes the pelvic floor musculature as having an important role in respiration, as a key player in the generation of intra-abdominal pressure, and as a primary expiratory muscle. CONCLUSIONS The information gleaned from this literature review suggests that a cross-pollination between areas of science is needed, because quite obviously, the pelvic floor is a topic in physical medicine, but it is not (so much) in the voice literature. Reaching a consensus on how we describe the function of the respiratory musculature and specifically including the role of the pelvic floor in respiration and phonation deserves future attention. Further research looking specifically at the role of the pelvic floor in phonation is also warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ona Reed
- Hofstra University, Long Island, New York.
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14
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Dysfunctional voiding: the importance of non-invasive urodynamics in diagnosis and treatment. Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33:381-394. [PMID: 28567611 PMCID: PMC5799351 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In Dysfunctional voiding, failure of the external sphincter-pelvic floor complex to relax during micturition results in bladder outflow obstruction with a spectrum of presentation from more benign lower urinary tract dysfunction including recurrent urinary tract infections, to significant upper tract pathology and end-stage renal failure. There is no underlying neurological or anatomical cause and the condition is postulated to be a largely learnt behavior. Diagnosis relies on non-invasive urodynamics and in particular uroflowmetry, plus or minus EMG, which is also used in biofeedback, the mainstay of treatment. The etiology, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment with particular emphasis on non-invasive urodynamics are covered.
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Multimodal Physical Therapy Intervention for Urinary Incontinence and Overactive Bladder in the Older Adult. TOPICS IN GERIATRIC REHABILITATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/tgr.0000000000000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Bø K, Herbert RD. There is not yet strong evidence that exercise regimens other than pelvic floor muscle training can reduce stress urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review. J Physiother 2013; 59:159-68. [PMID: 23896331 DOI: 10.1016/s1836-9553(13)70180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
QUESTION What evidence is there for alternative exercises to specific pelvic floor muscle training for treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women? DESIGN A systematic review was conducted with searches of PubMed and PEDro to January 2013. The quality of randomised trials was evaluated using the PEDro scale. Each type of exercise was classified as being in a Development Phase, Testing Phase, or Refinement and Dissemination Phase. PARTICIPANTS Women with stress or mixed urinary incontinence with predominantly stress urinary incontinence. INTERVENTION Exercise regimens other than pelvic floor muscle training. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was urinary leakage. RESULTS Seven randomised controlled trials were found: three on abdominal training, two on the Paula method, and two on Pilates exercise. The methodological quality score ranged between 4 and 8 with a mean of 5.7. There was no convincing evidence for the effect of these exercise regimens so they remain in the Testing Phase. Because no randomised trials were found for posture correction, breathing exercise, yoga, Tai Chi, and general fitness training, these were classified as being in the Development Phase. CONCLUSION There is not yet strong evidence that alternative exercise regimens can reduce urinary leakage in women with stress urinary incontinence. Alternative exercise regimens should not yet be recommended for use in clinical practice for women with stress urinary incontinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Bø
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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Kamel DM, Thabet AA, Tantawy SA, Radwan MM. Effect of abdominal versus pelvic floor muscle exercises in obese Egyptian women with mild stress urinary incontinence: A randomised controlled trial. Hong Kong Physiother J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hkpj.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Dumoulin C, Martin C, Elliott V, Bourbonnais D, Morin M, Lemieux MC, Gauthier R. Randomized controlled trial of physiotherapy for postpartum stress incontinence: 7-year follow-up. Neurourol Urodyn 2013; 32:449-54. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.22330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pereira LC, Botelho S, Marques J, Amorim CF, Lanza AH, Palma P, Riccetto C. Are transversus abdominis/oblique internal and pelvic floor muscles coactivated during pregnancy and postpartum? Neurourol Urodyn 2012; 32:416-9. [PMID: 23071085 DOI: 10.1002/nau.22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to simultaneously evaluate both transversus abdominis/internal oblique (Tra/IO) and pelvic floor muscles (PFM) during isometric exercises in nulliparous, pregnant, and postpartum women. METHODS The study included 81 women divided into four groups: (G1) nulliparous women without urinary symptoms (n = 20); (G2) primigravid pregnant women with gestational age ≥24 weeks (n = 25); (G3) primiparous postpartum women after vaginal delivery with right mediolateral episiotomy (n = 19); (G4) primiparous postpartum women after cesarean section delivery, with 40 to 60 days of postpartum (n = 17). The assessment consisted of simultaneous surface electromyography (EMGs) of the PFM and Tra/IO, during three isometric maximum voluntary contractions. RESULTS Only nulliparous women presented significant simultaneous Tra/IO and PFM co-activation when asked to contract PFM (P = 0.0007) or Tra/IO (P = 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS There is co-activation of the transversus abdominis/internal oblique and the pelvic floor muscles in young, asymptomatic nulliparous women. This pattern was modified in primigravid pregnant and primiparous postpartum women regardless of the delivery mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Carvalho Pereira
- Faculty of Medical Sciences of the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Pelvic floor muscle training in treatment of female stress urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse and sexual dysfunction. World J Urol 2011; 30:437-43. [PMID: 21984473 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-011-0779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of the present review was to present and discuss evidence for pelvic floor muscle (PFM) training on female stress urinary incontinence (SUI), pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and sexual dysfunction. METHODS This manuscript is based on conclusions and data presented in systematic reviews on PFM training for SUI, POP and sexual dysfunction. Cochrane reviews, the 4th International Consultation on Incontinence, the NICE guidelines and the Health Technology Assessment were used as data sources. In addition, a new search on Pubmed was done from 2008 to 2011. Only data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English language is presented and discussed. RESULTS There is Level 1, Grade A evidence that PFM training is effective in treatment of SUI. Short-term cure rates assessed as <2 g of leakage on pad testing vary between 35 and 80%. To date there are 5 RCTs showing significant effect of PFM training on either POP stage, symptoms or PFM morphology. Supervised and more intensive training is more effective than unsupervised training. There are no adverse effects. There is a lack of RCTs addressing the effect of PFM training on sexual dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS PFM training should be first line treatment for SUI and POP, but the training needs proper instruction and close follow-up to be effective. More high quality RCTs are warranted on PFM training to treat sexual dysfunction.
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Assessment of pelvic floor muscle function in women with and without low back pain using transabdominal ultrasound. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:235-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.math.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bø K, Mørkved S, Frawley H, Sherburn M. Evidence for benefit of transversus abdominis training alone or in combination with pelvic floor muscle training to treat female urinary incontinence: A systematic review. Neurourol Urodyn 2009; 28:368-73. [PMID: 19191277 DOI: 10.1002/nau.20700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) has Level A evidence to treat female urinary incontinence (UI). Recently, indirect training of the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) via the transversus abdominis muscle (TrA) has been suggested as a new method to treat UI. The aim of this article is to discuss whether there is evidence for a synergistic co-contraction between TrA and PFM in women with UI, whether TrA contraction is as effective, or more effective than PFMT in treating UI and whether there is evidence to recommend TrA training as an intervention strategy. METHODS A computerized search on PubMed, and hand searching in proceedings from the meetings of the World Confederation of Physical Therapy (1993-2007), International Continence Society and International Urogynecology Association (1990-2007) were performed. RESULTS While a co-contraction of the TrA normally occurs with PFM contraction, there is evidence that a co-contraction of the PFM with TrA contraction can be lost or altered in women with UI. No randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were found comparing TrA training with untreated controls or sham. Two RCTs have shown no additional effect of adding TrA training to PFMT in the treatment of UI. CONCLUSIONS To date there is insufficient evidence for the use of TrA training instead of or in addition to PFMT for women with UI. Neurourol. Urodyn. 28:368-373, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Bø
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
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Liebergall-Wischnitzer M, Hochner-Celnikier D, Lavy Y, Manor O, Shveiky D, Paltiel O. Randomized Trial of Circular Muscle Versus Pelvic Floor Training for Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2009; 18:377-85. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2008.0950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Y. Lavy
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah/Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - O. Manor
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hadassah/Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - D. Shveiky
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah/Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - O. Paltiel
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hadassah/Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Bø K, Herbert RD. When and how should new therapies become routine clinical practice? Physiotherapy 2009; 95:51-7. [PMID: 19627686 DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The process by which new therapies enter clinical practice is frequently suboptimal. Often, ideas for new therapies are generated by clinical observations or laboratory studies; therapies based on those ideas may enter clinical practice without any further scrutiny. As a consequence, some ineffective practices become widespread. This article proposes a six-stage protocol for the implementation of new therapies. Hypotheses about therapy based on preclinical research should be subject to clinical exploration and pilot studies prior to rigorous assessment with randomised clinical trials. If randomised clinical trials suggest that the intervention produces clinically important effects, further randomised studies can be conducted to refine the intervention. New interventions should not be recommended, or included in teaching curricula, or taught in continuing education courses until their effectiveness has been demonstrated in high-quality randomised clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Bø
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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Reproducibility of ultrasonic measurements of pelvic floor structures in women suffering from urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 2008; 20:309-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00192-008-0771-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Britnell S, Cole J, Isherwood L, Sran M. Archivée: Santé posturale chez les femmes : Le rôle de la physiothérapie. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(16)30536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Britnell SJ, Cole JV, Isherwood L, Sran MM, Britnell N, Burgi S, Candido G, Watson L. Postural Health in Women: The Role of Physiotherapy. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2005; 27:493-510. [PMID: 16100646 DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(16)30535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This document has been archived because it contains outdated information. It should not be consulted for clinical use, but for historical research only. Please visit the journal website for the most recent guidelines.
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Eliasson K, Nordlander I, Larson B, Hammarström M, Mattsson E. Influence of physical activity on urinary leakage in primiparous women. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2005; 15:87-94. [PMID: 15773862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The impact of physical activity on urinary leakage (UL) has previously been considered, but not in relation to first pregnancy and delivery. The aim of this study was to describe physical activity and urinary leakage before, during and after the first childbirth. The subjects who were invited to participate in the study were taken consecutively from nine maternity clinics in the northwest part of Stockholm County, and the study group included 665 primiparous women. The mean age of the women was 28 (range 17-43) years. The women answered one questionnaire during the 36th gestation week and another 1 year post partum. Physical activity/exercises were classified according to their impact on the pelvic floor, and the women were divided into three groups: high-impact exercise (n=327), low-impact exercise (n=84) and the inactive group (n=254). The results showed a high intensity and frequency of physical activity in the participating primiparous women. Risk factors for UL were symptoms of a dysfunctional pelvic floor and connective tissue disorders and high-impact physical activity before pregnancy, while low-impact activity seemed to promote continence. If urinary leakage was present before pregnancy, it persisted in most women during pregnancy and 1 year post partum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Eliasson
- Department of Neurotec, Division of Physiotherapy, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 83 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Bø K, Sherburn M, Allen T. Transabdominal ultrasound measurement of pelvic floor muscle activity when activated directly or via a transversus abdominis muscle contraction. Neurourol Urodyn 2003; 22:582-8. [PMID: 12951667 DOI: 10.1002/nau.10139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of instruction to contract the pelvic floor muscles (PFM), the transversus abdominis (TrA), and the TrA + PFM visualized as displacement of the pelvic floor by ultrasound. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty female physical therapists, mean age 41.1 years (range 26-56) participated in the study. A 3.5 MHz 35 mm curved linear array ultrasound transducer (Dornier Medtech) was placed in the mid-sagittal plane immediately suprapubically, angled at 15-30 degrees from the vertical depending on subcutaneous fat and anatomical variations, to image the pelvic floor. Six trials of three maneuvers in random order were performed: contraction of PFM, TrA, and TrA + PFM. RESULTS In spite of correct contractions assessed by palpation and clinical observation, one subject demonstrated a downward movement of the pelvic floor during PFM contraction on ultrasound. Six subjects (30%) showed a downward movement during a TrA- contraction, and two during the combined TrA + PFM contraction. Instruction to contract PFM produced significantly greater mean displacement: 11.2 mm (95% CI 7.2-15.3) than TrA 4.3 mm (95% CI -0.2-8.8), P < 0.01, and combination: 8.5 mm (95% CI 5.2-12), P = 0.04. Hence, instruction of PFM contraction produced a 61.6% greater displacement of the pelvic floor in the correct direction than a TrA contraction. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that ultrasound is a more valid method than palpation and clinical observation to assess PFM function, and that instruction to contract the PFM produces a significantly more effective pelvic floor muscle contraction than instruction to perform a TrA contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Bø
- The Norwegian University of Sport and Physical Education, Ullevål Stadion, Oslo, Norway.
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