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Cheng WF, Ma S, Lai YT, Cheung YT, Akkarasereenon K, Zhou Y, Tong R. BiBr 3 -Mediated Intramolecular Aza-Prins Cyclization of Aza-Achmatowicz Rearrangement Products: Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Suaveoline and Sarpagine Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311671. [PMID: 37724977 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
An intramolecular aza-Prins cyclization of aza-Achmatowicz rearrangement products was developed in which bismuth tribromide (BiBr3 ) plays a dual role as an efficient Lewis acid and source of the bromide nucleophile. This approach enables the facile construction of highly functionalized 9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes (9-ABNs), which are valuable synthetic building blocks and a powerful platform for the synthesis of a variety of alkaloid natural products and drug molecules. Suitable substrates for the aza-Prins cyclization include 1,1-disubstituted alkenes, 1,2-disubstituted alkenes, alkynes, and allenes, with good to excellent yields observed. Finally, we showcase the application of this new approach to the enantioselective total synthesis of six indole alkaloids: (-)-suaveoline (1), (-)-norsuaveoline (2), (-)-macrophylline (3), (+)-normacusine B (4), (+)-Na -methyl-16-epipericyclivine (5) and (+)-affinisine (6) in a total of 9-14 steps. This study significantly expands the synthetic utility of the aza-Achmatowicz rearrangement, and the strategy (aza-Achmatowicz/aza-Prins) is expected to be applicable to the total synthesis of other members of the big family of macroline and sarpagine indole alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Fung Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shiqiang Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yin Tung Lai
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuen Tsz Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kornkamon Akkarasereenon
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiqin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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2
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Blois L, de Miguel M, Bert PF, Ollat N, Rubio B, Voss-Fels KP, Schmid J, Marguerit E. Dissecting the genetic architecture of root-related traits in a grafted wild Vitis berlandieri population for grapevine rootstock breeding. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:223. [PMID: 37838631 PMCID: PMC10576685 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
In woody perennial plants, quantitative genetics and association studies remain scarce for root-related traits, due to the time required to obtain mature plants and the complexity of phenotyping. In grapevine, a grafted cultivated plant, most of the rootstocks used are hybrids between American Vitis species (V. rupestris, V. riparia, and V. berlandieri). In this study, we used a wild population of an American Vitis species (V. berlandieri) to analyze the genetic architecture of the root-related traits of rootstocks in a grafted context. We studied a population consisting of 211 genotypes, with one to five replicates each (n = 846 individuals), plus four commercial rootstocks as control genotypes (110R, 5BB, Börner, and SO4). After two independent years of experimentation, the best linear unbiased estimates method revealed root-related traits with a moderate-to-high heritability (0.36-0.82) and coefficient of genetic variation (0.15-0.45). A genome-wide association study was performed with the BLINK model, leading to the detection of 11 QTL associated with four root-related traits (one QTL was associated with the total number of roots, four were associated with the number of small roots (< 1 mm in diameter), two were associated with the number of medium-sized roots (1 mm < diameter < 2 mm), and four were associated with mean diameter) accounting for up to 25.1% of the variance. Three genotypes were found to have better root-related trait performances than the commercial rootstocks and therefore constitute possible new candidates for use in grapevine rootstock breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Blois
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
- Department of Grapevine Breeding, Geisenheim University, Von Lade Str. 1, 65366, Geisenheim, Germany.
| | - Marina de Miguel
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Pierre-François Bert
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Ollat
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Bernadette Rubio
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Kai P Voss-Fels
- Department of Grapevine Breeding, Geisenheim University, Von Lade Str. 1, 65366, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Joachim Schmid
- Department of Grapevine Breeding, Geisenheim University, Von Lade Str. 1, 65366, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Elisa Marguerit
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Liang XX, Yang JX, Li JM, Huang JB, Yang LM, Sun TT, Luo RH, Xiao WL, Zheng YT, Li XL. A pair of new oxindole alkaloids isolated from Uncaria macrophylla. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:1258-1264. [PMID: 34738856 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A pair of new oxindole alkaloids, named macrophyllines C (1) and D (2), together with two known oxindole alkaloids isorhynchophylline (3) and corynoxine (4) were isolated from Uncaria macrophylla. Their structures were elucidated based on detailed spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with literature data. In addition, all the isolates were tested for their anti-HIV activities and cytotoxicities in C8166 cells and compounds 2-4 showed weak anti-HIV activities with EC50 values of 11.31 ± 3.29 μM, 18.77 ± 6.14 μM and 30.02 ± 3.73 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jin-Xuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province & Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jian-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jia-Bi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Liu-Meng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province & Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Tian-Tian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province & Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wei-Lie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province & Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Chear NJY, Ching-Ga TAF, Khaw KY, León F, Tan WN, Yusof SR, McCurdy CR, Murugaiyah V, Ramanathan S. Natural Corynanthe-Type Cholinesterase Inhibitors from Malaysian Uncaria attenuata Korth.: Isolation, Characterization, In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030390. [PMID: 36984830 PMCID: PMC10059728 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Uncaria genus is notable for its therapeutic potential in treating age-related dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease. A phytochemical study of the leaves of Malaysian Uncaria attenuata Korth., afforded an undescribed natural corynanthe-type oxindole alkaloid, isovillocarine D (1) together with two known indole alkaloids, villocarine A (2) and geissoschizine methyl ether (3), and their structural identification was performed with extensive mono- and bidimensional NMR and MS spectroscopic methods. The isolated alkaloids were evaluated for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE)- and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)-inhibitory activity. The results indicated that compound (2) was the most potent inhibitor against both AChE and BChE, with IC50 values of 14.45 and 13.95 µM, respectively, whereas compounds (1) and (3) were selective BChE inhibitors with IC50 values of 35.28 and 17.65 µM, respectively. In addition, molecular docking studies revealed that compound (2) interacts with the five main regions of AChE via both hydrogen and hydrophobic bonding. In contrast to AChE, the interactions of (2) with the enzymatic site of BChE are established only through hydrophobic bonding. The current finding suggests that U. attenuata could be a good source of bioactive alkaloids for treating age-related dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tan Ai Fein Ching-Ga
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kooi-Yeong Khaw
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Wen-Nee Tan
- Chemistry Section, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siti R. Yusof
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Christopher R. McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Vikneswaran Murugaiyah
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Surash Ramanathan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (S.R.)
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Biosynthesis and Modulation of Terpenoid Indole Alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus: A Review of Targeting Genes and Secondary Metabolites. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.4.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal plant C. roseus synthesizes biologically active alkaloids via the terpenoid indole alkaloid (TIAs) biosynthetic pathway. Most of these alkaloids have high therapeutic value, such as vinblastine and vincristine. Plant signaling components, plant hormones, precursors, growth hormones, prenylated proteins, and transcriptomic factors regulate the complex networks of TIA biosynthesis. For many years, researchers have been evaluating the scientific value of the TIA biosynthetic pathway and its potential in commercial applications for market opportunities. Metabolic engineering has revealed the major blocks in metabolic pathways regulated at the molecular level, unknown structures, metabolites, genes, enzyme expression, and regulatory genes. Conceptually, this information is necessary to create transgenic plants and microorganisms for the commercial production of high-value dimer alkaloids, such as vinca alkaloids, vinblastine, and vincristine In this review, we present current knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of these components in the C. roseus TIA pathway, from genes to metabolites.
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6
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Zhao S, Sirasani G, Andrade RB. Aspidosperma and Strychnos alkaloids: Chemistry and biology. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2021; 86:1-143. [PMID: 34565505 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Of Nature's nearly 3000 unique monoterpene indole alkaloids derived from tryptophan, those members belonging to the Aspidosperma and Strychnos families continue to impact the fields of natural products (i.e., isolation, structure determination, biosynthesis) and organic chemistry (i.e., chemical synthesis, methodology development) among others. This review covers the biological activity (Section 2), biosynthesis (Section 3), and synthesis of both classical and novel Aspidosperma (Section 4), Strychnos (Section 5), and selected bis-indole (Section 6) alkaloids. Technological advancements in genetic sequencing and bioinformatics have deepened our understanding of how Nature assembles these intriguing molecules. The proliferation of innovative synthetic strategies and tactics for the synthesis of the alkaloids covered in this review, which include contributions from over fifty research groups from around the world, are a testament to the creative power and technical skills of synthetic organic chemists. To be sure, Nature-the Supreme molecular architect and source of a dazzling array of irresistible chemical logic puzzles-continues to inspire scientists across multiple disciplines and will certainly continue to do so for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senzhi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Rodrigo B Andrade
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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7
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Strictosidine synthase, an indispensable enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoid indole and β-carboline alkaloids. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:591-607. [PMID: 34419259 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoid indole (TIAs) and β-carboline alkaloids (BCAs), such as suppressant reserpine, vasodilatory yohimbine, and antimalarial quinine, are natural compounds derived from strictosidine. These compounds can exert powerful pharmacological effects but be obtained from limited source in nature. the whole biosynthetic pathway of TIAs and BCAs, The Pictet-Spengler reaction catalyzed by strictosidine synthase (STR; EC: 4.3.3.2) is the rate-limiting step. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate their biosynthesis pathways, especially the role of STR, and related findings will support the biosynthetic generation of natural and unnatural compounds. This review summarizes the latest studies concerning the function of STR in TIA and BCA biosynthesis, and illustrates the compounds derived from strictosidine. The substrate specificity of STR based on its structure is also summarized. Proteins that contain six-bladed four-stranded β-propeller folds in many organisms, other than plants, are listed. The presence of these folds may lead to similar functions among organisms. The expression of STR gene can greatly influence the production of many compounds. STR is mainly applied to product various valuable drugs in plant cell suspension culture and biosynthesis in other carriers.
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8
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Reuß F, Heretsch P. Synthetic strategies for the ibophyllidine alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:693-701. [PMID: 33074277 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00036a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1975-2020The ibophyllidine alkaloids are unique pyrroloindole alkaloids exhibiting a five-membered D-ring in contrast to the six-membered D-ring of the more common Aspidosperma and Strychnos alkaloids. This structural feature has made them sought-after targets for organic chemists as well as for the elucidation of their biosynthesis. Beginning with the first and eponymous member ibophyllidine, isolation and structure determination is discussed. The main focus of this review are the diverse chemical approaches towards the ibophyllidines in context with their respective biosynthesis. The often employed Diels-Alder reaction strategy, two other named reaction-based strategies and the most recent enantioselective strategies are presented and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Reuß
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Calcaterra A, Mangiardi L, Delle Monache G, Quaglio D, Balducci S, Berardozzi S, Iazzetti A, Franzini R, Botta B, Ghirga F. The Pictet-Spengler Reaction Updates Its Habits. Molecules 2020; 25:E414. [PMID: 31963860 PMCID: PMC7024544 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pictet-Spengler reaction (P-S) is one of the most direct, efficient, and variable synthetic method for the construction of privileged pharmacophores such as tetrahydro-isoquinolines (THIQs), tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THBCs), and polyheterocyclic frameworks. In the lustro (five-year period) following its centenary birthday, the P-S reaction did not exit the stage but it came up again on limelight with new features. This review focuses on the interesting results achieved in this period (2011-2015), analyzing the versatility of this reaction. Classic P-S was reported in the total synthesis of complex alkaloids, in combination with chiral catalysts as well as for the generation of libraries of compounds in medicinal chemistry. The P-S has been used also in tandem reactions, with the sequences including ring closing metathesis, isomerization, Michael addition, and Gold- or Brønsted acid-catalyzed N-acyliminium cyclization. Moreover, the combination of P-S reaction with Ugi multicomponent reaction has been exploited for the construction of highly complex polycyclic architectures in few steps and high yields. The P-S reaction has also been successfully employed in solid-phase synthesis, affording products with different structures, including peptidomimetics, synthetic heterocycles, and natural compounds. Finally, the enzymatic version of P-S has been reported for biosynthesis, biotransformations, and bioconjugations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Calcaterra
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Laura Mangiardi
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuliano Delle Monache
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Deborah Quaglio
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Silvia Balducci
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Simone Berardozzi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Iazzetti
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Roberta Franzini
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Bruno Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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Villarruel F, Denofrio MP, Rasse-Suriani FAO, García Einschlag FS, Schmidt De León T, Erra-Balsells R, Cabrerizo FM. Light-induced full aromatization and hydroxylation of 7-methoxy-1-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole alkaloid: Oxygen partial pressure as a key modulator of the photoproducts distribution. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2019; 199:111600. [PMID: 31473429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Full-aromatic and partially hydrogenated β-carboline (βC) derivatives constitute a group of alkaloids widely distributed in a great variety of living systems. In plants and bacteria, tetrahydro-βCs are the primary product of the Pictet-Spengler enzymatically catalyzed condensation. Tetrahydro-βC skeleton is further modified giving rise to the formation of a vast set of derivatives including dihydro- and full-aromatic βCs. However, in most of the cases, the later processes still remain unclear and other sources, such as photo-triggered reactions, deserve to be explored. In this context, the photophysic and photochemistry of 7-methoxy-1-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole or harmaline (Hlina) in aqueous solution is reported herein. UV-visible absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy coupled with multivariate data analysis (PARAFAC), HPLC and HRESI-MS techniques were used for both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The formation singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide reactive oxygen species (ROS) was quantified and their role together with the influence of pH and oxygen partial pressure on the photochemical degradation of HlinaH+ was assessed. We report herein the first study on photochemical full-aromatization of a dihydro-βC derivative. These results can shed some light on the βCs biosynthesis and role in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Villarruel
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.2, CC 164, B7130IWA Chascomús, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), CCT-La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Diag. 113 y 64, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Paula Denofrio
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.2, CC 164, B7130IWA Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Federico A O Rasse-Suriani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), CCT-La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Diag. 113 y 64, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Fernando S García Einschlag
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), CCT-La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Diag. 113 y 64, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Tobías Schmidt De León
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Pabellón II, 3er P., Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pabellón II, 3er P., Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosa Erra-Balsells
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Pabellón II, 3er P., Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pabellón II, 3er P., Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Franco M Cabrerizo
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.2, CC 164, B7130IWA Chascomús, Argentina.
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11
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Norwood VM, Huigens RW. Harnessing the Chemistry of the Indole Heterocycle to Drive Discoveries in Biology and Medicine. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2273-2297. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Verrill M. Norwood
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryCenter for Natural Products Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3)University of Florida 1345 Center Drive Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Robert W. Huigens
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryCenter for Natural Products Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3)University of Florida 1345 Center Drive Gainesville FL 32610 USA
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13
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Singh A, Massicotte MA, Garand A, Tousignant L, Ouellette V, Bérubé G, Desgagné-Penix I. Cloning and characterization of norbelladine synthase catalyzing the first committed reaction in Amaryllidaceae alkaloid biosynthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:338. [PMID: 30526483 PMCID: PMC6286614 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) are a large group of plant-specialized metabolites displaying an array of biological and pharmacological properties. Previous investigations on AA biosynthesis have revealed that all AAs share a common precursor, norbelladine, presumably synthesized by an enzyme catalyzing a Mannich reaction involving the condensation of tyramine and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. Similar reactions have been reported. Specifically, norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) which catalyzes the condensation of dopamine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde as the first step in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. RESULTS With the availability of wild daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) database, a transcriptome-mining search was performed for NCS orthologs. A candidate gene sequence was identified and named norbelladine synthase (NBS). NpNBS encodes for a small protein of 19 kDa with an anticipated pI of 5.5. Phylogenetic analysis showed that NpNBS belongs to a unique clade of PR10/Bet v1 proteins and shared 41% amino acid identity to opium poppy NCS1. Expression of NpNBS cDNA in Escherichia coli produced a recombinant enzyme able to condense tyramine and 3,4-DHBA into norbelladine as determined by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS Here, we describe a novel enzyme catalyzing the first committed step of AA biosynthesis, which will facilitate the establishment of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology platforms for the production of AAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Marie-Ange Massicotte
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Ariane Garand
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Laurence Tousignant
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Vincent Ouellette
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Gervais Bérubé
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Isabel Desgagné-Penix
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
- Plant Biology Research Group, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
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Mason JD, Weinreb SM. The Alstoscholarisine Alkaloids: Isolation, Structure Determination, Biogenesis, Biological Evaluation, and Synthesis. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2018; 81:115-150. [PMID: 30685049 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The alstoscholarisines are a small family of biologically and structurally interesting polycyclic monoterpenoid indole alkaloids isolated from the leaf extracts of Alstonia scholaris. The alkaloids can be divided into three different subtypes based upon their structures and putative biogenesis: (1) (-)-alstoscholarisines A-E, (2) (+)-alstoscholarisine G, and (3) (+)-alstoscholarisines H-J. This review discusses the isolation, structure determination, biological activity, and proposed biosynthesis of these metabolites. In addition, synthetic studies on the alkaloids are described including total syntheses of racemic alstoscholarisines A-E, a total synthesis of (-)-alstoscholarisine A, and a synthesis of racemic alstoscholarisine H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Mason
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Steven M Weinreb
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
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New zwitterionic monoterpene indole alkaloids from Uncaria rhynchophylla. Fitoterapia 2018; 127:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mason JD, Weinreb SM. Synthesis of Alstoscholarisines A-E, Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids with Modulating Effects on Neural Stem Cells. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5877-5896. [PMID: 29733650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A divergent synthetic strategy has been developed for stereoselective total syntheses of alstoscholarisines A-E, monoterpenoid indole alkaloids which are modulators of adult neuronal stem cells. A pivotal step includes an intermolecular Michael addition of an indole-2-acetic acid methyl ester enolate to an α,β-unsaturated N-sulfonyllactam to form the C15, C16 bond of the alkaloids. Other features of the strategy involve a selective partial reduction of an intermediate N-sulfonyllactam followed by cyclization to a bridged aminal system that serves as a key precursor for all five of the alkaloids as well as the use of an allyl group as a masked aldehyde equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Mason
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Steven M Weinreb
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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17
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Mason JD, Weinreb SM. Total Syntheses of the Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids (±)-Alstoscholarisine B and C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16674-16676. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Mason
- Department of Chemistry; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Steven M. Weinreb
- Department of Chemistry; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
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18
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Mason JD, Weinreb SM. Total Syntheses of the Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids (±)-Alstoscholarisine B and C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Mason
- Department of Chemistry; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Steven M. Weinreb
- Department of Chemistry; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
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Abe T, Yamada K. Concise Syntheses of Hyrtioreticulins C and D via a C-4 Pictet-Spengler Reaction: Revised Signs of Specific Rotations. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:241-245. [PMID: 28134528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The first syntheses of hyrtioreticulins C and D via a Pictet-Spengler reaction at the C-4 position of the indole rings are described. The synthesis proceeds in only two steps from commercially available starting materials. In this Communication, the structures of the natural products were confirmed. Furthermore, we revise the signs of the specific rotations of hyrtioreticulins C and D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Abe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido , Ishikari-tobetsu, Hokkaido 0610293, Japan
| | - Koji Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido , Ishikari-tobetsu, Hokkaido 0610293, Japan
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Nagaraju V, Purnachander D, Goutham K, Suresh S, Sridhar B, Karunakar GV. Synthesis of Tetracyclic Tetrahydro-β-carbolines by Acid-Promoted One-Pot Sequential Formation of C−C and C−N Bonds. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vemu Nagaraju
- Division of Crop Protection Chemicals; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Dalovai Purnachander
- Division of Crop Protection Chemicals; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Kommuru Goutham
- Division of Crop Protection Chemicals; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Surisetti Suresh
- Division of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Balasubramanian Sridhar
- Centre for X-ray Crystallography; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Galla V. Karunakar
- Division of Crop Protection Chemicals; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
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Structural, Vibrational, and Electronic Properties of the Glucoalkaloid Strictosidine: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study. J CHEM-NY 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/1752429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed structural analysis and spectral behavior of the glucoalkaloid strictosidine, a precursor of all monoterpene indole alkaloids, are discussed. The experimental NMR, FTIR, and UV results were compared to the theoretical DFT spectra calculated by Becke using the three-parameter Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) function with 6-31G(d) and 6-311++G(2d,p) basis sets. The theoretical geometry optimization data were compared with the X-ray data for precursors and similar structures in the associated literature. The similarity between the theoretical and experimental coupling constants values made it possible to affirm the values of dihedral angles and their configuration, reinforcing findings from previous stereochemical studies. Theoretical UV analysis agreed well with the measured experimental data, with bands assigned. Calculated HOMO/LUMO gaps show low excitation energy for strictosidine, justifying its stability and reaction kinetics. The molecular electrostatic potential map shows opposite potentials regions that form hydrogen bonds that stabilize the dimeric form, which were confirmed by excellent agreement of the dimeric form theoretical wavenumbers with the experimental IR spectrum. ESI-MS/MS data revealed patterns for the fragmentation of the protonated strictosidine molecule outlined by an NBO study.
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Wu F, Kerčmar P, Zhang C, Stöckigt J. Sarpagan-Ajmalan-Type Indoles: Biosynthesis, Structural Biology, and Chemo-Enzymatic Significance. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2015; 76:1-61. [PMID: 26827882 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathway of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloid ajmaline in the genus Rauvolfia, in particular Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. ex Kurz, is one of the few pathways that have been comprehensively uncovered. Every step in the progress of plant alkaloid biosynthesis research is due to the endeavors of several generations of scientists and the advancement of technologies. The tissue and cell suspension cultures developed in the 1970s by M.H. Zenk enabled the extraction of alkaloids and crude enzymes for use as experimental materials, thus establishing the foundation for further research on enzymatic reaction networks. In vivo NMR technology was first used in biosynthetic investigations in the 1990s following the invention of high-field cryo-NMR, which allowed the rapid and reliable detection of bioconversion processes within living plant cells. Shortly before, in 1988, a milestone was reached with the heterologous expression of the strictosidine synthase cDNA, which paved the way for the application of "reverse genetics" and "macromolecular crystallography." Both methods allowed the structural analysis of several Rauvolfia enzymes involved in ajmaline biosynthesis and expanded our knowledge of the enzyme mechanisms, substrate specificities, and structure-activity relationships. It also opened the door for rational enzyme engineering and metabolic steering. Today, the research focus of ajmaline biosynthesis is shifting from "delineation" to "utilization." The Pictet-Spenglerase strictosidine synthase, strictosidine glucosidase, together with raucaffricine glucosidase, as pioneers in this area, have become useful tools to generate "privileged structures" and "diversity oriented" syntheses, which may help to construct novel scaffolds and to set up libraries of sarpagan-ajmalan-type alkaloids in chemo-enzymatic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangrui Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, P.R. China; Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Chenggui Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Joachim Stöckigt
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, P.R. China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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Abstract
![]()
Cyclic amines such as 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
undergo regiodivergent
annulation reactions with 4-nitrobutyraldehydes. These redox-neutral
transformations enable the asymmetric synthesis of highly substituted
polycyclic ring systems in just two steps from commercial materials.
The utility of this process is illustrated in a rapid synthesis of
(−)-protoemetinol. Computational studies provide mechanistic
insights and implicate the elimination of acetic acid from an ammonium
nitronate intermediate as the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungKu Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Weijie Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Martin Breugst
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln , Greinstraße 4, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Mori T, Hoshino S, Sahashi S, Wakimoto T, Matsui T, Morita H, Abe I. Structural Basis for β-Carboline Alkaloid Production by the Microbial Homodimeric Enzyme McbB. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:898-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chauhan PS, Weinreb SM. Convergent Approach to the Tetracyclic Core of the Apparicine Class of Indole Alkaloids via a Key Intermolecular Nitrosoalkene Conjugate Addition. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6389-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501067u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep S. Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Steven M. Weinreb
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Feng Y, Majireck MM, Weinreb SM. Total syntheses of the monoterpene indole alkaloids (±)-alstilobanine A and E and (±)-angustilodine. J Org Chem 2013; 79:7-24. [PMID: 24319990 DOI: 10.1021/jo402495q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic strategy has been developed culminating in stereoselective total syntheses of the small class of unusual monoterpenoid indole alkaloids exemplified by alstilobanines A (3) and E (2) and angustilodine (1). A pivotal step includes a novel intermolecular Michael-type addition of an indole ester dianion to a piperidine-derived nitrosoalkene to form the C15, C16 bond of the alkaloids. In addition, an application of the Romo protocol for effecting a stereoselective intramolecular nucleophile-assisted aldol-lactonization was employed, leading to a β-lactone incorporating the requisite cis-fused 2-azadecalin moiety and also setting the C15, C19, C20 relative stereochemistry of the metabolites. It was then possible to stereoselectively effect an aldolization of a dianion derived from this indole ester β-lactone intermediate with formaldehyde to introduce the requisite C16 hydroxymethyl group. Further manipulations of the system ultimately led to the three alkaloids in racemic form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Feng
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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27
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Tai HM, Huang MH, Yang CC. Formal Total Synthesis of (±)-Dimethyl Secologanoside. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200300069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Cordell GA. Fifty years of alkaloid biosynthesis in Phytochemistry. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 91:29-51. [PMID: 22721782 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An overview is presented of the studies related to the biosynthesis of alkaloids published in Phytochemistry in the past 50 years.
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Towards a molecular understanding of the biosynthesis of amaryllidaceae alkaloids in support of their expanding medical use. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11713-41. [PMID: 23727937 PMCID: PMC3709753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The alkaloids characteristically produced by the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllidaceae, bulbous plant species that include well know genera such as Narcissus (daffodils) and Galanthus (snowdrops), are a source of new pharmaceutical compounds. Presently, only the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, is produced commercially as a drug from cultivated plants. However, several Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have shown great promise as anti-cancer drugs, but their further clinical development is restricted by their limited commercial availability. Amaryllidaceae species have a long history of cultivation and breeding as ornamental bulbs, and phytochemical research has focussed on the diversity in alkaloid content and composition. In contrast to the available pharmacological and phytochemical data, ecological, physiological and molecular aspects of the Amaryllidaceae and their alkaloids are much less explored and the identity of the alkaloid biosynthetic genes is presently unknown. An improved molecular understanding of Amaryllidaceae alkaloid biosynthesis would greatly benefit the rational design of breeding programs to produce cultivars optimised for the production of pharmaceutical compounds and enable biotechnology based approaches.
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Feng Y, Majireck MM, Weinreb SM. Total Synthesis of the Unusual Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloid (±)-Alstilobanine A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Feng Y, Majireck MM, Weinreb SM. Total synthesis of the unusual monoterpenoid indole alkaloid (±)-alstilobanine A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:12846-9. [PMID: 23161740 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Feng
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Servillo L, Giovane A, Balestrieri ML, Cautela D, Castaldo D. N-methylated tryptamine derivatives in citrus genus plants: identification of N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine in bergamot. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9512-9518. [PMID: 22957740 DOI: 10.1021/jf302767e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of N-methylated tryptamine derivatives in bergamot plant (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poit) is reported for the first time. Interestingly, the most abundant of these substances is N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine, which has not been previously identified in any citrus plant. The N-methylated tryptamine derivatives were identified and quantitated in leaves, peel, juice, and seeds by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. N,N,N-Trimethyltryptamine was confirmed by MS(3) and comparison with the synthesized authentic standard. In addition, the study of the distribution of tryptophan, tryptamine, N-methyltryptamine, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine indicated that these compounds are differently expressed in the various tissues of the bergamot plant. Intriguingly, chemically synthesized N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine was reported to possess nicotine-like activity being a stimulant of parasympathetic ganglia by exerting its action on acetylcholine receptors. On this basis, the identification of N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine at a relatively high level in leaves suggests a possible role in a physiological mechanism of plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Servillo
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biofisica, II Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy.
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Abstract
The promiscuity of the enzyme norcoclaurine synthase is described. This biocatalyst yielded a diverse array of substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines by cyclizing dopamine with various acetaldehydes in a Pictet-Spengler reaction. This enzymatic reaction may provide a biocatalytic route to a range of tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina M Ruff
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Wu F, Zhu H, Sun L, Rajendran C, Wang M, Ren X, Panjikar S, Cherkasov A, Zou H, Stöckigt J. Scaffold Tailoring by a Newly Detected Pictet–Spenglerase Activity of Strictosidine Synthase: From the Common Tryptoline Skeleton to the Rare Piperazino-indole Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:1498-500. [DOI: 10.1021/ja211524d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangrui Wu
- Institute of Materia Medica,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huajian Zhu
- Institute of Materia Medica,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lianli Sun
- Institute of Materia Medica,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chitra Rajendran
- Swiss Light Source at Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Meitian Wang
- Swiss Light Source at Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Xin Ren
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Santosh Panjikar
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn
Road, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British
Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hongbin Zou
- Institute of Materia Medica,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Joachim Stöckigt
- Institute of Materia Medica,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Panjikar S, Stoeckigt J, O'Connor S, Warzecha H. The impact of structural biology on alkaloid biosynthesis research. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:1176-200. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20057k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lin S, Deiana L, Tseggai A, Córdova A. Concise Total Synthesis of Dihydrocorynanthenol, Protoemetinol, Protoemetine, 3-epi-Protoemetinol and Emetine. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Protein engineering towards natural product synthesis and diversification. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 39:227-41. [PMID: 22006344 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-1044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A dazzling array of enzymes is used by nature in making structurally complex natural products. These enzymes constitute a molecular toolbox that may be used in the construction and fine-tuning of pharmaceutically active molecules. Aided by technological advancements in protein engineering, it is now possible to tailor the activities and specificities of these enzymes as biocatalysts in the production of both natural products and their unnatural derivatives. These efforts are crucial in drug discovery and development, where there is a continuous quest for more potent agents. Both rational and random evolution techniques have been utilized in engineering these enzymes. This review will highlight some examples from several large families of natural products.
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Stöckigt J, Antonchick AP, Wu F, Waldmann H. Die Pictet-Spengler-Reaktion in der Natur und der organischen Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201008071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Stöckigt J, Antonchick AP, Wu F, Waldmann H. The Pictet-Spengler reaction in nature and in organic chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:8538-64. [PMID: 21830283 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201008071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alkaloids are an important class of natural products that are widely distributed in nature and produced by a large variety of organisms. They have a wide spectrum of biological activity and for many years were used in folk medicine. These days, alkaloids also have numerous applications in medicine as therapeutic agents. The importance of these natural products in inspiring drug discovery programs is proven and, therefore, their continued synthesis is of significant interest. The condensation discovered by Pictet and Spengler is the most important method for the synthesis of alkaloid scaffolds. The power of this synthesis method has been convincingly proven in the construction of stereochemicaly and structurally complex alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Stöckigt
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Sun X, Ma D. Organocatalytic approach for the syntheses of corynantheidol, dihydrocorynantheol, protoemetinol, protoemetine, and mitragynine. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:2158-65. [PMID: 21671404 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
O-Trimethylsilyl (TMS)-protected diphenylprolinol-catalyzed Michael addition of a functionalized alkylidene malonate and n-butanal affords an aldehyde. This adduct can serve as the common intermediate for the assembly of secologanin tryptamine and dopamine alkaloids; this is demonstrated by the total syntheses of corynantheidol, dihydrocorynantheol, protoemetinol, and protoemetine, and the formal synthesis of mitragynine. The key steps include reductive amination of this aldehyde with tryptamine, condensation of this aldehyde with 4-methoxytryptamine, condensation of dimethoxyphenethylamine with a lactone derived from this aldehyde, and subsequent Bischler-Napieralski cyclization and reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Gerfaud T, Xie C, Neuville L, Zhu J. Protecting-Group-Free Total Synthesis of (E)- and (Z)-Alstoscholarine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:3954-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gerfaud T, Xie C, Neuville L, Zhu J. Protecting-Group-Free Total Synthesis of (E)- and (Z)-Alstoscholarine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wang K, Zhou XY, Wang YY, Li MM, Li YS, Peng LY, Cheng X, Li Y, Wang YP, Zhao QS. Macrophyllionium and macrophyllines A and B, oxindole alkaloids from Uncaria macrophylla. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:12-15. [PMID: 21070010 DOI: 10.1021/np1004938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An unusual oxindole alkaloid inner salt, macrophyllionium (1), and a pair of new tetracyclic oxindole alkaloids, macrophyllines A (2) and B (3), together with six known alkaloids, were isolated from the aerial parts of Uncaria macrophylla. Corynantheidine (8) exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against HL-60 and SW480 cells with IC(50) values of 13.96 and 23.28 μM, respectively. Dihydrocorynantheine (9) exhibited significant vasodilating activity against phenylephrine-induced contraction in rat thoracic aorta rings (IC(50) = 6.73 μg/mL). In addition, compounds 2, 6, and 9 showed weak inhibitory action on KCl-induced contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, People's Republic of China
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English BJ, Williams RM. A divergent strategy for the synthesis of secologanin derived natural products. J Org Chem 2010; 75:7869-76. [PMID: 20964396 PMCID: PMC3037978 DOI: 10.1021/jo101775n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of D,L-geissoschizol, D,L-corynantheidol, D,L-dihydrocorynantheol, D,L-protoemetinol, and D,L-3-epi-protoemetinol have been accomplished from a single synthetic intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J. English
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Robert M. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Yang L, Zou H, Zhu H, Ruppert M, Gong J, Stöckigt J. Improved Expression of His6-Tagged Strictosidine Synthase cDNA for Chemo-Enzymatic Alkaloid Diversification. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:860-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Stöckigt J, Chen Z, Ruppert M. Enzymatic and Chemo-Enzymatic Approaches Towards Natural and Non-Natural Alkaloids: Indoles, Isoquinolines, and Others. NATURAL PRODUCTS VIA ENZYMATIC REACTIONS 2010; 297:67-103. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Yang L, Stöckigt J. Trends for diverse production strategies of plant medicinal alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1469-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c005378c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yang L, Hill M, Wang M, Panjikar S, Stöckigt J. Structural basis and enzymatic mechanism of the biosynthesis of C9- from C10-monoterpenoid indole alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:5211-3. [PMID: 19496101 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cutting carbons: The three-dimensional structure of polyneuridine aldehyde esterase (PNAE) gives insight into the enzymatic mechanism of the biosynthesis of C(9)- from C(10)-monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (see scheme). PNAE is a very substrate-specific serine esterase. It harbors the catalytic triad S87-D216-H244, and is a new member of the alpha/beta-fold hydrolase superfamily. Its novel function leads to the diversification of alkaloid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Yang
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 383 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Yang L, Hill M, Wang M, Panjikar S, Stöckigt J. Strukturbasis und Enzymmechanismus der Biosynthese von C9- aus C10-monoterpenoiden Indol-Alkaloiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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