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Harada M, Kawasaki Y. High toughness and thermal conductivity of thermosets from liquid crystalline epoxy with low melting point. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Harada
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering Kansai University Suita‐shi Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawasaki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering Kansai University Suita‐shi Japan
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Fracture toughness of highly ordered liquid crystalline epoxy thermosets achieved by optimized composition of curing agents. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lin YS, Hsu SLC, Ho TH, Jheng LC, Hsiao YH. Synthesis and characterization of liquid crystalline epoxy resins to study the effect of mesogenic length on the physical properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Harada M, Yokoyama Y, Ochi M. Synthesis of multifunctional liquid crystalline epoxy resin embedded cyclic-siloxane chain with Tg-less behavior and enhanced toughness. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320936352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel tetrafunctional mesogenic epoxy monomer with a cyclic-siloxane chain as a central part was successfully synthesized and characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and polarized optical microscopy. The transition temperature and liquid crystallinity of cyclic-siloxane type mesogenic epoxy were compared with those of linear-siloxane type mesogenic epoxy. Moreover, epoxy thermosets were prepared based on the cyclic- and linear-siloxane type mesogenic epoxy monomers and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylethane. The effects of epoxy backbone moiety on thermal and mechanical properties were investigated in detail. As a result, the cyclic-siloxane type mesogenic epoxy thermoset shows glass transition temperature-less behavior and low coefficient of linear thermal expansion without a decrease in toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Harada
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yugo Yokoyama
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsukazu Ochi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Osaka, Japan
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Hoekstra DC, Schenning APHJ, Debije MG. Epoxide and oxetane based liquid crystals for advanced functional materials. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5106-5119. [PMID: 32459272 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00489h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) and liquid crystalline networks (LCNs) are classes of polymers very suitable for fabricating advanced functional materials. Two main pathways to obtain LCEs and LCNs have gained the most attention in the literature, namely the two-step crosslinking of LC side-chain polymers and the photoinitiated free-radical polymerisation of acrylate LC monomers. These liquid crystal polymers have demonstrated remarkable properties resulting from their anisotropic shapes, being used in soft robotics, responsive surfaces and as photonic materials. In this review, we will show that LCs with cyclic ethers as polymerisable groups can be an attractive alternative to the aforementioned reactive acrylate mesogens. These epoxide and oxetane based reactive mesogens could offer a number of advantages over their acrylate-based counterparts, including oxygen insensitivity, reduced polymerisation shrinkage, improved alignment, lower processing viscosity and potentially extended resistivity. In this review, we summarise the research on these materials from the past 30 years and offer a glimpse into the potential of these cyclic ether mesogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davey C Hoekstra
- Laboratory of Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands. and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Laboratory of Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands. and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G Debije
- Laboratory of Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 5, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Harada M, Hirotani M, Ochi M. Synthesis and improved mechanical properties of twin‐mesogenic epoxy thermosets using siloxane spacers with different lengths. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Harada
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and BioengineeringKansai University 3‐3‐35 Yamate‐cho, Suita‐shi, Osaka 564‐8680 Japan
| | - Mio Hirotani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and BioengineeringKansai University 3‐3‐35 Yamate‐cho, Suita‐shi, Osaka 564‐8680 Japan
| | - Mitsukazu Ochi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and BioengineeringKansai University 3‐3‐35 Yamate‐cho, Suita‐shi, Osaka 564‐8680 Japan
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Harada M, Okamoto N, Ochi M. Influence of the introduction of flexible alkyl chains on the thermal behavior and mechanical properties of mesogenic epoxy thermosets. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Harada
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering; Kansai University; Suita-shi Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Naoki Okamoto
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering; Kansai University; Suita-shi Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Mitsukazu Ochi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering; Kansai University; Suita-shi Osaka 564-8680 Japan
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Giang T, Kim J. Effect of backbone moiety in diglycidylether-terminated liquid crystalline epoxy on thermal conductivity of epoxy/alumina composite. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kobzar Y, Tkachenko I, Bliznyuk V, Shekera O, Turiv T, Soroka P, Nazarenko V, Shevchenko V. Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated poly(azomethine ether)s from new core-fluorinated azomethine-containing monomers. Des Monomers Polym 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2015.1092007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Sinh LH, Shin S, Lim DG, Trung NN, Son BT, Bae JY. A novel wholly aromatic liquid crystalline epoxy monomer based on 2,7-naphthalene mesogen: Synthesis and curing with aromatic diamine. Macromol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-013-1153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Ozaytekin I. Characterizations and properties of oligoazomethines (including CH3 and NO2 groups) char composites. J IND ENG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2012.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Curing behavior, thermal, and mechanical properties of epoxy resins cured with a novel liquid crystalline dicarboxylic acid curing agent. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Xiao Y, Cao L, Feng J, Yuan L. Synthesis and curing of liquid crystalline epoxy resin based on asymmetric mesogen. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Liu YL, Cai ZQ, Wen X, Pi P, Zheng D, Cheng J, Yang Z. A new and efficient synthetic method of a liquid crystalline epoxy resin with biphenol and aromatic ester group. Polym Bull (Berl) 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-010-0366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mija A, Navard P, Peiti C, Babor D, Guigo N. Shear induced structuration of liquid crystalline epoxy thermosets. Eur Polym J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sudhakara P, Kannan P. Diglycidylphenylphosphate based fire retardant liquid crystalline thermosets. Polym Degrad Stab 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Meng FB, Jiao Lian, Chen HB, Gao YM, Zhang BY. Cholesteric Liquid-Crystalline Thermosets Derived from Side-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Epoxy Oligomers. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008307086682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of side-chain liquid crystalline (LC) oligomers bearing glycidyl ether groups were synthesized with cholest-5-en-3-ol(3 β)-4-(2-propenyloxy) benzoate, octyl 4-(4-allyloxy-benzoyloxy)-benzoate and epoxy monomer allyl glycidyl ether. The chemical structures and LC properties of the monomers and oligomers were characterized by use of various experimental techniques. All the chiral LC oligomers showed cholesteric mesophase with very wide mesophase temperature ranges. All the synthesized LC oligomers were cured with 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane at the same curing conditions. The thermal behaviors, mesomorphic phase and optical properties of the thermosets were characterized. The synthesized thermosets have high thermal stability. The cholesteric phases of LC oligomers were frozen in the polymer networks. Compared with those of corresponding oligomers, the reflection located at wide angles of thermosets became more diffuse, and the peak intensity decreased in X-ray diffraction analysis. The selective light reflection maximum λmax of the thermosets at room temperature shifted slightly to short wavelengths as the LC monomer bearing cholesteryl component was increased, indicating that the helical pitch P becomes shorter due to more chiral groups in the polymer network systems. The temperature dependences of both reflection wavelength and optical rotation under the influence of the crosslinking reaction were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Bao Meng
- Research Centre for Molecular Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Jiao Lian
- Research Centre for Molecular Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Hai-Bin Chen
- Research Centre for Molecular Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yong-Mei Gao
- Research Centre for Molecular Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Bao-Yan Zhang
- Research Centre for Molecular Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, China,
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Iwan A, Sek D. Processible polyazomethines and polyketanils: From aerospace to light-emitting diodes and other advanced applications. Prog Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
An investigation was carried out on the curing reaction of a liquid crystalline epoxy monomer, N, N'-bis[4-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzylydene]-1,4-phenylenediamine, with an aromatic diamine, sulfanilamide (SAA). The complexity of the curing involves the competition of the reactivities of a primary amine and a secondary amine and also a difference in reactivity of the amine and the amide functional groups from SAA. These phenomena have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The stability of the mesophase during cross-linking reaction was investigated by polarized optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffraction (WAXS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mititelu-Mija
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis C.M.O.M. Thermokinetic Group, 06108, Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Constantin N. Cascaval
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica Voda, nr.41A, Iasi, 700487, Romania,
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Gao Z, Yu Y, Xu Y, Li S. Synthesis and characterization of a liquid crystalline epoxy containing azomethine mesogen for modification of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhang X, Chen S, Chen T, Sun X, Liu F, Qi G. Synthesis of a soluble azomethine-containing bisphenol and the properties of its modified epoxy thermosets. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Liu G, Gao J, Song L, Hou W, Zhang L. Synthesis and Curing of Liquid-Crystalline Epoxy Resins Containing a Biphenyl Mesogen. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200600372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Synthesis of novel bisphenol containing phthalazinone and azomethine moieties and thermal properties of cured diamine/bisphenol/DGEBA polymers. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Castell P, Serra A, Galià M. Liquid-crystalline thermosets from liquid-crystalline epoxy resins containing bisazomethinebiphenylene mesogens in the central core: Copolymerization with a nonmesomorphic epoxy resin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Choi EJ, Seo JC, Bae HK, Lee JK. Synthesis and curing of new aromatic azomethine epoxies with alkoxy side groups. Eur Polym J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2003.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Yao DS, Zhang BY, Sun QJ, Zhang LF. Synthesis and properties of side-chain liquid-crystalline polysiloxanes containing hemiphasmidic mesogens. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ochi M, Hori D, Watanabe Y, Takashima H, Harada M. Bonding properties of epoxy resins containing two mesogenic groups. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Hu JS, Wang Y, Zhang BY, Li YH. Liquid Crystalline Thermosets I. Synthesis and Characterization of Liquid Crystalline Thermosets’ Precursor Polymers. Polym J 2003. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.35.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Zhang BY, Hu JS, Wang Y, Qian JH. Synthesis and Properties of Side-Chain Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Elastomers Containing Tetra-Vinyl Crosslinking Units. Polym J 2003. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.35.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Ribera D, Mantecón A, Serra A. Synthesis and crosslinking of a series of dimeric liquid-crystalline diglycidylester compounds containing imine groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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Ribera D, Mantecón A, Serra A. Liquid-crystalline thermosets from mesogenic dimeric epoxy resins by tertiary amine catalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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