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Deneke N, Rencheck ML, Davis CS. An engineer's introduction to mechanophores. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6230-6252. [PMID: 32567642 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00465k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanophores (MPs) are a class of stimuli-responsive materials that are of increasing interest to engineers due to their potential applications as stress sensors. These mechanically responsive molecules change color or become fluorescent upon application of a mechanical stimulus as they undergo a chemical reaction when a load is applied. By incorporating MPs such as spirolactam, spiropyran, or dianthracene into a material system, the real-time stress distribution of the matrix can be directly observed through a visual response, ideal for damage and failure sensing applications. A wide array of applications that require continuous structural health monitoring could benefit from MPs including flexible electronics, protective coatings, and polymer matrix composites. However, there are significant technical challenges preventing MP implementation in industry. Effective strategies to quantitatively calibrate the photo response of the MP with applied stress magnitudes must be developed. Additionally, environmental conditions, including temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet light exposure can potentially impact the performance of MPs. By addressing these limitations, engineers can work to move MPs from the synthetic chemistry bench to the field. This review aims to highlight recent progress in MP research, discuss barriers to implementation, and provide an outlook on the future of MPs, specifically focused on polymeric material systems. Although the focus is on engineering MPs for bulk materials, a brief overview of mechanochemistry will be discussed followed by methods for activation and quantification of MP photo response (concentrating specifically on fluorescently active species). Finally, current challenges and future directions in MP research will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Deneke
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
| | - Mitchell L Rencheck
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
| | - Chelsea S Davis
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
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Sui Q, Ren XT, Dai YX, Wang K, Li WT, Gong T, Fang JJ, Zou B, Gao EQ, Wang L. Piezochromism and hydrochromism through electron transfer: new stories for viologen materials. Chem Sci 2016; 8:2758-2768. [PMID: 28553511 PMCID: PMC5426459 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04579k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A pyridinium-carboxylate compound undergoes reversible color change under pressure owing to the formation of radicals via electron transfer; dehydration and hydration can also trigger electron transfer.
While viologen derivatives have long been known for electrochromism and photochromism, here we demonstrated that a viologen-carboxylate zwitterionic molecule in the crystalline state exhibits piezochromic and hydrochromic behaviors. The yellow crystal undergoes a reversible color change to red under high pressure, to green after decompression, and finally back to yellow upon standing at ambient pressure. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance X-ray diffraction and DFT calculations suggested that the piezochromism is due to the formation of radicals via pressure-induced electron transfer from carboxylate to pyridinium, without a crystallographic phase transition. It was proposed that electron transfer is induced by pressure-forced reduction of intermolecular donor–acceptor contacts. The electron transfer can also be induced by dehydration, which gives a stable green anhydrous radical phase. The color change is reversible upon reabsorption of water, which triggers reverse electron transfer. The compound not only demonstrates new chromic phenomena for viologen compounds, but also represents the first example of organic mechanochromism and hydrochromism associated with radical formation via electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , P. R. China .
| | - Xiang-Ting Ren
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research , 1690 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , P. R. China .
| | - Yu-Xiang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun , Jilin 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun , Jilin 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Wen-Tao Li
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research , 1690 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , P. R. China .
| | - Teng Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , P. R. China .
| | - Jia-Jia Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , P. R. China .
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun , Jilin 130012 , P. R. China
| | - En-Qing Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes , College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , P. R. China .
| | - Lin Wang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research , 1690 Cailun Road , Shanghai 201203 , P. R. China .
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Calvino C, Neumann L, Weder C, Schrettl S. Approaches to polymeric mechanochromic materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Calvino
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4; Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Laura Neumann
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4; Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4; Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4; Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
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Cataldi P, Bayer IS, Cingolani R, Marras S, Chellali R, Athanassiou A. A Thermochromic Superhydrophobic Surface. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27984. [PMID: 27301422 PMCID: PMC4908389 DOI: 10.1038/srep27984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly enhanced solid-state thermochromism is observed in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT, when deposited on a superhydrophobic polymer-SiO2 nanocomposite coating. The conformal P3HT coating on the nanocomposite surface does not alter or reduce superhydrophicity while maintaining its reversible enhanced thermochromism. The polymeric matrix of the superhydrophobic surface is comprised of a blend of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) copolymer and an acrylic adhesive. Based on detailed X-ray diffraction measurements, this long-lasting, repeatable and hysteresis-free thermochromic effect is attributed to the enhancement of the Bragg peak associated with the d-spacing of interchain directional packing (100) which remains unaltered during several heating-cooling cycles. We propose that the superhydrophobic surface confines π-π interchain stacking in P3HT with uniform d-spacing into its nanostructured texture resulting in better packing and reduction in face-on orientation. The rapid response of the system to sudden temperature changes is also demonstrated by water droplet impact and bounce back on heated surfaces. This effect can be exploited for embedded thin film temperature sensors for metal coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Cataldi
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Ilker S Bayer
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Cingolani
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.,Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.,Pattern Analysis and Computer Vision (PAVIS), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Sergio Marras
- Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Ryad Chellali
- Pattern Analysis and Computer Vision (PAVIS), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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Hayashi S, Koizumi T. Solubility switching of fluorescent polymer films via lewis acid-base vapor treatments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wiggins KM, Brantley JN, Bielawski CW. Methods for activating and characterizing mechanically responsive polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7130-47. [PMID: 23389104 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35493h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically responsive polymers harness mechanical energy to facilitate unique chemical transformations and bestow materials with force sensing (e.g., mechanochromism) or self-healing capabilities. A variety of solution- and solid-state techniques, covering a spectrum of forces and strain rates, can be used to activate mechanically responsive polymers. Moreover, many of these methods have been combined with optical spectroscopy or chemical labeling techniques to characterize the products formed via mechanical activation of appropriate precursors in situ. In this tutorial review, we discuss the methods and techniques that have been used to supply mechanical force to macromolecular systems, and highlight the advantages and challenges associated with each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Wiggins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Dircio J, Gelover-Santiago A, Caicedo C, Carreón-Castro MDP, Valdez-Hernández Y, Rivera E. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Polythiophenes Containing Azobenzene Units and Well-Defined Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Spacers: Thermal and Optical Properties, and Preparation of Langmuir Films. Des Monomers Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/156855511x615056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Dircio
- a Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria CP 04510, México DF, México
| | - Adriana Gelover-Santiago
- b Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria CP 04510, México DF, México
| | - Carolina Caicedo
- c Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria CP 04510, México DF, México
| | - Maria del Pilar Carreón-Castro
- d Instituto de Ciencia Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria CP 04510, México DF, México
| | - Yazmín Valdez-Hernández
- e Instituto de Ciencia Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria CP 04510, México DF, México
| | - Ernesto Rivera
- f Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria CP 04510, México DF, México;,
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Zhou X, Li H, Chi Z, Zhang X, Zhang J, Xu B, Zhang Y, Liu S, Xu J. Piezofluorochromism and morphology of a new aggregation-induced emission compound derived from tetraphenylethylene and carbazole. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20782b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Dashti M, Mokhtari J, Nouri M, Shirini F. Imparting conductivity and chromic behavior on polyester fibers by means of poly(3-methylthiophene) nanocoating. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chen F, Zhang J, Wan X. Anthraquinone-Imide-Based Dimers: Synthesis, Piezochromism, Liquid Crystalline and Near-Infrared Electrochromic Properties. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li H, Zhang X, Chi Z, Xu B, Zhou W, Liu S, Zhang Y, Xu J. New Thermally Stable Piezofluorochromic Aggregation-Induced Emission Compounds. Org Lett 2011; 13:556-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol102872x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyin Li
- PCFM Lab and DSAPM Lab, FCM Institute, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiqi Zhang
- PCFM Lab and DSAPM Lab, FCM Institute, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhenguo Chi
- PCFM Lab and DSAPM Lab, FCM Institute, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bingjia Xu
- PCFM Lab and DSAPM Lab, FCM Institute, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- PCFM Lab and DSAPM Lab, FCM Institute, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Siwei Liu
- PCFM Lab and DSAPM Lab, FCM Institute, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- PCFM Lab and DSAPM Lab, FCM Institute, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiarui Xu
- PCFM Lab and DSAPM Lab, FCM Institute, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Zhang X, Chi Z, Li H, Xu B, Li X, Zhou W, Liu S, Zhang Y, Xu J. Piezofluorochromism of an Aggregation-Induced Emission Compound Derived from Tetraphenylethylene. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:808-11. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sase M, Yamaguchi S, Sagara Y, Yoshikawa I, Mutai T, Araki K. Piezochromic luminescence of amide and ester derivatives of tetraphenylpyrene—role of amide hydrogen bonds in sensitive piezochromic response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03950k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lakshmi GBVS, Siddiqui AM, Zulfequar M. Effects of Si5+Ion Irradiation on Poly(3-methyl thiophene) Films. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2010.504142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Caruso MM, Davis DA, Shen Q, Odom SA, Sottos NR, White SR, Moore JS. Mechanically-Induced Chemical Changes in Polymeric Materials. Chem Rev 2009; 109:5755-98. [DOI: 10.1021/cr9001353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 990] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Caruso
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Aerospace Engineering and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Douglas A. Davis
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Aerospace Engineering and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Qilong Shen
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Aerospace Engineering and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Susan A. Odom
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Aerospace Engineering and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Aerospace Engineering and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Scott R. White
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Aerospace Engineering and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Aerospace Engineering and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Yamamoto T, Sato T, Iijima T, Abe M, Fukumoto H, Koizumi TA, Usui M, Nakamura Y, Yagi T, Tajima H, Okada T, Sasaki S, Kishida H, Nakamura A, Fukuda T, Emoto A, Ushijima H, Kurosaki C, Hirota H. Highly Coplanar Polythiophenes with –C≡CR Side Chains: Self-Assembly, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties, and Piezochromism. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.82.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hodge P, Gautrot JE. Polymers containing in-chain quinone moieties: synthesis and properties. POLYM INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gautrot JE, Hodge P, Helliwell M, Raftery J, Cupertino D. Synthesis of electron-accepting polymers containing phenanthra-9,10-quinone units. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b901853k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Towards a new type of step growth polymerization: Synthesis of dehydro-oligomers of 2,6- and 2,7-dimethylanthraquinone. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhao XY, Wang MZ, Liu HJ. Structure dependence of photochromism of azobenzene-functionalized polythiophene derivatives. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yamamoto T, Koizumi TA. Synthesis of π-conjugated polymers bearing electronic and optical functionalities by organometallic polycondensations and their chemical properties. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gautrot JE, Hodge P, Cupertino D, Helliwell M. 2,6-Diaryl-9,10-anthraquinones as models for electron-accepting polymers. NEW J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b701257h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhao X, Hu X, Gan LH. Photoluminescent behavior of poly(3-hexylthiophene) derivatives with a high azobenzene content in the side chains. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhao X, Niu Y, Hu X. Photochemical control of photoluminescence property of photoactive polythiophenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yamamoto T, Lee BL. New Soluble, Coplanar Poly(naphthalene-2,6-diyl)-Type π-Conjugated Polymer, Poly(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyl), with Nitrogen Atoms at All of the o-Positions. Synthesis, Solid Structure, Optical Properties, Self-Assembling Phenomena, and Redox Behavior. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma011632o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takakazu Yamamoto
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Bang-Lin Lee
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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