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Kakiuchida H, Matsuyama A, Kobayashi E, Ogiwara A. Thermoresponsive mobility of liquid crystals and reactive mesogens during photopolymerization-induced phase separation. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:044704. [PMID: 36397491 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.044704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular interactions between liquid crystals (LCs) and reactive mesogens (RMs) at temperatures across the phase transition regions were comprehensively studied during photopolymerization-induced phase separation (PPIPS) beginning with raw mixtures until the formation of polymer network liquid crystals (PNLCs). Then, the molecules were found to be nonuniformly more and less mobile in response to temperature as PPIPS progressed. Optical birefringence and infrared absorption were carefully measured throughout PPIPS, using 4-cyano-4'-hexylbiphenyl (6CB) and 1,4bis-[4-(3-acryloyloxypropyloxy) benzoyloxy]-2-methylbenzene (RM257) as typical LCs and RMs. Microscopic views of thermoresponsive changes in the molecular orientation order of both LCs and RMs were obtained: LCs and RMs in raw mixtures interacted with one another but uniformly transformed their molecular orientation. Such interactions continuously change to become nonuniform with progress in PPIPS. At the incipient stages of PPIPS, RMs, which are polymerized but not completely networked, inhibit LCs from changing their molecular orientation and vice versa. As PPIPS progresses, some LCs become more mobile and some less mobile owing to RM constraints. The domain configuration of the submicrometer phase separation affects the thermoresponsive mobility of LCs and RMs, that is, LCs become more mobile in LC-richer areas. The quantitative knowledge here provides comprehensive insight that LCs and RMs are mutually constrained and that such interactive behavior varies nonuniformly as PPIPS progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kakiuchida
- Innovative Functional Materials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
| | - Akihiko Matsuyama
- Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka 820-8502, Japan
| | | | - Akifumi Ogiwara
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kobe City College of Technology, Kobe 651-2194, Japan
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Liu Y, Chen J, Tian Z, Yao J. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Based on TiO 2 Anode Thin Film with Three-Dimensional Web-like Structure. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5875. [PMID: 36079254 PMCID: PMC9456626 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 films with a three-dimensional web-like porous structure were prepared using the photo polymerization-induced phase separation method integrated with the pulling coating process. By adjusting the ratio of the substance in the precursor sol and the coating times, the relationships between the sol ratio, the coating times, the film structure, and the performance of the DSC were studied. The optimal film structure was found and a detailed description is given. The performance of the DSC was further improved by introducing the barrier layer and the surface-modified layer of the TiO2 coating. This promoted the short-circuit current density and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the DSC, the mechanism of which was also investigated. Ultimately, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the DSC based on the TiO2 anode films with a three-dimensional web-like structure was stabilized at a higher level as a result of the structural improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Jinzhu Chen
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhihua Tian
- Renewable Energy School, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianxi Yao
- Renewable Energy School, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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Spatial Frequency Responses of Anisotropic Refractive Index Gratings Formed in Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9030188. [PMID: 28773314 PMCID: PMC5456659 DOI: 10.3390/ma9030188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report on an experimental investigation of spatial frequency responses of anisotropic transmission refractive index gratings formed in holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals (HPDLCs). We studied two different types of HPDLC materials employing two different monomer systems: one with acrylate monomer capable of radical mediated chain-growth polymerizations and the other with thiol-ene monomer capable of step-growth polymerizations. It was found that the photopolymerization kinetics of the two HPDLC materials could be well explained by the autocatalytic model. We also measured grating-spacing dependences of anisotropic refractive index gratings at a recording wavelength of 532 nm. It was found that the HPDLC material with the thiol-ene monomer gave higher spatial frequency responses than that with the acrylate monomer. Statistical thermodynamic simulation suggested that such a spatial frequency dependence was attributed primarily to a difference in the size of formed liquid crystal droplets due to different photopolymerization mechanisms.
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Bukusoglu E, Pal SK, de Pablo JJ, Abbott NL. Colloid-in-liquid crystal gels formed via spinodal decomposition. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:1602-1610. [PMID: 24651134 PMCID: PMC4212980 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm51877a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report that colloid-in-liquid crystal (CLC) gels can be formed via a two-step process that involves spinodal decomposition of a dispersion of colloidal particles in an isotropic phase of mesogens followed by nucleation of nematic domains within the colloidal network defined by the spinodal process. This pathway contrasts to previously reported routes leading to the formation of CLC gels, which have involved entanglement of defects or exclusion of particles from growing nematic domains. The new route provides the basis of simple design rules that enable control of the microstructure and dynamic mechanical properties of the gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Bukusoglu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Zhang G, Liu G, Shi Z, Qiao G. Dynamics of spinodal decomposition coupled with chemical reaction in thermosetting phenol-formaldehyde resin-based solutions and its application in monolithic porous materials. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46490c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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6
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Zhang G, Qiao G. Polymerization-induced spinodal decomposition of ethylene glycol∕phenolic resin solutions under electric fields. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:134903. [PMID: 24116581 DOI: 10.1063/1.4822295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal evolution of polymerization-induced spinodal decomposition (PISD) under electric fields was investigated numerically in ethylene glycol∕phenolic resin solutions with different initial composition. A model composed of the nonlinear Cahn-Hilliard-Cook equation for spinodal decomposition and a rate equation for curing reaction was utilized to describe the PISD phenomenon. As initial composition varied, deformed droplet-like and aligned bi-continuous structures were observed in the presence of an electric field. Moreover, the anisotropic parameter (D), determined from the 2D-FFT power spectrum, was employed to quantitatively characterize the degree of morphology anisotropy. The value of D increased quickly in the early stage and then decreased in the intermediate stage of spinodal decomposition, which was attributed to the resistance of coarsening process to morphology deformation and the decline of electric stress caused by polymerization reaction. The results can also provide a guidance on how to control the morphology of monolithic porous polymer and carbon materials with anisotropic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Yokota M, Ajiro H, Akashi M. Transmission electron microscopic observations of the multilevel microstructure of crosslinked copolymers with methacrylates and siloxane macromers by a radically polymerizable tuning approach. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Ohta S, Inasawa S, Yamaguchi Y. Size control of phase-separated liquid crystal droplets in a polymer matrix based on the phase diagram. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Yang Z, Wicks DA, Yuan J, Pu H, Liu Y. Newly UV-curable polyurethane coatings prepared by multifunctional thiol- and ene-terminated polyurethane aqueous dispersions: Photopolymerization properties. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Shim S, Cho Y, Yoon J, Kim B. Effects of silicone monomer on the grating formation of holographic PDLC. Eur Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Newly UV-curable polyurethane coatings prepared by multifunctional thiol- and ene-terminated polyurethane aqueous dispersions mixtures: Preparation and characterization. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rathi P, Kyu T. Theory and computation of photopolymerization-induced phase transition and morphology development in blends of crystalline polymer and photoreactive monomer. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 79:031802. [PMID: 19391963 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.79.031802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A hypothetical phase diagram of a crystalline polymer/photoreactive monomer mixture has been calculated on the basis of phase field (PF) free energy of crystal solidification in conjunction with Flory-Huggins (FH) free energy of liquid-liquid demixing to guide the morphology development during photopolymerization of poly(ethylene oxide)/triacrylate blend. The self-consistent solution of the combined PF-FH theory exhibits a crystalline-amorphous phase diagram showing the coexistence of solid+liquid gap bound by the liquidus and solidus lines, followed by an upper critical solution temperature at a lower temperature. When photopolymerization was triggered in the isotropic region, i.e., slightly above the crystal melting transition temperatures, the depressed melting transition line moves upward. When it surpasses the reaction temperature, both crystallization and phase separation occur. The temporal evolution of phase morphology is examined in the context of time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations coupled with the energy balance (heat conduction) equation using the aforementioned PF-FH free-energy densities. Of particular interest is that the emerged morphology in the crystalline blends depends on the competition between dynamics of liquid-liquid phase separation and/or liquid-solid phase transition (i.e., crystallization) and photopolymerization rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Rathi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
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Park SJ, Kyu T. Photopolymerization-Induced Crystallization in Relation to Solid−Liquid Phase Diagram of Poly(ethylene oxide)/Diacrylate Monomer Blends. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma802161c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jeoung Park
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325
| | - Thein Kyu
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325
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14
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Morphology development in photopolymerization-induced phase separated mixtures of UV-curable thiol-ene adhesive and low molecular weight solvents. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Li W, Cao H, Kashima M, Liu F, Cheng Z, Yang Z, Zhu S, Yang H. Control of the microstructure of polymer network and effects of the microstructures on light scattering properties of UV-cured polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Liu H, Qian HJ, Zhao Y, Lu ZY. Dissipative particle dynamics simulation study on the binary mixture phase separation coupled with polymerization. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:144903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2790005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Application and New Developments in Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Simulation Studies. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.200700008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Park SJ, Rathi P, Kyu T. Photopolymerization-induced directional crystal growth in reactive mixtures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2007; 75:051804. [PMID: 17677090 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.75.051804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Photopolymerization-induced crystallization has been demonstrated in blends of polyethylene oxide-diacrylate at temperatures above the depressed melting temperature of the crystalline component. Upon exposure to ultraviolet irradiation, the melting transition curve moves upward and eventually surpasses the reaction temperature, thereby inducing phase separation as well as crystallization. The present paper demonstrates the occurrence of directionally solidified interface morphologies of polymer crystals subjected to a photointensity gradient. The epitaxially grown seaweed or degenerate structures were observed at the circumference (low-intensity region) while the dense branched spherulites developed at the core high-intensity region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jeoung Park
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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19
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Hsiao YC, Chen ZT, Shau MD, Tsai PF. Preparation and characterization of PDLC films formed using a two-step procedure. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.20087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Crawford N, Dadmun M, Bunning T, Natarajan L. Time-resolved light scattering of the phase separation in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals formed by photo-polymerization induced phase separation. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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22
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Bazec M, Zumer S. Simulation of phase separation of polymer-liquid-crystal mixtures and the effect of confining external surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 73:021703. [PMID: 16605352 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.73.021703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A Monte Carlo simulation is performed on a lattice model of a binary mixture of nematogenic liquids and polymers to study the main aspects of phase separation including the influence of external surfaces. The system was investigated at various temperatures, concentrations, and degrees of polymerization. The results seem to fit well within Flory-Huggins theory predictions. It is also shown that in some cases the anisotropy plays an important role in structure formation. The influence of the external surfaces on the condensation of one of the phases was studied on systems that experience the separation by nucleation and growth. It has been noticed that the surfaces that prefer nematogenic molecules act as better condensation nuclei, especially if they are ordered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Bazec
- Physics Department, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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23
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Aouada FA, de Moura MR, Fernandes PR, Rubira AF, Muniz EC. Optical and morphological characterization of polyacrylamide hydrogel and liquid crystal systems. Eur Polym J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Das SK, Rey AD. Computational modelling of multiscale morphologies in polymer-liquid crystal blends. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 16:S330-S337. [PMID: 21727449 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/16/7/004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Simulations of material architectures in polymer-liquid crystal blends driven by phase separation-phase ordering-texturing processes are presented. The study shows that mixtures of polymers and liquid crystals result in blend morphologies that organize at several scales. For thermally driven instabilities, morphologies of polymer droplets embedded in a liquid crystal matrix show colloidal crystallinity. Large polymer drops strongly affect the orientation of the matrix, producing textures consisting of defect lattices. This work shows that thermally driven phase separation-phase ordering-texturing processes can result in multiscale materials, with length scales cascading down from droplets to interfaces, and finally to nanoscale defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanta K Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B2, Canada
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Lin YH, Ren H, Wu YH, Liang X, Wu ST. Pinning effect on the phase separation dynamics of thin polymer-dispersed liquid crystals. OPTICS EXPRESS 2005; 13:468-474. [PMID: 19488374 DOI: 10.1364/opex.13.000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The surface pining effects on phase separation dynamics of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) with thin cell gaps are demonstrated. Comparing various boundary conditions, the inner surfaces of the substrates with or without polyimide layers [but no rubbing] cannot provide enough anchoring force, so in either case the liquid crystal (LC) droplets flow and coalesce to form larger and less uniform droplets. However, if the inner surfaces of the substrates are coated with rubbed polyimide layers with anchoring energy >1x10-4 J/m2, almost all the nucleated LC droplets grow at a fixed position during phase separation. The appearance of the coalescence is not obvious and the formed LC droplets are relatively uniform. The surface anchoring has a significant effect on the morphology of PDLCs.
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Das SK, Rey AD. Texture formation under phase ordering and phase separation in polymer-liquid crystal mixtures. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:9733-43. [PMID: 15538897 DOI: 10.1063/1.1804494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational modeling of texture formation in coupled phase separation-phase ordering processes in polymer/liquid crystal mixtures is performed using a unified model based on the nematic tensor order parameter and gradient orientation elasticity. The computational methods are able to resolve defect nucleation, defect-defect interactions, and defect-particle interactions, as well as global and local morphological features in the concentration and order parameter spatiotemporal behavior. Biphasic structures corresponding to polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs), crystalline filled nematic (CFNs), and random filled nematics (RFNs) are captured and analyzed using liquid crystal defect physics and structure factors. Under spinodal decomposition due to concentration fluctuations, the PDLC structure emerges, and the nucleation and repulsive interaction of defects within nematic droplets leads to bipolar nematic droplets. Under spinodal decomposition due to ordering fluctuations, the CFNs structure emerges, and the stable polymer droplet crystal is pinned by a lattice of topological defects. For intermediate cases, where the mixture is unstable to both concentration and nematic order fluctuations, the RFN structure emerges, and polymer droplets and fibrils are pinned by a defect network, whose density increases with the curvature of the polymer-liquid crystal interface. The simulations provide an information of the role of topological defects on phase separation-phase ordering processes in polymer-liquid crystal mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanta K Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B2 Canada
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Rey AD, Grecov D, Das SK. Thermodynamic and Flow Modeling of Meso- and Macrotextures in Polymer−Liquid Crystal Material Systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ie030855v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro D. Rey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2
| | - Dana Grecov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2
| | - Susanta K. Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2
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