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Djapovic M, Milivojevic D, Ilic-Tomic T, Lješević M, Nikolaivits E, Topakas E, Maslak V, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Synthesis and characterization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) precursors and potential degradation products: Toxicity study and application in discovery of novel PETases. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130005. [PMID: 33640747 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is widely used material and as such became highly enriched in nature. It is generally considered inert and safe plastic, but due to the recent increased efforts to break-down PET using biotechnological approaches, we realized the scarcity of information about structural analysis of possible degradation products and their ecotoxicological assessment. Therefore, in this study, 11 compounds belonging to the group of PET precursors and possible degradation products have been comprehensively characterized. Seven of these compounds including 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylterephthalate, ethylene glycol bis(methyl terephthalate), methyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephtahalate), 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-bis[2-[[4-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoyl]oxy]ethyl] ester and methyl tris(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) corresponding to mono-, 1.5-, di-, 2,5- and trimer of PET were synthetized and structurally characterized for the first time. In-silico druglikeness and physico-chemical properties of these compounds were predicted using variety of platforms. No antimicrobial properties were detected even at 1000 μg/mL. Ecotoxicological impact of the compounds against marine bacteria Allivibrio fischeri proved that the 6 out of 11 tested PET-associated compounds may be classified as harmful to aquatic microorganisms, with PET trimer being one of the most toxic. In comparison, most of the compounds were not toxic on human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) at 200 μg/mL with inhibiting concentration (IC50) values of 30 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL determined for PET dimer and trimer. Only three of these compounds including PET monomer were toxic to nematode Caenorhabditis elegans at high concentration of 500 μg/mL. In terms of the applicative potential, PET dimer can be used as suitable substrate for the screening, identification and characterization of novel PET-depolymerizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Djapovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski Trg 16, P.O. Box 51, Belgrade, 11158, Serbia
| | - Dusan Milivojevic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Ilic-Tomic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Lješević
- University of Belgrade-Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoseva 12, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Efstratios Nikolaivits
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou 9, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou 9, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Veselin Maslak
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski Trg 16, P.O. Box 51, Belgrade, 11158, Serbia.
| | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Ślęczkowski ML, Segers I, Liu Y, Palmans ARA. Sequence-defined l-glutamamide oligomers with pendant supramolecular motifs via iterative synthesis and orthogonal post-functionalization. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01157f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the great challenges in polymer chemistry is to achieve discrete and sequence-defined synthetic polymers that fold in defined conformations and form well-defined three-dimensional structured particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin L. Ślęczkowski
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry
| | - Ian Segers
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Yiliu Liu
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry
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Huang ZH, Zhou YY, Wang ZM, Li Y, Zhang W, Zhou NC, Zhang ZB, Zhu XL. Recent advances of CuAAC click reaction in building cyclic polymer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-017-1902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Leibfarth FA, Johnson JA, Jamison TF. Scalable synthesis of sequence-defined, unimolecular macromolecules by Flow-IEG. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:10617-22. [PMID: 26269573 PMCID: PMC4553786 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508599112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a semiautomated synthesis of sequence and architecturally defined, unimolecular macromolecules through a marriage of multistep flow synthesis and iterative exponential growth (Flow-IEG). The Flow-IEG system performs three reactions and an in-line purification in a total residence time of under 10 min, effectively doubling the molecular weight of an oligomeric species in an uninterrupted reaction sequence. Further iterations using the Flow-IEG system enable an exponential increase in molecular weight. Incorporating a variety of monomer structures and branching units provides control over polymer sequence and architecture. The synthesis of a uniform macromolecule with a molecular weight of 4,023 g/mol is demonstrated. The user-friendly nature, scalability, and modularity of Flow-IEG provide a general strategy for the automated synthesis of sequence-defined, unimolecular macromolecules. Flow-IEG is thus an enabling tool for theory validation, structure-property studies, and advanced applications in biotechnology and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Takizawa K, Tang C, Hawker CJ. Molecularly Defined Caprolactone Oligomers and Polymers: Synthesis and Characterization. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:1718-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ja077149w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Takizawa
- Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Materials, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science and Technology Research Center, Inc., 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, 227-8502, Japan
| | - Chuanbing Tang
- Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Materials, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science and Technology Research Center, Inc., 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, 227-8502, Japan
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Materials, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, and Mitsubishi Chemical Group Science and Technology Research Center, Inc., 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, 227-8502, Japan
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