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Abstract
9-Substituted carbazoles are widely used units in materials science, and their oxidative reactions have been utilized for the synthesis and characterization of polymers. Though the oxidative mechanism of carbazoles has been known for a few decades, structural definition has remained difficult, because their polymers are generally insoluble with incomplete characterization and unknown dependence of the electrochemical potentials. The oxidative reactions of 9-substituted carbazoles should be carefully considered under specific oxidative conditions; otherwise, structure definitions could be wrong, because the IR and NMR spectra used previously cannot quantitatively analyze 3,3'-coupling and 6,6'-coupling of carbazoles. In this review, the best understanding of the C3-C3' and C6-C6' oxidative couplings of 9-substituted carbazoles is presented, and the benefit of these oxidative reactions from the viewpoints of electrochemical synthesis, film engineering, and the synthesis and processing of polymers is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.R. China
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2
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Bandyopadhyay S, Kundu S, Giri A, Patra A. A smart photosensitizer based on a red emitting solution processable porous polymer: generation of reactive oxygen species. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9123-9126. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04328k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An efficient photosensitizer was developed employing a red emitting soluble conjugated porous organic polymer and the structure–activity relationship was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- Bhopal 462066
- India
| | - Subhankar Kundu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- Bhopal 462066
- India
| | - Arkaprabha Giri
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- Bhopal 462066
- India
| | - Abhijit Patra
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- Bhopal 462066
- India
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Kortekaas L, Lancia F, Steen JD, Browne WR. Reversible Charge Trapping in Bis-Carbazole-Diimide Redox Polymers with Complete Luminescence Quenching Enabling Nondestructive Read-Out by Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2017; 121:14688-14702. [PMID: 28729892 PMCID: PMC5512120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b04288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of substituted carbazole compounds through carbon-carbon bond formation upon one-electron oxidation is shown to be a highly versatile approach to the formation of redox polymer films. Although the polymerization of single carbazole units has been proposed earlier, we show that by tethering pairs of carbazoles double sequential dimerization allows for facile formation of redox polymer films with fine control over film thickness. We show that the design of the monomers and in particular the bridging units is key to polymer formation, with the diaminobenzene motif proving advantageous, in terms of the matching to the redox potentials of the monomer and polymer film and thereby avoiding limitations in film thickness (autoinsulation), but introduces unacceptable instability due to the intrinsic redox activity of this moiety. The use of a diimide protecting group both avoids complications due to p-diamino-benzene redox chemistry and provides for a redox polymer in which the photoluminescence of the bis-carbazole moiety can be switched reversibly (on/off) with redox control. The monomer design approach is versatile enabling facile incorporation of additional functional units, such as naphthalene. Here we show that a multicomponent carbazole/naphthalene containing monomer (APCNDI) can form redox polymer films showing both p- and n- conductivity under ambient conditions and allows access to five distinct redox states, and a complex electrochromic response covering the whole of the UV/vis-NIR spectral region. The highly effective quenching of the photoluminescence of both components in poly-APCNDI enables detailed characterization of the redox polymer films. The poly-APCNDI films show extensive charge trapping, which can be read out spectroscopically in the case of films and is characterized as kinetic rather than chemical in origin on the basis of UV/vis-NIR absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopic analyses. The strong resonantly enhanced Raman scattering for the various oxidized and reduced states of APCNDI enables nondestructive "read-out" of the state of the polymer, including that in which charges are trapped kinetically at the surface, making poly-APCNDI highly suitable for application as a component in organic nonvolatile memory devices.
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Jarczyk-Jędryka A, Bijak K, Skrzeczyna K, Grobelny Z, Schab-Balcerzak E. Novel concept of polymers preparation with high photoluminescent quantum yield. Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-016-1716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Kocaeren AA. Synthesis and electrochromic performance of a novel polymer based on an oxidative polymer derived from carbazole and thiophene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-016-0961-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Synthesis and characterization of novel photoactive, thermally stable, and organosoluble polymers based on carbazole and imidazole derivatives in the main-chain. Macromol Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-012-0088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Molecular recognition of the antiretroviral drug abacavir: towards the development of a novel carbazole-based fluorosensor. J Fluoresc 2011; 21:1195-204. [PMID: 21222147 PMCID: PMC3120969 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-010-0798-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Due to their optical and electro-conductive attributes, carbazole derivatives are interesting materials for a large range of biosensor applications. In this study, we present the synthesis routes and fluorescence evaluation of newly designed carbazole fluorosensors that, by modification with uracil, have a special affinity for antiretroviral drugs via either Watson–Crick or Hoogsteen base pairing. To an N-octylcarbazole-uracil compound, four different groups were attached, namely thiophene, furane, ethylenedioxythiophene, and another uracil; yielding four different derivatives. Photophysical properties of these newly obtained derivatives are described, as are their interactions with the reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as abacavir, zidovudine, lamivudine and didanosine. The influence of each analyte on biosensor fluorescence was assessed on the basis of the Stern–Volmer equation and represented by Stern–Volmer constants. Consequently we have demonstrated that these structures based on carbazole, with a uracil group, may be successfully incorporated into alternative carbazole derivatives to form biosensors for the molecular recognition of antiretroviral drugs.
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Yue R, Lu B, Xu J, Chen S, Liu C. Electrochemistry, morphology, thermoelectric and thermal degradation behaviors of free-standing copolymer films made from 1,12-bis(carbazolyl)dodecane and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene. Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2011.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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The mixed carbon–nitrogen conjugation in the carbazole based polymer; the electrochemical, UVVis, EPR, and IR studies on 1,4 bis[(E)2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)vinyl]benzene. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.01.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Chen Z, Dreyer DR, Wu ZQ, Wiggins KM, Jiang Z, Bielawski CW. Synthesis of main-chain poly(carbazole)s via CuAAC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Raj V, Madheswari D, Mubarak Ali M. Chemical synthesis, characterization, and properties of conducting copolymers of imidazole and carbazole. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Raj V, Madheswari D, Mubarak Ali M. Chemical formation, characterization and properties of polycarbazole. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Electrochemical formation of polycarbazole films in air- and water-stable room-temperature ionic liquids. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Malinauskas T, Gaidelis V, Jankauskas V, Getautis V. Novel highly soluble 3,3′-bicarbazolyl based polymers for optoelectronics. Eur Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wei Z, Wang Q, Xu J, Nie Y, Du Y, Xia H. Facile electrosyntheses of high tensile strength alkyl‐bridged dicarbazole polymer films and its fluorescence spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yapi Abé S, Bernède JC, Ugalde L, Trégouët Y, del Valle MA. Electrochemical deposition of polycarbazole thin films onto tin oxide coated glass: Physicochemical and optoelectronic characterizations. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Vaitkeviciene V, Grigalevicius S, Grazulevicius J, Jankauskas V, Syromyatnikov V. Hole-transporting [3,3′]bicarbazolyl-based polymers and well-defined model compounds. Eur Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Nie G, Xu J, Zhang S, Han X. Electrodeposition of High-quality Polycarbazole Films in Composite Electrolytes of Boron Trifluoride Diethyl Etherate and Ethyl Ether. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-006-9151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wei Z, Xu J, Nie G, Du Y, Pu S. Low-potential electrochemical polymerization of carbazole and its alkyl derivatives. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Stahl R, Lambert C, Kaiser C, Wortmann R, Jakober R. Electrochemistry and Photophysics of Donor-Substituted Triarylboranes: Symmetry Breaking in Ground and Excited State. Chemistry 2006; 12:2358-70. [PMID: 16358349 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a series of amino substituted triarylboranes (TABs) 1-3 by copper(I)-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The title compounds were investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV-visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Electrochemical oxidation of tris(4-carbazolyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)borane (3) leads to the formation of an electroactive polymer film on the electrode surface. The charge-transfer (CT) absorption band of all three TABs shows a pronounced negative solvatochromism, while the emission is positively solvatochromic. By combining Jortner's theory, AM1 computations, and electrooptical absorption measurements (EOAM), this unexpected behavior was shown to be due to a dipole inversion upon S0-->S1 excitation. Furthermore, polarized steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy and EOAM prove that the ground-state geometry of 3 is of lower symmetry than D3 and that the excitation energy can be transferred from one subchromophore to another within the lifetime of the excited state. Exciton-coupling theory was used to quantitatively analyze this excitation transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Stahl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Chen SH, Chen Y. Copoly(aryl ether)s with electron-transporting 2,7-bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-9,9-dihexylfluorene segments: Synthesis, optical, and electrochemical properties. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Hole transport triphenylamine–spirosilabifluorene alternating copolymer: synthesis and optical, electrochemical and electroluminescent properties. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Siove A, Adès D. Synthesis by oxidative polymerization with FeCl3 of a fully aromatic twisted poly(3,6-carbazole) with a blue-violet luminescence. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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