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Papageorgiou DG, Tsetsou I, Ioannidis RO, Nikolaidis GN, Exarhopoulos S, Kasmi N, Bikiaris DN, Achilias DS, Papageorgiou GZ. A New Era in Engineering Plastics: Compatibility and Perspectives of Sustainable Alipharomatic Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1070. [PMID: 33805314 PMCID: PMC8038036 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The industrialisation of poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) for total replacement of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in the polyester market is under question. Preparation of high-performing polymer blends is a well-established strategy for tuning the properties of certain homopolymers and create tailor-made materials to meet the demands for a number of applications. In this work, the structure, thermal properties and the miscibility of a series of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PET/PEF) blends have been studied. A number of thermal treatments were followed in order to examine the thermal transitions, their dynamic state and the miscibility characteristics for each blend composition. Based on their glass transition temperatures and melting behaviour the PET/PEF blends are miscible at high and low poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) contents, while partial miscibility was observed at intermediate compositions. The multiple melting was studied and their melting point depression was analysed with the Flory-Huggins theory. In an attempt to further improve miscibility, reactive blending was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios G. Papageorgiou
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Irini Tsetsou
- Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (I.T.); (R.O.I.); (G.N.N.)
| | - Raphael O. Ioannidis
- Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (I.T.); (R.O.I.); (G.N.N.)
| | - George N. Nikolaidis
- Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (I.T.); (R.O.I.); (G.N.N.)
| | - Stylianos Exarhopoulos
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Nejib Kasmi
- Department of Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.N.B.); (D.S.A.)
| | - Dimitris S. Achilias
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (D.N.B.); (D.S.A.)
| | - George Z. Papageorgiou
- Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (I.T.); (R.O.I.); (G.N.N.)
- Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Han Z, Wang Y, Wang J, Wang S, Zhuang H, Liu J, Huang L, Wang Y, Wang W, Belfiore LA, Tang J. Preparation of Hybrid Nanoparticle Nucleating Agents and Their Effects on the Crystallization Behavior of Poly(ethylene terephthalate). MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11040587. [PMID: 29641456 PMCID: PMC5951471 DOI: 10.3390/ma11040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this research contribution, the primary objective was to enhance the crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). To accomplish this tack, three kinds of new nucleating agents SiO2-diethylene glycol-LMPET (PET-3), SiO2-triethylene glycol–LMPET(PET-4) and SiO2-tetraethylene glycol-LMPET (PET-5) nucleating agents were prepared via grafting different oligomers (diethylene glycol; triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol) to the surface of nano-SiO2 and then linking to the low molecular weight poly(ethylene terephthalate) (LMPET). These nano-particle nucleating agents facilitated the crystallization of PET. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies of the composites that pure PET blended with PET-3, PET-4 and PET-5 indicated that the longer ethoxy segment in the nucleating agents exhibited (i) higher degrees of crystallinity; (ii) faster rates of crystallization; and (iii) higher crystallization temperatures. The Jeziorny method was employed to analyze the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of the composites. These works demonstrated that the PET-3, PET-4 and PET-5 were attractive nucleating agents for poly(ethylene terephthalate), and the longer the chain length of the ethoxy segment in the nucleating agents, the more efficient the nucleation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Han
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, The National Base of International Scientific and Technological Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, The National Base of Polymer Hybrid Materials in the Programme of Introducing Talents Dicipline to Universities, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (L.H.) (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, The National Base of International Scientific and Technological Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, The National Base of Polymer Hybrid Materials in the Programme of Introducing Talents Dicipline to Universities, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (L.H.) (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.A.B.)
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (J.T.); Tel.: +86-0532-8595-1961 (Y.W.)
| | - Jiuxing Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, The National Base of International Scientific and Technological Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, The National Base of Polymer Hybrid Materials in the Programme of Introducing Talents Dicipline to Universities, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (L.H.) (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Shichao Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, The National Base of International Scientific and Technological Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, The National Base of Polymer Hybrid Materials in the Programme of Introducing Talents Dicipline to Universities, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (L.H.) (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Hongwei Zhuang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, The National Base of International Scientific and Technological Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, The National Base of Polymer Hybrid Materials in the Programme of Introducing Talents Dicipline to Universities, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (L.H.) (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Jixian Liu
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, The National Base of International Scientific and Technological Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, The National Base of Polymer Hybrid Materials in the Programme of Introducing Talents Dicipline to Universities, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (L.H.) (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Linjun Huang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, The National Base of International Scientific and Technological Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, The National Base of Polymer Hybrid Materials in the Programme of Introducing Talents Dicipline to Universities, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (L.H.) (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Yanxin Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, The National Base of International Scientific and Technological Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, The National Base of Polymer Hybrid Materials in the Programme of Introducing Talents Dicipline to Universities, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (L.H.) (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, The National Base of International Scientific and Technological Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, The National Base of Polymer Hybrid Materials in the Programme of Introducing Talents Dicipline to Universities, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (L.H.) (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Laurence A. Belfiore
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, The National Base of International Scientific and Technological Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, The National Base of Polymer Hybrid Materials in the Programme of Introducing Talents Dicipline to Universities, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (L.H.) (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.A.B.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, The National Base of International Scientific and Technological Cooperation on Hybrid Materials, The National Base of Polymer Hybrid Materials in the Programme of Introducing Talents Dicipline to Universities, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.H.); (J.W.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (L.H.) (Y.W.); (W.W.); (L.A.B.)
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (J.T.); Tel.: +86-0532-8595-1961 (Y.W.)
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Liu H, Ma J, Zhu C, Xu J, Gong J. Miscibility and Crystallization Behavior of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate)/Phosphate Glass Hybrids. J MACROMOL SCI B 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2016.1230460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Isoconversional kinetic analysis of DSC data on nonisothermal crystallization: Estimation of Hoffman-Lauritzen parameters and thermal transitions in PET/MMT nanocomposites. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Xiao L, Wang H, Qian Q, Jiang X, Liu X, Huang B, Chen Q. Molecular and structural analysis of epoxide-modified recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) from rheological data. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Chan CH, Sulaiman SF, Kammer HW, Sim LH, Harun MK. Thermal properties of epoxidized natural rubber-based polymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Su Z, Li Q, Liu Y, Guo W, Wu C. The nucleation effect of modified carbon black on crystallization of poly(lactic acid). POLYM ENG SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Deshpande VD, Jape S. Isothermal crystallization kinetics of anhydrous sodium acetate nucleated poly(ethylene terephthalate). J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wellen RMR, Rabello MS. Non-isothermal cold crystallization kinetics and morphology of PET + SAN blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Boiko YM, Ståhl K, Marikhin VA, Myasnikova LP. X-ray structural study of poly(ethylene terephthalate) after solid-state postpolycondensation. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x07060053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wellen RMR, Rabello MS. Redução da velocidade de cristalização a frio do PET na presença de poliestireno. POLIMEROS 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-14282007000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A cristalização a frio do poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET) e de suas blendas com poliestireno (PS) foi estudada utilizando calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e propriedades mecânicas. As blendas PET/PS formam misturas bifásicas, como confirmado por MEV e por DMA, onde fases distintas e duas Tg s foram observadas. Por outro lado, a determinação da temperatura de fusão de equilíbrio (Tmº) do PET por DSC indicou uma diminuição neste parâmetro com a presença do PS, sugerindo que uma solubilidade limitada do PS no PET deve ocorrer. A presença de um componente não cristalizável como o PS, parcialmente solúvel em uma fase cristalizável como PET, reduz a habilidade de cristalização. Isto foi observado nas análises de DSC através do deslocamento dos picos de cristalização a frio do PET para temperaturas maiores e por uma redução na velocidade de cristalização a frio. A abordagem de Avrami foi utilizada para os estudos cinéticos em condições isotérmicas, mostrando que o processo de cristalização ocorre em dois estágios e que a constante de cristalização K diminuiu significativamente com a presença de poliestireno. Nas blendas PET/PS a presença de apenas 1% de PS retardou significantemente a cristalização do PET, em magnitude semelhante ao que ocorreu quando concentrações mais elevadas de PS foram utilizadas. Este comportamento é de grande importância industrial já que em baixa concentração de PS as propriedades mecânicas do PET não são afetadas, como também mostrado neste estudo.
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Pal S, Nandi AK. Cocrystallization mechanism of poly(3-hexyl thiophenes) with different amount of chain regioregularity. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shin KM, Dong T, He Y, Inoue Y. Effect of Methylated Cyclodextrins on the Crystallization of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200500587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Shin KM, Dong T, He Y, Inoue Y. Effect ofβ-Cyclodextrins on the Morphological Change of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200500464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pal S, Nandi AK. Cocrystallization mechanism of poly(3-alkyl thiophenes) with different alkyl chain length. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhu B, He Y, Yoshie N, Asakawa N, Inoue Y. Partial Phase Segregation in Strongly Hydrogen-Bonded and Miscible Blends. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035889t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, and Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba-4-6-1, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Yong He
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, and Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba-4-6-1, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshie
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, and Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba-4-6-1, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Naoki Asakawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, and Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba-4-6-1, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshio Inoue
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, and Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba-4-6-1, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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Rahman MH, Nandi AK. Melting and crystallization behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride) produced isothermally in the intercrystalline spaces of poly(ethylene terephthalate) from its blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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