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Caldwell J, Taladriz-Blanco P, Lehner R, Lubskyy A, Ortuso RD, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Petri-Fink A. The micro-, submicron-, and nanoplastic hunt: A review of detection methods for plastic particles. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133514. [PMID: 35016963 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic particle pollution has been shown to be almost completely ubiquitous within our surrounding environment. This ubiquity in combination with a variety of unique properties (e.g. density, hydrophobicity, surface functionalization, particle shape and size, transition temperatures, and mechanical properties) and the ever-increasing levels of plastic production and use has begun to garner heightened levels of interest within the scientific community. However, as a result of these properties, plastic particles are often reported to be challenging to study in complex (i.e. real) environments. Therefore, this review aims to summarize research generated on multiple facets of the micro- and nanoplastics field; ranging from size and shape definitions to detection and characterization techniques to generating reference particles; in order to provide a more complete understanding of the current strategies for the analysis of plastic particles. This information is then used to provide generalized recommendations for researchers to consider as they attempt to study plastics in analytically complex environments; including method validation using reference particles obtained via the presented creation methods, encouraging efforts towards method standardization through the reporting of all technical details utilized in a study, and providing analytical pathway recommendations depending upon the exact knowledge desired and samples being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Caldwell
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Taladriz-Blanco
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland; Water Quality Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), A v. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Roman Lehner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland; Sail & Explore Association, Kramgasse 18, 3011, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andriy Lubskyy
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Diego Ortuso
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Chen B, Torkelson JM. Development of rigid amorphous fraction in cold‐crystallized syndiotactic polystyrene films confined near the nanoscale: Novel analysis via ellipsometry. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boran Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
| | - John M. Torkelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
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3
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Rigid amorphous fraction and crystallinity in cold-crystallized syndiotactic polystyrene: Characterization by differential scanning calorimetry. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Lopes H, Oliveira G, Talabi S, Lucas A. Production of thermoplastic starch and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) films assisted by solid-state shear pulverization. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 258:117732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Isolating the effect of polymer-grafted nanoparticle interactions with matrix polymer from dispersion on composite property enhancement: The example of polypropylene/halloysite nanocomposites. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Yin S, Tuladhar R, Shi F, Shanks RA, Combe M, Collister T. Mechanical reprocessing of polyolefin waste: A review. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yin
- College of Science, Technology & Engineering; James Cook University; Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Rabin Tuladhar
- College of Science, Technology & Engineering; James Cook University; Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Beijing 100000 China
| | - Robert A. Shanks
- School of Applied Sciences; RMIT University; Melbourne Victoria 3001 Australia
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Diop MF, Torkelson JM. Effects of process method and quiescent coarsening on dispersed-phase size distribution in polymer blends: comparison of solid-state shear pulverization with intensive batch melt mixing. Polym Bull (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-014-1299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Iyer KA, Schueneman GT, Torkelson JM. Cellulose nanocrystal/polyolefin biocomposites prepared by solid-state shear pulverization: Superior dispersion leading to synergistic property enhancements. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yousfi M, Livi S, Dumas A, Crépin-Leblond J, Greenhill-Hooper M, Duchet-Rumeau J. Ionic compatibilization of polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends using an ionic liquids/nanotalc filler combination: morphology, thermal and mechanical properties. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00816f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) based on phosphonium cations have been used as effective compatibilizers of polyolefin/polyamide 6/synthetic talc blends using a melt extrusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Yousfi
- Université de Lyon
- Lyon
- France
- INSA Lyon
- Villeurbanne
| | - S. Livi
- Université de Lyon
- Lyon
- France
- INSA Lyon
- Villeurbanne
| | - A. Dumas
- CNRS
- UMR 5563
- GET Géosciences Environnement Toulouse
- ERT Géomatériaux
- F-31400 Toulouse
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Wang K, Chen F, Li Z, Fu Q. Control of the hierarchical structure of polymer articles via “structuring” processing. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Geng C, Su J, Han S, Wang K, Fu Q. Hierarchical structure and unique impact behavior of polypropylene/ethylene-octene copolymer blends as obtained via dynamic packing injection molding. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang X, Zhou Z, He X, Li J, Lu C. Mechanochemical Milling of PP/Ground Tire Rubber Blends in Solid-State. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, solid-state mechanochemical milling was investigated as a viable strategy to produce high performance blends composed of polypropylene (PP) and ground tire rubber (GTR), thereby providing a potentially new route to recycle discarded tires. The improved dispersion of the blends after mechanochemical milling was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and polarized optical microscopy (POM) observation. After 20 cycles of milling, the tensile strength of PP/GTR (100/40) blends was enhanced by 13.8%, and the elongation at break was over 12 times than that of the unpretreated blend. The formation of smaller and less ordered spherulites of PP after mechanochemical milling as confirmed by POM observation and wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis might be the reason for the significant enhancement of the elongation at break.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PRC
| | - Z. Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PRC
| | - X. He
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PRC
| | - J. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PRC
| | - C. Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PRC
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Zhang X, Lu C, Liang M. Preparation of thermoplastic vulcanizates based on waste crosslinked polyethylene and ground tire rubber through dynamic vulcanization. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Wang D, Li Y, Xie XM, Guo BH. Compatibilization and morphology development of immiscible ternary polymer blends. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Pujari S, Ramanathan T, Kasimatis K, Masuda J, Andrews R, Torkelson JM, Brinson LC, Burghardt WR. Preparation and characterization of multiwalled carbon nanotube dispersions in polypropylene: Melt mixing versus solid-state shear pulverization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Singla S, Beckham HW. Miscible Blends of Cyclic Poly(oxyethylene) in Linear Polystyrene. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800327c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singla
- School of Polymer, Textile and Fiber Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0295
| | - Haskell W. Beckham
- School of Polymer, Textile and Fiber Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0295
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Kim J, Sandoval RW, Dettmer CM, Nguyen ST, Torkelson JM. Compatibilized polymer blends with nanoscale or sub-micron dispersed phases achieved by hydrogen-bonding effects: Block copolymer vs blocky gradient copolymer addition. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Walker AM, Tao Y, Torkelson JM. Polyethylene/starch blends with enhanced oxygen barrier and mechanical properties: Effect of granule morphology damage by solid-state shear pulverization. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Achievement of quasi-nanostructured polymer blends by solid-state shear pulverization and compatibilization by gradient copolymer addition. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li Y, Han Y, Zhao Y, Sheng J. Study on Phase Formation and Evolution of High Impact Polystyrene with Poly(Cis‐Butadiene) Rubber Blends. J MACROMOL SCI B 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340500250826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐yan Li
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Yun‐ping Han
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Yun‐hui Zhao
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sheng
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
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Synthesis and application of styrene/4-hydroxystyrene gradient copolymers made by controlled radical polymerization: Compatibilization of immiscible polymer blends via hydrogen-bonding effects. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Koerner H, Misra D, Tan A, Drummy L, Mirau P, Vaia R. Montmorillonite-thermoset nanocomposites via cryo-compounding. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Tao Y, Lebovitz AH, Torkelson JM. Compatibilizing effects of block copolymer mixed with immiscible polymer blends by solid-state shear pulverization: stabilizing the dispersed phase to static coarsening. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Brinker KL, Lebovitz AH, Torkelson JM, Burghardt WR. Porod scattering study of coarsening in immiscible polymer blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Uriguen JI, Bremer L, Mathot V, Groeninckx G. Preparation of water-borne dispersions of polyolefins: new systems for the study of homogeneous nucleation of polymers. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Lebovitz AH, Gray MK, Chen AC, Torkelson JM. Interpolymer radical coupling reactions during sonication of polymer solutions. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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